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Modern radar technology relies heavily on digital signal processing. As radar technology pushes the boundaries of miniaturization, computational systems must be developed to support the processing demand. One particular application for small radar technology is in modern drone systems. Many drone applications are currently inhibited by safety concerns of autonomous vehicles navigating shared airspace. Research in radar based Detect and Avoid (DAA) attempts to address these concerns by using radar to detect nearby aircraft and choosing an alternative flight path. Implementation of radar on small Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV), however, requires a lightweight and power efficient design. Likewise, the radar processing system must also be small and efficient.This thesis presents the design of the processing system for a small Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) phased array radar. The radar and processing is designed to be light-weight and low-power in order to fly onboard a UAV less than 25 kg in weight. The radar algorithms for this design include a parallelized Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), cross correlation, and beamforming. Target detection algorithms are also implemented. All of the computation is performed in real-time on a Xilinx Zynq 7010 System on Chip (SoC) processor utilizing both FPGA and CPU resources.The radar system (excluding antennas) has dimensions of 2.25 x 4 x 1.5 in3, weighs 120 g, and consumes 8 W of power of which the processing system occupies 2.6 W. The processing system performs over 652 million arithmetic operations per second and is capable of performing the full processing in real-time. The radar has also been tested in several scenarios both airborne on small UAVs as well as on the ground. Small UAVs have been detected to ranges of 350 m and larger aircraft up to 800 m. This thesis will describe the radar design architecture, the custom designed radar hardware, the FPGA based processing implementations, and conclude with an evaluation of the system's effectiveness and performance.

Ett allt vanligare fenomen är att civila samhällsaktörer använder drönare i arbetet. En av dem är Polismyndigheten vars förmåga benämns UAS, en akronym för Unmanned Aircraft System. UAS används bland annat för ledning av operativa insatser. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur användningen av UAS påverkar polisens ledning av insatser. Den polisiära UAS-användningen har för avsikt att höja polisens ledningsförmåga. Enligt tidigare forskning kan detta normativa påstående tolkas som ett designförslag. Med denna utgångspunkt undersökte studien empiriskt hur UAS-användningen påverkar polisens möjligheter att nå önskade effekter av insatser. Undersökningen genomfördes med stöd av Brehmers (2013) designlogik bestående av fem analysnivåer. Designlogiken applicerades på primärt på ledningssystemet i relation till insatssystemet.  Empirin utgjordes av sju individuella och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades med deduktiv tematisk analys. Resultaten visar att det finns effekthöjande faktorer, effekthämmande faktorer och effektsänkande (risk)faktorer gällande polisens UASanvändning vid insatsledning. Studiens slutsats är att det är hur relationen mellan dessa faktorer ser ut vid varje unik insats som påverkar vilken betydelse UAS-användningen får för ledningsförmågan, och därmed också vilka effekter som kan uppnås med insatsen som helhet. Det finns därmed en riktighet, men inte en garanti, i påståendet att UAS-användning genererar ökad ledningsförmåga vid ledning av operativa insatser. Att UAS-användningen höjer ledningsförmågan förutsätter att omständigheterna är gynnsamma/hanterbara och att de effektsänkande (risk)faktorerna kan undvikas/hanteras. / An increasingly common phenomenon is that civil society actors utilizes drones in work-related situations. Amongst them is the Swedish Police Authority, whose capability entitles UAS, an acronym for Unmanned Aircraft System. One way in which the Swedish police uses UAS is for command and control (C2) of operations. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the UAS-usage affects the management of C2 operations. Through UAS-usage, the Swedish police intends at increasing the police's C2 ability. According to previous research, this normative statement could be interpreted as a design proposal. Following this, the study investigated empirically how the UAS-usage affects the police's ability to achieve desired effects of C2 operations. To conduct the research, the study used Brehmer's (2013) design logic consisting of five levels of analysis. The design logic was applied primarily to the C2-system in relation to the mission respondent system.  The empirics consisted of seven semi-structured interviews, which all took place individually. The interviews were analyzed with deductive thematic analysis. Results are showing that UAS-usage in C2 operations has effect-enhancing factors, effect-inhibiting factors and effect-reducing (risk) factors. The study states that the relationship between these factors in each unique C2 operation affects how UAS-usage influences the C2 ability, and hence which effects the operation as a whole produces. There is thus an accuracy, but not a guarantee, in the claim that UAS-usage generates increased C2 ability. The achievement of increased C2 ability through UAS-usage is dependent on favorable/manageable circumstances and the fact that the effect-reducing (risk) factors can be avoided/managed.

