Orientador: Pedro Wagner Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:40:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodriguesNeto_Anfrisio_M.pdf: 16512583 bytes, checksum: ab9ce169a14538fb39309ffc2574d6d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A pesquisa procura mostrar as relações dos moradores da região do Morro de Araçoiaba e a construção da Real Fábrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema no início do século XIX. O uso dos recursos naturais pela fábrica, como o minério de ferro (magnetita), as árvores para a feitura do carvão, combustível dos fornos e da água para mover as rodas, motivou uma série de atritos entre os moradores do Morro e a direção da Fábrica. A reserva da mata do morro 10 anos antes da construção da Fábrica e a retirada dos moradores para terras menos férteis iniciaram os embates. Os moradores eram em sua maioria pequenos proprietários e sitiantes que dependia dos recursos naturais, principalmente madeireiros e da terra para plantio de mantimentos. Por outro lado a Fábrica precisava destes sitiantes para fornecer comida à Fábrica, fazer o carvão para os fornos e braços para diversos serviços. A queima dos arvoredos mudou ecossistemas de várias espécies de pássaros e mamíferos. Afetou também a rica diversidade botânica repleta de árvores nobres. A pesquisa insere-se no campo metodológico da História Ambiental e para norteá-la valeu-se de levantamento realizado com pessoas que trabalham com educação na cidade de Sorocaba. O interesse dessas pessoas pela questão ambiental orientou a feitura do texto. Como resultados podemos destacar a forte intervenção do poder imperial português na região do Morro de Araçoiaba no início do século XIX e a resistência dos moradores. Apesar dos ordenamentos proibindo cortes e derrubadas, estas continuaram. Também mostra o impacto das instalações siderúrgicas na diversidade botânica e da fauna local que levou à extinção de várias espécies / Abstract: The research seeks to demonstrate the relations of the residents of Araçoiaba hill and the construction of the Royal St. John of Ipanema Iron Foundry, in the early XIX century. The use of natural resources by the plant, such as iron ore (magnetite), the trees for coal production, fuel for furnaces and water to move the wheels, resulted in a range of conflicts between the residents and the factory management. The reserve of the forest 10 years before the factory construction and the removal of the residents to a less fertile land started the conflicts. The residents were mostly small farmers, who depended on the natural resources, especially timber, and the land for planting provisions. On the other hand, the factory needed the small farmers to provide food to the factory, make the coal for the furnaces and as workforce for various services. The burning of trees changed the ecosystems of several species of birds and mammals. It also affected the rich botanical diversity, full of noble trees. This research is part of the methodological field of Environmental History. A survey was made with people who work in education in the city of Sorocaba. The interest of this people for environmental issues guided the formulation of the text. As a result, we can highlight the strong intervention of the Portuguese imperial power in the region of Araçoiaba hill, in the early XIX century and the resistance of the residents. Despite orders forbidding tree felling, they continued. The research also shows the impact of steel plants in the botanical diversity and in the local fauna, which resulted in the extinction of several species / Mestrado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra

Bibliography: leaves 123-130. The literature search and the findings from the investigation have been used to provide recommendations for a sector specific cooperative approach using regulation, self-regulation, voluntary agreements, economic incentatives and educational/information strategies to promote and acheive cleaner production in the South Australian foundry industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 177.pdf: 1113978 bytes, checksum: 4d3ce8e1960eb30e36b74487b1cde791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-05 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Companies need to know their environment, their strengths and their weaknesses in relation to competitors, so that they get benefits, consolidating themselves in this environment. In great companies, there are best conditions