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O estudo fez comparações entre a intensidade e a distribuição das deformações a que fica submetido o fêmur proximal intacto e o fêmur proximal fraturado e implantado com o sistema parafuso deslizante Dynamic Hip Screw – DHS, em fraturas transtrocantéricas do tipo 31 - A2 – 2. Para isso, foram produzidas deformações, mediante carregamentos cíclicos, em fadiga. As amostras constituíram-se de ossos de fêmur sintéticos, intactos, e de ossos de fêmur sintéticos onde foram feitos cortes em laboratório produzindo situações de fratura do tipo 31 –A2.2. Nas amostras fraturadas foram colocadas as placas DHS simulando situações reais de osteossíntese. Os conjuntos de ossos mais placas foram então submetidos a ensaios de fadiga. Os resultados demonstraram que as presenças da fratura e do implante DHS alteraram a amplitude das deformações em todas as regiões do fêmur. Houve absorção da carga pelo implante DHS em todas as regiões de medição. Na região do colo femoral, o DHS absorveu 98% da carga, na região lateral 97%, no centro medial transversal 48%, no centro medial longitudinal 92%, no centro medial a 45 graus 94%, no calcar, antes da linha da fratura, 80%, na região do calcar, depois da linha da fratura, 81%, na região do segundo parafuso cortical transversal 81%, na região do segundo parafuso cortical longitudinal 73% e na região do segundo parafuso cortical a 45 graus 92%. A região do centro do pino guia e a região do segundo parafuso cortical foram as regiões de maior instabilidade mecânica. Para as condições de fratura do tipo 31 – A2.2 o implante do tipo DHS não absorve totalmente as deformações geradas, apresentando mobilidade do foco da fratura. Pequenas oscilações entre os ensaios causaram modificações importantes nos resultados, indicando que a relação ponto de medição ou a posição exata do implante podem implicar num desgaste ou afrouxamento prematuro do mesmo devido a uma sobrecarga. / The study compared the intensity and distribution of the deformations to the intact proximal femur and the proximal femur fractured and implanted with the slide screw system, Dynamic Hip Screw – DHS, in transtrochanteric fractures, 31 – A2 – 2 type. In this way, deformations were produced, by means of cyclic loads, in fatigue. The samples consisted of synthetic femoral bones intact and synthetic femoral bones that were cut in the laboratory producing fracture situations of type 31 – A2.2 type. In the fractured samples the DHS plates were placed simulating real osteosynthesis situations. The bone sets and plaques were then subjected to fatigue testing. The results showed that the presence of fracture and DHS implant altered the amplitude of deformations in all regions of the femur. The load was absorbed by the DHS implant in all measurement regions. In the femoral neck region, DHS absorbed 98% of the load, in the lateral region 97%, in the medial center – transverse – 48%, in the medial center – longitudinal – 92%, in the medial center – 45 degrees – 94%, in the calcar region, before the fracture line 80%, in the calcar region, after the fracture line, 81%, in the region of the second cortical screw – transverse – 81%, in the region of the second cortical screw – longitudinal – 73% and in the region of the second cortical screw – 45 degrees – 92% . The region of the center of the guide pin and the region of the second cortical screw were the regions of greater mechanical instability. For fracture conditions of type 31 - A2.2, the DHS type implant does not totally absorb the generated deformations, presenting mobility of the fracture focus. Small oscillations between the tests caused significant changes in the results, indicating that the relationship between the point of measurement and the exact position of the implant may lead to premature wear or loosening of the implant due to an overload.

