Fiber nonlinearity can cause interactions and crosstalk between co-propagating dense wavelength division multiplexed channels in high capacity optical fiber communication systems. The crosstalk between channels leads to degradation of the bit error performance of the system. One of the mechanisms of this crosstalk is Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) caused by the fiber nonlinearity. It is important to have an analytic model for the FWM to estimate and minimize the impact of FWM for a given transmission system design. Conventional analytic models for FWM ignore the inter-channel walk-off effect. In this thesis a model for FWM is developed which rigorously accounts for the walk-off effect. The model is derived for degenerate and non-degenerate FWM. This model is derived for conventional RZ-OOK and the emerging RZ-DPSK modulation formats. A detailed physical understanding of the walk-off contribution to the FWM noise is developed. The first direct comparison, between an analytic model for FWM and split-step Fourier (SSF) simulations for the general case of random modulated channels is presented, for a single span 10-Gb/s link. It is shown that for both RZ-OOK and RZ-DPSK modulation formats the walk-off effect significantly increases the FWM noise variance for all FWM types before any filtering at the end of fiber. When a multiplexer/de-multiplexer is used the walk-off effect is significant and observable for the degenerate FWM case but is no longer significant for the non-degenerate FWM case. In the typical situation when a sub-bit-rate electrical low pass filter is also used, the walk-off effect is effectively removed for all three types of FWM. Comparing the models for the two modulation formats it is found that the FWM noise standard deviation and related BER penalty are much smaller for RZ-DPSK as compared to that for RZ-OOK at the same average launch power.

Fiber nonlinearity can cause interactions and crosstalk between co-propagating dense wavelength division multiplexed channels in high capacity optical fiber communication systems. The crosstalk between channels leads to degradation of the bit error performance of the system. One of the mechanisms of this crosstalk is Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) caused by the fiber nonlinearity. It is important to have an analytic model for the FWM to estimate and minimize the impact of FWM for a given transmission system design. Conventional analytic models for FWM ignore the inter-channel walk-off effect. In this thesis a model for FWM is developed which rigorously accounts for the walk-off effect. The model is derived for degenerate and non-degenerate FWM. This model is derived for conventional RZ-OOK and the emerging RZ-DPSK modulation formats. A detailed physical understanding of the walk-off contribution to the FWM noise is developed. The first direct comparison, between an analytic model for FWM and split-step Fourier (SSF) simulations for the general case of random modulated channels is presented, for a single span 10-Gb/s link. It is shown that for both RZ-OOK and RZ-DPSK modulation formats the walk-off effect significantly increases the FWM noise variance for all FWM types before any filtering at the end of fiber. When a multiplexer/de-multiplexer is used the walk-off effect is significant and observable for the degenerate FWM case but is no longer significant for the non-degenerate FWM case. In the typical situation when a sub-bit-rate electrical low pass filter is also used, the walk-off effect is effectively removed for all three types of FWM. Comparing the models for the two modulation formats it is found that the FWM noise standard deviation and related BER penalty are much smaller for RZ-DPSK as compared to that for RZ-OOK at the same average launch power.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the WDM and OTDM optical telecommunication networks and the possibility of conversion between these two multiplexing methods. In the first chapter were mentioned the basics of optical communication. The next chapter describes the optical fiber. Specifically, their types, linear and nonlinear optical characteristics whitch are limiting transmission e.g. attenuation, dispersion, refraction, FWM, SPM and XPM. Followed by a general description of the multiplexing systems used in optics and individual elements used in various multiplexing systems. The last chapter was devoted to the design of the OTDM - WDM conversion model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6992_1.pdf: 9302355 bytes, checksum: 8eed24999ba8c6de78c08f97a68ff38c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Nessa dissertação apresentamos um novo conceito para otimização de sistemas WDM solitônicos, chamado Gerenciamento de Colisões. Mostramos resultados de simulações com sistemas WDM solitônicos de amplificação discreta de 2 x 40 Gb/s, operando próximo do zero de dispersão, na banda C de transmissão, sem o uso de gerenciamento de dispersão ou quaisquer outras técnicas já consagradas (como por exemplo filtros ao longo do enlace) de minimização de efeitos físicos prejudiciais ao desempenho do sistema. Após fundamentar e explorar o conceito de Gerenciamento de Colisões, propomos o uso de três técnicas. A primeira trata-se do gerenciamento de colisões incompletas que podem ocorrer no início e no final da transmissão. Para viabilizar este gerenciamento propomos uma técnica que consiste na inserção de um atraso inicial entre pulsos de canais diferentes. Esta técnica, em um sistema otimizado, para condições apropriadas (comprimento de colisão maior que duas vezes o comprimento de amplificação), pode permitir uma melhora no desempenho de sistemas WDM solitônicos, chegando a dobrar o alcance dos mesmos, pois ela elimina a colisão incompleta inicial e, em determinados casos, a final. Outras duas técnicas sugeridas exemplificam que, por meio do gerenciamento das colisões completas, podemos melhorar o desempenho de sistemas WDM solitônicos, otimizando adequadamente o espaçamento entre canais, bem como, o espaçamento entre amplificadores do mesmo. Verificamos que a otimização correta de Sistemas WDM Solitônicos, aliado ao uso adequado do espaçamento entre canais e amplificadores, pode permitir ao sistema um alcance em torno de 1000 km, para uma taxa de erro por bit (BER) de aproximadamente 10-12, sem o uso da técnica de gerenciamento de colisão incompleta, e em torno 1600 km com a utilização da mesma

