published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos optimalaus artėjimo procedūros ir ICAO bei EUROCONTROL pateiktos šių procedūrų rekomendacijos. Išanalizuoti pagrindiniai šių procedūrų kūrimo principai, kuriais remiantis jos yra taikomos praktikoje. Darbe apžvelgiami oro uostai naudojantys šias procedūras. Aptariama jų praktinė nauda aplinkai, oro paslaugų teikėjams ir oro vežėjams. Analizuojami pagrindiniai skirtumai tarp Vilnuje naudotų ir dabar esamų artėjimo tūpti ir tūpimo procedūrų. / In this thesis are considered continuous descent approach and landing procedures, ICAO and EUROCONTROL recommendations. There are discussed the design principles under which they are implemented in practice. Airports that use these procedures are overviewed. The practical benefits for the environment, air service providers and carriers are discussed. Furthermore, the main differences between the nowaday and the previous type of approach are analysed.

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This research analyzes fuel consumption and emissions of Turnpike double trailer combinations (Turnpikes) on a regional network in the Canadian Prairies. The research: (1) establishes current benchmarks for fuel consumption of Turnpikes and five-axle tractor semitrailers (3-S2s) with van trailers; (2) develops fuel consumption models for these vehicle types; (3) establishes an understanding of current operating characteristics of Turnpikes in the region; and (4) estimates their system-wide effects in terms of fuel consumption and emissions in Manitoba by applying the developed models. Canadian Prairie region-based carriers revealed an increase in Turnpike travel (from 2007-2009) of 44 percent after the twinning of the Trans-Canada Highway between Winnipeg and Regina in 2007 was completed. Turnpikes can save one third of fuel consumed when compared to 3-S2s; have higher fuel consumption in the winter months; and their use in 2009 reduced fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by five percent compared to 3-S2s.

This research analyzes fuel consumption and emissions of Turnpike double trailer combinations (Turnpikes) on a regional network in the Canadian Prairies. The research: (1) establishes current benchmarks for fuel consumption of Turnpikes and five-axle tractor semitrailers (3-S2s) with van trailers; (2) develops fuel consumption models for these vehicle types; (3) establishes an understanding of current operating characteristics of Turnpikes in the region; and (4) estimates their system-wide effects in terms of fuel consumption and emissions in Manitoba by applying the developed models. Canadian Prairie region-based carriers revealed an increase in Turnpike travel (from 2007-2009) of 44 percent after the twinning of the Trans-Canada Highway between Winnipeg and Regina in 2007 was completed. Turnpikes can save one third of fuel consumed when compared to 3-S2s; have higher fuel consumption in the winter months; and their use in 2009 reduced fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by five percent compared to 3-S2s.

The University of Waterloo Alternative Fuels Team’s participation in EcoCAR: The Next Challenge provided an unparalleled opportunity to execute advanced vehicle technology research with hands on learning and industry leading mentoring from practicing engineers in the automotive industry. This thesis investigates the optimization of the hybrid operating strategy on board the EcoCAR development vehicle. This investigation provides the framework to investigate the pros and cons of different hybrid control strategies, develop the model based design process for controls development in a student team environment and take the learning of this research and apply them to a mule development vehicle. A primary controls development model was created to simulate software controls before releasing to the vehicle level and served as a tool to evaluate and compare control strategies. The optimization routine was not directly compatible with this model and so a compromise was made to develop a simplified vehicle model in the MATLAB environment that would be useful for observing trends but realizing that the accuracy of the results may not be totally consistent with the real world vehicle. These optimization results were then used to create a new control strategy that was simulated in the original vehicle development model. This new control strategy exhibited a 15% gain in fuel economy over the best case from the literature during an Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) drive cycle. Recommendations for future work include adding charge depletion operation to the simulation test cases and improving the accuracy of the optimization model by removing the simplifications that contributed to faster simulation time. This research has also illustrated the wide variability of drive cycles from the mildly aggressive UDDS cycle having 5 kilowatts average propulsion power to the very aggressive US06 cycle having 19 kilowatts average propulsion power and their impact on the efficiency of a particular control strategy. Understanding how to adapt or tune software for particular drive cycle or driver behaviour may lead to an interesting area of research.