O estudo fez comparações entre a intensidade e a distribuição das deformações a que fica submetido o fêmur proximal intacto e o fêmur proximal fraturado e implantado com o sistema parafuso deslizante Dynamic Hip Screw – DHS, em fraturas transtrocantéricas do tipo 31 - A2 – 2. Para isso, foram produzidas deformações, mediante carregamentos cíclicos, em fadiga. As amostras constituíram-se de ossos de fêmur sintéticos, intactos, e de ossos de fêmur sintéticos onde foram feitos cortes em laboratório produzindo situações de fratura do tipo 31 –A2.2. Nas amostras fraturadas foram colocadas as placas DHS simulando situações reais de osteossíntese. Os conjuntos de ossos mais placas foram então submetidos a ensaios de fadiga. Os resultados demonstraram que as presenças da fratura e do implante DHS alteraram a amplitude das deformações em todas as regiões do fêmur. Houve absorção da carga pelo implante DHS em todas as regiões de medição. Na região do colo femoral, o DHS absorveu 98% da carga, na região lateral 97%, no centro medial transversal 48%, no centro medial longitudinal 92%, no centro medial a 45 graus 94%, no calcar, antes da linha da fratura, 80%, na região do calcar, depois da linha da fratura, 81%, na região do segundo parafuso cortical transversal 81%, na região do segundo parafuso cortical longitudinal 73% e na região do segundo parafuso cortical a 45 graus 92%. A região do centro do pino guia e a região do segundo parafuso cortical foram as regiões de maior instabilidade mecânica. Para as condições de fratura do tipo 31 – A2.2 o implante do tipo DHS não absorve totalmente as deformações geradas, apresentando mobilidade do foco da fratura. Pequenas oscilações entre os ensaios causaram modificações importantes nos resultados, indicando que a relação ponto de medição ou a posição exata do implante podem implicar num desgaste ou afrouxamento prematuro do mesmo devido a uma sobrecarga. / The study compared the intensity and distribution of the deformations to the intact proximal femur and the proximal femur fractured and implanted with the slide screw system, Dynamic Hip Screw – DHS, in transtrochanteric fractures, 31 – A2 – 2 type. In this way, deformations were produced, by means of cyclic loads, in fatigue. The samples consisted of synthetic femoral bones intact and synthetic femoral bones that were cut in the laboratory producing fracture situations of type 31 – A2.2 type. In the fractured samples the DHS plates were placed simulating real osteosynthesis situations. The bone sets and plaques were then subjected to fatigue testing. The results showed that the presence of fracture and DHS implant altered the amplitude of deformations in all regions of the femur. The load was absorbed by the DHS implant in all measurement regions. In the femoral neck region, DHS absorbed 98% of the load, in the lateral region 97%, in the medial center – transverse – 48%, in the medial center – longitudinal – 92%, in the medial center – 45 degrees – 94%, in the calcar region, before the fracture line 80%, in the calcar region, after the fracture line, 81%, in the region of the second cortical screw – transverse – 81%, in the region of the second cortical screw – longitudinal – 73% and in the region of the second cortical screw – 45 degrees – 92% . The region of the center of the guide pin and the region of the second cortical screw were the regions of greater mechanical instability. For fracture conditions of type 31 - A2.2, the DHS type implant does not totally absorb the generated deformations, presenting mobility of the fracture focus. Small oscillations between the tests caused significant changes in the results, indicating that the relationship between the point of measurement and the exact position of the implant may lead to premature wear or loosening of the implant due to an overload.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of the study was to compare immediate and delayed surgical management of septic mandibular fractures. Introduction: Infected mandible fractures can be treated via diverse protocols. Two recognized protocols are the so-called delayed approached and the immediate approach. In the delayed approach, sepsis is resolved first, followed by surgery. With the immediate approach, the sepsis is first drained, followed by open reduction and internal fixation of the jaw fracture in one continuous surgical procedure. Material and methods: 20 clinical cases where included in the study. Patients were randomly selected and assigned to the two treatment protocol groups. Pain, vital signs, fracture union, fracture stability, surgical time, hospital time, follow-up visits and patients’ demographics were recorded. Results: No statistically significant findings were made in the analysis of the demographic data and clinical parameters relating to the sepsis. The only significant data were related to the surgical time and hospital time. It was found that the advantages of the immediate approach versus the delayed approach related only to shorter surgical time and less days spent in hospital for the immediate approach. Conclusion: Septic mandibular fractures can be managed either by an immediate or a delayed approach. The immediate surgical approach seems to have an advantage over the delayed approach regarding the surgical time and hospital admission days.