The aim of this thesis was introducing the options of conversion between OTDM and WDM technologies. Since this issue is rather extensive, first of all the principle of optical transmission system is described. One chapter presents the effects influencing the optical transmissions. Material absorption, linear and nonlinear scattering and bending losses are mentioned in terms of fiber losses, followed by description of waveguide, chromatic and polarization-mode dispersion of optical fibers. Last part of the chapter presents nonlinear effects, including self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing. The practical part of the thesis deals with multichannel systems. The principles of frequency, space a hybrid multiplexing are explained. Multichannel systems with optical time domain multiplexing and waveguide multiplexing are described in detail and compared. The elements of the transmission chain of multiplex, such as different types of lasers, detectors, modulators, optical amplifiers, splitters, couplers, MUX and DEMUX are discussed. The next part of the thesis was aimed at suggesting the model of mutual conversion between OTDM and WDM systems. First of all, the previously performed experiments concerning the conversion between OTDM and WTM were evaluated. Then the model of OTDM/WDM/OTDM conversion was designed, with explanation of its parts and their function. The general recommendations for practical implementation were are also included. Due to the limited amount of time reserved for access to the simulation program Optsim, the simulations were performed only for certain parts of the proposed conversion model. At the end of the thesis, the proposed model is evaluated.

Le futur système de transmission multicanaux (WDM) pourrait mettre à profit l'utilisation d'amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs (SOA), pour bénéficier notamment de leur grande bande passante optique pour l'amplification du signal. Dans ce travail, nous étudions l’influence des SOA sur la transmission cohérente de signaux OFDM optiques (CO OFDM). Cette technique, récemment proposée, permet à la fois d’augmenter l'efficacité spectrale de la transmission et de compenser les imperfections linéaires du canal optique. Nous avons développé, dans ce travail, une chaîne expérimentale de transmission de signaux à formats de modulation complexes tout-optiques et une plateforme de simulation au niveau système. Les résultats obtenus par simulation, au niveau composant et au niveau système, sont en très bon accord avec ceux obtenus par les mesures expérimentales à la fois pour des formats de modulation QPSK et QPSK CO-OFDM. À travers différentes mesures et simulations, l’étude a permis de cerner clairement l’influence des paramètres du SOA sur la qualité de transmission des données. Les non-linéarités induites par le SOA, telles que le couplage phase amplitude, l’auto modulation du gain et de la phase (SGM et SPM), la modulation croisée du gain et de la phase (XGM et XPM) et le mélange à quatre ondes (FWM), jouent de façon importante sur les performances de ce format de modulation multi-porteuses ; leur influence a donc été analysée avec précision. Les connaissances acquises permettront à l’avenir d’une part de mieux définir les conditions d’utilisation des SOA dans les réseaux de transmission et d’autre part aideront à l’optimisation de nouvelles structures de SOA conçues pour la transmission de données à très haut débit utilisant des formats de modulation complexes. / Future wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems might take advantage from the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), especially to benefit from their large optical bandwidth for signal amplification. In this work, we study the influence of SOAs on the coherent optical-OFDM (CO OFDM) transmission system. This recently proposed technique allows both to increase the spectral efficiency of the transmission and to compensate the linear imperfections of the optical channel. In this work, we have developed an experimental setup for signal transmission operating with advanced optical modulation formats and a system level simulation platform. Simulation results, both at the component level and at the system level, are in very good agreement with those obtained from experimental measurements in the case of both QPSK and QPSK CO-OFDM signals. The study has clearly identified, through various measurements and simulations, the influence of SOA parameters on the quality of data transmission. Nonlinearities induced by the SOA, such as phase-amplitude coupling, self gain and phase modulation (SGM and SPM), cross gain and phase modulation (XGM and XPM) and the four-wave mixing (FWM) affect the performances of this multicarrier modulation format. Their influence is studied very precisely in this work. This acquired knowledge will allow, on the one hand, better defining the conditions of use of SOAs in the transmission networks and, on the other hand, helping to optimize new structures of SOA designed for very high bit rate data transmissions using complex modulation formats.