Modern radar technology relies heavily on digital signal processing. As radar technology pushes the boundaries of miniaturization, computational systems must be developed to support the processing demand. One particular application for small radar technology is in modern drone systems. Many drone applications are currently inhibited by safety concerns of autonomous vehicles navigating shared airspace. Research in radar based Detect and Avoid (DAA) attempts to address these concerns by using radar to detect nearby aircraft and choosing an alternative flight path. Implementation of radar on small Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV), however, requires a lightweight and power efficient design. Likewise, the radar processing system must also be small and efficient. This thesis presents the design of the processing system for a small Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) phased array radar. The radar and processing is designed to be light-weight and low-power in order to fly onboard a UAV less than 25 kg in weight. The radar algorithms for this design include a parallelized Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), cross correlation, and beamforming. Target detection algorithms are also implemented. All of the computation is performed in real-time on a Xilinx Zynq 7010 System on Chip (SoC) processor utilizing both FPGA and CPU resources. The radar system (excluding antennas) has dimensions of 2.25 x 4 x 1.5 in3, weighs 120 g, and consumes 8 W of power of which the processing system occupies 2.6 W. The processing system performs over 652 million arithmetic operations per second and is capable of performing the full processing in real-time. The radar has also been tested in several scenarios both airborne on small UAVs as well as on the ground. Small UAVs have been detected to ranges of 350 m and larger aircraft up to 800 m. This thesis will describe the radar design architecture, the custom designed radar hardware, the FPGA based processing implementations, and conclude with an evaluation of the system's effectiveness and performance.

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<p dir="ltr">This dissertation presents the design, development, and testing environment of a low-cost, self-built ground based Counter Unmanned Aerial or Aircraft Vehicle (CUAV) system aimed at providing effective aerial security solutions in resource-limited environments. The kinetic CUAV technique was selected and identified for the current study as it is the most feasible, low-cost and reusable mitigation path as last-resort defense. Utilizing commonly available materials, including parts from online retailers and hardware stores, and incorporating a self-made pneumatic system with a reusable 3D-printed projectile and interchangeable parts design. This study explores the feasibility of cost-effective drone defense and introduces a short-range accuracy metric to evaluate the system’s trajectory behavior. Through rigorous indoor testing in Purdue University Hangar 4, the research evaluates the system's performance in terms of projectile height, range, and accuracy under various environmental conditions. A 90 degrees field of view of pneumatic launcher was tested with a small error margin comparison table to highlight on areas for potential technical refinement. TPU filament was found to be the best material for this study, with 10% infill, printing temperature in 225°C (437°F), and 70 mm/s printing speed settings for the 3D-printed projectile (4.16a). These findings in Figures 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 will significantly advance the research of low-cost drone defense technologies by providing empirical evidence on material and design choices that will impact the system performance. Findings indicate that the system’s performance is affected by the climate temperatures, which influences its consistency in different settings. This offers practical implications for enhancing security measures against unauthorized drones using similar technology. The study fills a significant gap in current drone defense technologies with kinetic apprehension by proving that effective solutions can be both affordable and accessible. This work not only contributes to the advancement of counter drone technology but also encourages ongoing design innovation in the field, paving the way for further research and development into scalable and adaptable drone defense systems.</p>