As the Salvadoran population's life expectancy increases, fractures among the elderly are also increasing. There is a dearth of data available on the incidence and cause of fractures in the elderly within developing countries including El Salvador. Inadequate knowledge about bone health and osteoporosis among the elderly is contributing to health issues in the aging population. The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence, knowledge, causes, and risk factors affecting elderly patients admitted for fractures at Hospital Zacamil in order to develop programs targeted to prevention. Study objectives included: 1) determine incidence, causes, and treatment of elderly fractures including hip fractures, vertebral fractures, and forearm fractures and related post-morbidity and/or mortality; 2) compare patient knowledge, cause, treatment of fractures and related post-morbidity and/or mortality among those aged 45 to 65 years with those over 65 years; 3) determine the level of knowledge and presence of risk factors for fractures and osteoporosis among patients including diet, exercise, and environmental risk factors and compare by gender. The research was approved by IRB prior to data collection. The methodology included a researcher-designed and validated survey administered to an accepting sample of 155 patients presenting with fractures to Hospital Zacamil between January 2008 and May 2008. The data were analyzed with SPSS software. Findings indicate that the incidence of fractures in the study sample and those in developed countries are similar. Knowledge and presence of risk factors are similar by age and gender within the study sample. The primary conclusion was that education is needed to prevent falls and osteoporosis. Recommendations for further research include recognition of culturally-specific factors in prevention education and further study of the methods of addressing prevention in the specified population and the outcomes of the educational intervention. / Ph. D.

Yes / This literature review aims to conduct an extensive systematic literature review of the nursing interventions on discharge planning among geriatric patients with hip fractures. Design: The review applied multiple research designs, and the literature search was based on PRISMA’s publication standard. Data Sources: The articles were selected from three primary online databases: Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science and one supporting database, Google Scholar. Review Method: After searching the eligible articles, 15 articles were selected for thematic analysis. Results: The systematic review came out with five central themes 1) assessments of the patient’s and family member’s needs: 2) diagnosis of an individual discharge planning: 3) prescription of the appropriate nursing interventions; 4) implementation of the nursing interventions and 5) follow -up after the patients have been discharged from hospital. Conclusion: The review’s findings explained the nursing intervention implemented and its effectiveness on elderly patients with hip fractures. Apart from that, this review also highlighted the methodology approach and health outcomes measured, which will help the scholars better understand the study area. Impact: The review contributes needed information for future nursing research and practice of the elderly with hip fractures.

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) cause des anomalies biochimiques, osseuses et vasculaires. L’association entre IRC et fractures reste controversée, alors que les travaux antérieurs ont été restreints à l’étude de certains sites fracturaires et aux patients âgés. En outre, la performance de modalités d’imagerie ou scores de prédiction pour prédire les fractures en IRC fut peu étudiée. Les objectifs de ce mémoire sont donc d’évaluer l’impact de l’IRC légère à modérée sur : 1) la prévalence du statut fracturaire ; 2) l’incidence des fractures selon l’âge et le sexe; 3) la prédiction des fractures par l’échographie calcanéale (QUS); et 4) la performance de scores de prédiction clinique (FRAX, Garvan, QFracture). Nous avons analysé la cohorte CARTaGENE, incluant 19 990 Québécois âgés entre 40 et 69 ans. La fonction rénale fut estimée au recrutement. Les fractures furent identifiées de façon prévalente (autorapportées par questionnaire) et incidente (données médico-administratives). Nous n’avons pas observé d’association entre l’IRC et la prévalence du statut fracturaire après ajustement. Nous avons toutefois observé que l’IRC légère à modérée est associée à une augmentation de l’incidence des fractures à tous sites durant un suivi médian de 70 mois, particulièrement chez les jeunes et les hommes. Nous avons constaté que le QUS discrimine les fractures similairement en IRC et non-IRC, mais les sous-estime en IRC stade 3. Enfin, nous avons observé que la discrimination et la calibration des fractures par FRAX et QFracture étaient similaires en non-IRC et IRC, mais que le score Garvan menait à une discrimination plus faible et une sous-estimation en IRC stade 3. Ces travaux suggèrent un