Growing concerns about interruption to oil supply and oil shortages have led to escalating global oil prices. In addition, increased public acceptance of the global warming problem has prompted car manufacturers to agree to carbon emission targets in many regions including most recently, the Californian standards. Other legislating bodies are sure to follow this lead with increasingly stringent targets. As a result of these issues, spark ignition engines in their current form will need significant improvements to meet future requirements. One technically feasible option is smaller capacity downsized engines with enhanced power that could be used in the near term to reduce both carbon emissions and fuel consumption in passenger vehicles.This research focuses on exploring the performance limits of a 0.43 liter spark ignited engine and defining its operating boundaries. Limiting factors such as combustion, gas exchange and component design are investigated to determine if they restrict small engine performance. The research gives direction to the development of smaller gasoline engines and establishes the extent to which they can contribute to future powertrain fuel consumption reduction whilst maintaining engine power at European intermediate class requirements.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T18:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Energy production in the form of heat from the burning of lignocellulosic materials is an interesting form of waste recovery. However, one needs to know the physical and chemical characteristics of a material before use it as biofuel. To obtain a ma terial application for energy purposes, it shall provide adequate moisture content, low ash content and high calorific value, all these combined with the availability of these residues in the market. Several factors hampering the use of lignocellulosic was tes as a main source of fuel as the lack of information on their characteristics, low density, high moisture content and ash content. This work aims to characterize physico - chemically different materials aiming its use for power generation. The materials u sed for this work were: Eucalyptus sp sawdust, sawdust of Pinus sp, sawdust Rubber sp... and sawdust Orange sp .. were conducted physico - chemical characterizations as: density (bulk and water displacement), immediate analysis (moisture content, ash content , volatile content and fixed carbon content), calorific value upper and lower energy density, chemical analysis of the materials (Klason lignin insoluble, holocellulose, a - cellulose and hemicellulose). The materials analyzed showed densities ranging from 1 74.46 to 246.26 Kg.m the Eucalyptus sp - 3 for Pinus sp. For the ash content materials showed variation from 0.76 to 1.60%, the Eucalyptus to provide the highest value, as well as the Rubber sp presented the highest value for the extractives, ranging from 8 - 21, 76%. Already the Orange sp had the highest Klason lignin content Insoluble of 39.24% which is high compared to other materials. The Eucalyptus sp was the material with the highest holocell ulose content 60.29% and 42.72% for a - cellulose content. The Rubber for hemicellulose content showed the highest value of 22.61%. For gross calorific value (PCS) all materials showed values in the range 4527 Kcal.Kg - 1a 4807 Kcal.Kg - 1. Pinus sp. was the mat erial that presented the highest value of 1183.77 cal / cm3 for energy density, followed by the rubber tree that showed the value of 1033.23 cal / cm3. Based on our results we can say that all four materials present in its composition features that allow t heir use as fuel. For this work we highlight the Pinus sp, because it was the material that presented values close to desirable for solid biofuels / A produção de energia na forma de calor a partir da queima de materiais lignocelulósicos constitui uma interessante forma de aproveitamento de resíduos. Contudo, necessita - se conhecer as características físico - químicas de um material antes de empregá-lo como biocombustível . Para um material obter aplicação p ara fins energéticos , o mesmo deve apresentar teor de umidade adequado, baixo teor de cinzas e alto poder calorífico , todos estes aliados à disponibilidade destes resíduos no mercado . Diversos fatores dificultam a utilização de resíduos lignocelulósicos como uma fonte principal de combustível como a falta de informação de suas características, baixa densidade, elevado teor de umidade e quantidade de cinzas . Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar físico-química mente diferentes materiais visando seu uso para geração de energia . Os materiais utilizados para este trabalho foram: serragem de Eucalyptus sp., serragem de Pinus sp. , serragem de Seringueira sp. e serragem de Laranjeira sp .. Foram realizada s as caracterizações físico-químicas como: densidade (a granel e por deslocação de água) , análise imediata (teor de umidade, teor de cinzas, teor de voláteis e teor de carbono fixo), poder calorífico superior e inferior , densidade energética , análise química dos materiais ( teor de lignina insolúvel Klason, holocelulose , a - celulose e hemicelulose). Os materiais analisados apresenta ra m densidades que variaram de 174,46 para o Eucalyptus sp a 246,26 Kg.m - 3 para o Pinus sp. Para o teor de cinzas os materiais apresentaram variação de 0, 76 a 1 , 60 %, sendo o Eucalyptus a apresentar o maior valor, assim como também a Seringueira sp apresentou o maior valor para os extrativos totais, que variaram entre 8 a 21, 76%. Já a Laranjeira sp apresentou o maior teor de lignina Klason Insolúvel de 39,24%, valor este elevado em comparação com os outros materiais. O Eucaliptus sp foi o material que apresentou maior teor de holocelulose 60,29% e 42,72% para teor de a - celulose. A Seringueira para teor de hemicelulose apresentou o maior valor de 22,61%. P ara poder calorífico superior (PCS) todos os materiais apresentaram valor es no intervalo de 4 5 2 7 Kcal.Kg - 1 a 4807 Kcal.Kg - 1 . O Pinus sp. foi o material que a presentou o maior valor de 1 .183,77 cal/cm 3 para densidade energética, seguido pela Seringueira que apresentou o valo r de 1 .033,23 cal/cm 3 . Diante destes resultados podemos afirmar que todos 4 materiais apresentam em sua composição características que permitem o uso dos mesmos, como combustível. Para este trabalhos destacamos o Pinus sp, pois o mesmo foi o material que apresentou valores próximos aos desejáveis para biocombustíveis sólidos .

Arbetet med att minska sjöfartens miljöpåverkan är något som är högaktuellt och under ständig utveckling. Vid en omdirigering där delar av sjötrafiken från Stora Bält förflyttas till Flintrännan, skulle miljöbelastningen minska regionalt och öka lokalt. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur bränsleförbrukningen förändrades för den del av sjötrafiken som förflyttades till Flintrännan. Genom detta kunde man också se en tendens till hur sjöfartens bidrag till luftföroreningar i Malmö stad kan förväntas förändras. Slutsatserna var att referensfartygen nästan halverade bränsleförbrukningen när dom valde den kortare rutten via Flintrännan framför Stora Bält. Det framkom att sjöfartens totala bidrag till CO2 utsläppen förväntas minska med 60-190 000 ton. Resultatet uppnåddes genom en insamling av trafikflödesdata samt bränsleberäkningar på tre referensfartyg. / Efforts to reduce shipping's environmental impact are something that is highly topical and constantly evolving. At a redirection where parts of the sea traffic from Stora Bält moved to Flintrännan, environmental impact would decrease regionally and increase locally. The purpose of this paper was to find out how the bunker consumption changed for the part of the sea traffic that were moved to Flintrännan. This could also indicate a tendency to change the contribution of shipping to air pollution in Malmö city. The conclusions were that the reference vessels almost halved the bunker consumption when they chose the shorter route via Flintrännan. It was found that shipping's total net contribution to CO2 emissions is expected to decrease by 60-190 000 tons. The result was achieved through a collection of traffic flow data and fuel calculations on three reference vessels.