to perform self-knowledge studies and market studies internally, or still hiring agencies which make such studies. This is more difficult to happen in small or medium companies. In that way, studies with the purpose of producing a diagnosis for a company or for an industrial segment become important, mainly for small or medium companies, not only for the involved companies, but also for the scientific community, that can focus their research efforts in subjects that are of interest for the companies as for the scientific community. The objectives of this dissertation are to propose a methodology for diagnosing problems and needs in the productive area of small-medium sized industrial companies and its application in two different industrial segments: make-to-order foundries of the interior of São Paulo state and footwear manufacturers of Birigui-SP. The methodology consists in a survey (evaluation research), using questionnaires and interviews. The survey and the use of the inductive method of research make possible a visualization of the situation faced by the industrial segment in study. The application of the proposed methodology was able to show many production characteristics of the segments: make-to-order foundries of the interior of São Paulo state and footwear manufacturers of Birigui-SP. / As empresas necessitam conhecer o ambiente em que estão inseridas, seus pontos fortes e suas fraquezas com relação aos seus concorrentes, de modo que elas venham a se beneficiar e com isso se firmar neste ambiente. No caso de grandes empresas, há melhores condições para se realizar internamente estudos de autoconhecimento e estudos de mercados, ou ainda contratar agências que façam tais estudos, o que é mais difícil ocorrer em empresas de menor porte. Dessa forma, estudos com a finalidade de produzir diagnósticos de uma empresa ou de um segmento industrial tornam-se importantes, principalmente para empresas menores, não apenas para as empresas envolvidas, mas também para a comunidade científica, que podem direcionar seus esforços em questões que sejam de interesse tanto para as empresas quanto para a comunidade científica. Este trabalho tem por objetivos propor uma metodologia para diagnóstico de problemas e necessidades da área produtiva em pequenas e médias empresas industriais e aplicá-la em dois segmentos industriais distintos: fundições de mercado (que operam sob encomenda) do interior do estado de São Paulo e fabricantes de calçados de Birigui-SP. A metodologia consiste em uma pesquisa do tipo survey (pesquisa de avaliação), utilizando-se de questionários e entrevistas com empresas, que em conjunto com o método indutivo de pesquisa possibilitam uma visão da situação enfrentada pelo segmento industrial em estudo (uma fotografia do setor no período em que o estudo é realizado). Esta metodologia pode ser adaptada para ser aplicada em segmentos industriais diversos; isso foi feito para os segmentos de fundição de mercado do interior do estado de São Paulo e de fabricantes de calçados da cidade de Birigui-SP. As informações coletadas permitiram caracterizar os problemas da área produtiva destes dois segmentos e tirar várias conclusões sobre as relações das variáveis utilizadas no estudo.

Doctoral dissertation work that results from the new management theory has explored in both theory and practice new directions in approach to the strategy in German iron-foundries. It has explained the reasons that lead to structural changes, made the foundation for decision process, described the problems that occur when put in practice and suggested their resolution. Further on, it was explored and critically evaluated which competitive advantages these strategy directions contributed to and consequently discussed the superior aim of strategy. It has resulted from the empirical research that the German iron-foundries have been strongly influenced especially by new information technologies and car industry and its strategies. The most significant trend of iron-foundries is the focus on the key branch of activity. Cooperation and innovative strategy represent the complementary strategy to the primary strategy and enable to merge the comprehensive requirements of customers with the needed specialization and hereby retain their competitiveness. The research respecting the global economic crisis in the car industry shows that German iron-foundries have to re-evaluate their actual strategies and convert the growth to stability and long lasting development.