impact de l’IRC sur l’incidence fracturaire et la performance des outils prédictifs. Ils sensibilisent donc les cliniciens à l’impact fracturaire précoce de l’IRC et aux limites de certains outils prédictifs dans cette population. / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) causes biochemical, bone and vascular abnormalities. The association of nonterminal CKD with fracture remains controversial as previous studies focused on select fracture sites and were restricted to older patients. Furthermore, the fracture predictive performance of imaging methods and prediction tools has not been thoroughly studied. Thus, our objectives were to assess the impact of non-terminal CKD on : 1) fracture status prevalence; 2) fracture incidence by age and sex; 3) the performance of calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) to predict fracture risk and; 4) the performance of three fracture prediction tools (FRAX, Garvan, QFracture). We analyzed the CARTaGENE cohort, which includes 19,990 participants aged 40 to 69 years from the province of Quebec, Canada. Renal function was estimated at baseline. Fractures were assessed at baseline (selfreported by health questionnaire) and during a follow-up of 70 months (medico-administrative data). We did not observe an association between non-terminal CKD and prevalent fracture status after adjustment for potential confounders. In contrast, we found that non-terminal CKD was associated with increased fracture incidence at any site, especially in younger patients and in men. Additionally, we observed that non-terminal CKD did not modify significantly the discriminative ability of QUS for fracture incidence but did lead to an underestimation of fracture incidence in patients with CKD stage 3. Finally, we found that FRAX and QFracture had similar discrimination and calibration for fractures in patients with and without non-terminal CKD while Garvan had lower discrimination and led to fracture underestimation in CKD stage 3. These findings suggest that non-terminal CKD is associated with increased fracture incidence and decreased performance of some fracture prediction tools. They therefore highlight the early effect of CKD on fracture risk and the limitations of some fracture prediction tools in this population.

Abstract Although nonoperative treatment is recognized as an effective treatment method for humeral shaft fractures, it is associated with an approximately 10% risk of nonunion and long-term impairments of the shoulder joint. There is a growing interest to treat even simple humeral shaft fractures operatively to avoid these problems. Intramedullary (IM) nailing has proven to be very effective in the treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fractures and the same method has been adopted for humeral shaft fractures. However, the results regarding union rate and shoulder joint function after antegrade insertion of an IM nail have been very controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate fracture union, shoulder joint function and symptoms after antegrade IM nailing of humeral shaft fractures, to assess safety and results of IM nailing in pathological fractures, to evaluate the efficacy of exchange nailing and Ilizarov's technique in the treatment of nonunion after IM nailing and to find out, by comparing shoulder joint symptoms and function after antegrade IM nailing and dynamic compression (DC) plate fixation, whether antegrade access to the medullary cavity is the main reason behind shoulder joint problems. During the years 1987-1997, 126 humeral shaft fractures were operated upon in Oulu University Hospital using antegrade IM nailing. The nonunion rate was 22% and distraction of the fracture fragments was the most important risk factor associated with nonunion. The reoperation rate, for various reasons, was 25%. Shoulder joint pain and impairment of function was present in 37% of the patients. In the treatment of 18 pathological fractures IM nailing was a rapid and safe operation, associated with good pain relief. Exchange nailing of 13 cases of nonunion after IM nailing resulted in a union rate of 47% and this method is not useful in the humerus in contrast to tibial and femoral fractures. Permanent nonunion leaves the patient with severe impairment of the shoulder joint and a loose nail may lead to severe osteolysis of cortical bone. In complicated nonunion with poor bone quality, Ilizarov's technique, although associated with a high rate of minor complications and reoperations, worked well. When IM nailing was compared with DC plating it was found that there were no significant differences in shoulder pain, function scores, range-of-motion and strength. Antegrade insertion of the nail, if carried out properly, is probably not the main reason for shoulder joint impairment after IM nailing. Antegrade IM nailing of humeral shaft fractures is associated with several problems, e.g. shoulder joint impairment and difficulties in reconstruction after nonunion, and indications for this method may be exceptional, such as comminuted and pathological fractures.