The aim of this master´s thesis is an explanation of the problem of transport optical networks with Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. DWDM principle, properties and limit of transmission system. Focus of thesis is also specification properties of migration transmission system to higher speed 40G, 100G and in future to 400G. Part of thesis is outlined the basic division of multiplexing system, there are discussed the basic solutions of wavelength multiplexes CWDM and DWDM, focus for the effects of nonlinear phenomena and parasitic modulation FWM, SPM and XPM in modulation DP-QPSK and 16-QAM. In practicle part we will make measurement of properties of 10G and then experimental measurement parameters on 100G.

L'étude des effets optiques non-linéaires suscite un vif intérêt pour un large champ d'applications dans les systèmes de transmission optiques, comme la régénération des données ou le démultiplexage temporel. La réalisation de ces fonctions exige de nouvelles fibres ou guides d'ondes qui possèdent une très forte non-linéarité Kerr. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons retenu l'étude de guides polymères et de fibres en verres de chalcogénures pour leur très fort coefficient non-linéaire n2 dont la valeur atteint 10000 respectivement 500 fois celui de la silice à la longueur d'onde de 1550 nm. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisations non-linéaires de fibres et guides optiques. Ces méthodes permettent de déterminer simultanément le coefficient non-linéaire Kerr et la dispersion ainsi que d'améliorer la précision de mesure par rapport aux techniques précédentes. Une nouvelle solution d'analyse modale est également développée. La méthode permet non seulement de calculer le nombre de modes, mais aussi de déterminer la distribution de puissance entre les modes. Nous proposons ensuite la caractérisation et la démonstration d'effets non-linéaires dans deux nouvelles fibres microstructurées en verre de AsSe fabriquées en 2010 et 2011 par Perfos, Lannion et SRC, Rennes. Deux records de non-linéarité de 31300 W-1km-1 et 41000 W-1km-1 sont mesurés Pour la dernière fibre (fabriquée en 2011), la conversion de longueur d'onde à 10 GHz et 42,7 GHz a été réalisée avec une puissance d'entrée compatible avec les télécoms. Finalement, les conditions nécessaires à l'observation des effets non-linéaires dans les guides polymères sont étudiées.

Le futur système de transmission multicanaux (WDM) pourrait mettre à profit l'utilisation d'amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs (SOA), pour bénéficier notamment de leur grande bande passante optique pour l'amplification du signal. Dans ce travail, nous étudions l'influence des SOA sur la transmission cohérente de signaux OFDM optiques (CO OFDM). Cette technique, récemment proposée, permet à la fois d'augmenter l'efficacité spectrale de la transmission et de compenser les imperfections linéaires du canal optique. Nous avons développé, dans ce travail, une chaîne expérimentale de transmission de signaux à formats de modulation complexes tout-optiques et une plateforme de simulation au niveau système. Les résultats obtenus par simulation, au niveau composant et au niveau système, sont en très bon accord avec ceux obtenus par les mesures expérimentales à la fois pour des formats de modulation QPSK et QPSK CO-OFDM. À travers différentes mesures et simulations, l'étude a permis de cerner clairement l'influence des paramètres du SOA sur la qualité de transmission des données. Les non-linéarités induites par le SOA, telles que le couplage phase amplitude, l'auto modulation du gain et de la phase (SGM et SPM), la modulation croisée du gain et de la phase (XGM et XPM) et le mélange à quatre ondes (FWM), jouent de façon importante sur les performances de ce format de modulation multi-porteuses ; leur influence a donc été analysée avec précision. Les connaissances acquises permettront à l'avenir d'une part de mieux définir les conditions d'utilisation des SOA dans les réseaux de transmission et d'autre part aideront à l'optimisation de nouvelles structures de SOA conçues pour la transmission de données à très haut débit utilisant des formats de modulation complexes.

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