Modern manufacturing systems need new types of scheduling methods. While traditional scheduling methods are primarily concerned with sequencing of jobs, modern manufacturing environments provide the additional possibility to process jobs in batches. This adds to the complexity of scheduling. There are two types of batching namely: (i) serial batching (jobs may be batched if they share the same setup on a machine and one job is processed at a time. The machine which processes jobs in this manner is called as discrete processor) and (ii) parallel batching (several jobs can be processed simultaneously on a machine at a time. The machine which processes jobs in this manner is called as batch processor or batch processing machine). Parallel batching environments have attracted wide attention of the researchers working in the field of scheduling. Particularly, taking inspiration from studies of scheduling batch processors in semiconductor manufacturing [Mathirajan and Sivakumar (2006b) and Venkataramana (2006)] and in steel casting industries [Krishnaswamy et al. (1998), Shekar (1998) and Mathirajan (2002)] in the Management Studies Department of Indian Institute of Science, this thesis addresses a special problem on scheduling batch processor, observed in the steel casting manufacturing. A fundamental feature of the steel casting industry is its extreme flexibility, enabling castings to be produced with almost unlimited freedom in design over an extremely wide range of sizes, quantities and materials suited to practically every environment and application. Furthermore, the steel casting industry is capital intensive and highly competitive. From the viewpoint of throughput and utilization of the important and costly resources in the foundry manufacturing, it was felt that the process-controlled furnace operations for the melting and pouring operations as well as the heat-treatment furnace operations are critical for meeting the overall production schedules. The two furnace operations are batch processes that have distinctive constraints on job-mixes in addition to the usual capacity and technical constraints associated with any industrial processes. The benefits of effective scheduling of these batch processes include higher machine utilization, lower work-in-process (WIP) inventory, shorter cycle time and greater customer satisfaction [Pinedo (1995)]. Very few studies address the production planning and scheduling models for a steel foundry, considering the melting furnace of the pre-casting stage as the core foundry operation [Voorhis et al. (2001), Krishnaswamy et al. (1998) and Shekar (1998)]. Even though the melting and pouring operations may be considered as the core of foundry operations and their scheduling is of central importance, the scheduling of heat-treatment furnaces is also of considerable importance. This is because the processing time required at the heat treatment furnace is often longer compared to other operations in the steel-casting foundry and therefore considerably affects the scheduling, overall flow time and WIP inventory. Further, the heat-treatment operation is critical because it determines the final properties that enable components to perform under demanding service conditions such as large mechanical load, high temperature and anti-corrosive processing. It is also important to note that the heat-treatment operation is the only predominantly long process in the entire steel casting manufacturing process, taking up a large part of total processing time (taking up to a few days as against other processes that typically take only a few hours). Because of these, the heat-treatment operation is a major bottleneck operation in the entire steel casting process. The jobs in the WIP inventory in front of heat-treatment furnace vary widely in sizes (few grams to a ton) and dimensions (from 10 mm to 2000 mm). Furthermore, castings are primarily classified into a number of job families based on the alloy type, such as low alloy castings and high alloy castings. These job families are incompatible as the temperature requirement for low alloy and high alloy vary for similar type of heat-treatment operation required. These job families are further classified into various sub-families based on the type of heat treatment operations they undergo. These sub-families are also incompatible as each of these sub-families requires a different combination of heat-treatment operation. The widely varying job sizes, job dimensions and multiple incompatible job family characteristic introduce a high degree of complexity into scheduling heat-treatment furnace. Scheduling of heat-treatment furnace with multiple incompatible job families can have profound effect on the overall production rate as the processing time at heat-treatment operation is very much longer. Considering the complexity of the process and time consumed by the heat treatment operation, it is imperative that efficient scheduling of this operation is required in order to maximize throughput and to enhance productivity of the entire steel casting manufacturing process. This is of importance to the firm. The concerns of the management in increasing the throughput of the bottleneck machine, thereby increasing productivity, motivated us to adopt the scheduling objective of makespan. In a recent observation of heat-treatment operations in a couple of steel casting industries and the research studies reported in the literature, we noticed that the real-life problem of dynamic scheduling of heat-treatment furnace with multiple incompatible job families, non-identical job sizes, non-identical job dimensions, non-agreeable release times and due dates to maximize the throughput, higher utilization and minimize the work-in-process inventory is not at all addressed. However, there are very few studies [Mathirajan et al. (2001, 2002, 2004a, 2007)] which have addressed the problem of scheduling of heat-treatment furnace with incompatible job families and non-identical job sizes to maximize the utilization of the furnace. Due to the difference between the real-life situation on dynamic scheduling of heat-treatment furnace of the steel casting manufacturing and the research reported on the same problem, we identified three new class of batch processor problems, which are applicable to a real-life situation based on the type of heat-treatment operation(s) being carried out and the type of steel casting industry (small, medium and large scale steel casting industry) and this thesis addresses these new class of research problems on scheduling of batch processor. The first part of the thesis addresses our new Research Problem (called Research Problem 1) of minimizing makespan (Cmax) on a batch processor (BP) with single job family (SJF), non-identical job sizes (NIJS), and non-identical job dimensions (NIJD). This problem is of interest to small scale steel casting industries performing only one type of heat treatment operation such as surface hardening. Generally, there would be only a few steel casting industries which offer such type of special heat-treatment operation and thus the customer is willing to accept delay in the completion of his orders. So, the due date issues are not important for these types of industries. We formulate the problem as Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model and validate the proposed MILP model through a numerical example. In order to understand the computational intractability issue, we carry out a small computational experiment. The results of this experiment indicate that the computational time required, as a function of problem size, for solving the MILP model is non-deterministic and non-polynomial. Due to the computational intractability of the proposed MILP model, we propose five variants of a greedy heuristic algorithm and a genetic algorithm for addressing the Research Problem 1. We carry out computational experiments to obtain the performance of heuristic algorithms based on two perspectives: (i) comparison with optimal solution on small scale instances and (ii) comparison with lower bound for large scale instances. We choose five important problem parameters for the computational experiment and propose a suitable experimental design to generate pseudo problem instances. As there is no lower bound (LB) procedure for the Research Problem1, in this thesis, we develop an LB procedure that provides LB on makespan by considering both NIJS and NIJD characteristics together. Before using the proposed LB procedure for evaluating heuristic algorithms, we conduct a computational experiment to obtain the quality of the LB on makespan in comparison with optimal makespan on number of small scale instances. The results of this experiment indicate that the proposed LB procedure is efficient and could be used to obtain LB on makespan for any large scale problem. In the first perspective of the evaluation of the performance of the heuristic algorithms proposed for Research Problem 1, the proposed heuristic algorithms are run through small scale problem instances and we record the makespan values. We solve the MILP model to obtain optimal solutions for these small scale instances. For comparing the proposed heuristic algorithms we use the performance measures: (a) number of times the proposed heuristic algorithm solution equal to optimal solution and (b) average loss with respect to optimal solution in percentage. In the second perspective of the evaluation of the performance of the heuristic algorithms, the proposed heuristic algorithms are run through large scale problem instances and we record the makespan values. The LB procedure is also run through these problem instances to obtain LB on makespan. For comparing the performance of heuristic algorithms with respect to LB on makespan, we use the performance measures: (a) number of times the proposed heuristic algorithm solution equal to LB on makespan (b) average loss with respect to LB on makespan in percentage, (c) average relative percentage deviation and (d) maximum relative percentage deviation. We extend the Research Problem 1 by including additional job characteristics: job arrival time to WIP inventory area of heat-treatment furnace, due date and additional constraint on non-agreeable release time and due date (NARD). Due date considerations and the constraint on non-agreeable release times and due date (called Research Problem 2) are imperative to small scale steel casting foundries performing traditional but only one type of heat treatment operation such as annealing where due date compliance is important as many steel casting industries offer such type of heat treatment operations. The mathematical model, LB procedure, greedy heuristic algorithm and genetic algorithm proposed for Research Problem 1, including the computational experiments, are appropriately modified and\or extended for addressing Research Problem 2. Finally, we extend the Research Problem 2 is by including an additional real life dimension: multiple incompatible job families (MIJF). This new Research Problem (called Research Problem 3) is more relevant to medium and large scale steel casting foundries performing more than one type of heat treatment operations such as homogenizing and tempering, normalizing and tempering. The solution methodologies, the LB procedure and the computational experiments proposed for Research Problem 2 are further modified and enriched to address the Research Problem 3. From the detailed computational experiments conducted for each of the research problems defined in this study, we observe that: (a) the problem parameters considered in this study have influence on the performance of the heuristic algorithms, (b) the proposed LB procedure is found to be efficient, (c) the proposed genetic algorithm outperforms among the proposed heuristic algorithms (but the computational time required for genetic algorithm increases as problem size keeps increasing), and (d) in case the decision maker wants to choose an heuristic algorithm which is computationally most efficient algorithm among the proposed algorithms, the variants of greedy heuristic algorithms : SWB, SWB(NARD), SWB(NARD&MIJF) is relatively the best algorithm for Research Problem 1, Research Problem 2 and Research Problem 3 respectively.