La fin du Moyen Âge français marque chez les intellectuels une volonté de définir le pouvoir princier: les Miroirs des princes et les traités de bon gouvernement en témoignent. Les qualités du bon prince, les limites de son pouvoir mais aussi l'exaltation de sa fonction, garantie de l'harmonie du corps social et de la bonne marche de l'État en construction, ont nourri les préoccupations tant des philosophes que des juristes qui nous ont laissés, à cet égard, de nombreux témoignages. Mais outre cette littérature dite savante issue des cabinets royaux et des cours ducales et comtales, quelle image la fiction offre-t-elle du pouvoir. Les allégories moralisantes tout comme les contes permettaient certes de donner une vision du pouvoir dans laquelle le didactisme primait. Si le mode fictionnel ouvrait de nombreuses avenues aux intellectuels, un type de littérature nous intéresse plus particulièrement: la fable animale. Les auteurs des XIIIe, XIVe et XVIe siècles pouvaient-ils, par le truchement de la littérature animalière, interpeller le prince, le soutenir comme le critiquer? De même, nous pouvons nous interroger sur l'impact des événements politiques marquants sur la représentation du pouvoir. Il appert que les auteurs ont été influencés par les aléas de la guerre de Cent Ans, le Grand Schisme d'Occident et de manière plus diffuse, mais tout aussi présente, par la crise de la féodalité, déjà perceptible au milieu du XIIIe siècle. L'intérêt et l'apport de la fable animalière dans la compréhension de l'histoire politique de la fin du Moyen Âge ±français¿ ne font pour nous aucun doute. L'emploi de l'animal pour traiter de la société des hommes n'est ni fortuit, ni arbitraire, il répond en effet à des besoins précis, se module en fonction du contexte et permet souvent d'émettre des opinions difficilement acceptables dans une forme moins imagée. / Towards the end of the Middle Ages it was a major concern of French intellectuals to define the power of a sovereign, as the Les Miroirs des Princes and other treatises on political power testify. These numerous works, left to us by philosophers and jurists, preoccupy themselves with issues such as the qualities of a good prince and the limits of his power as weIl as with celebrations of his function, which guarantee the well-being of the social body and the smooth operation of the state. However, the question arises as to what definitions of power emerge from sources other than those left by educated courtiers, namely, from fictional works of the period. By definition, allegories and fables presented a conception of power which was primarily moralising. Although these literary works offer a large number of areas for scrutiny, t~e present thesisis devoted to one particular genre: animal fables. Could the authors of the XIII th, XIYth and XYth century accost, support or even criticis, e a sovereign via their stories featuring moralising animal characters? Furthermore, one may also examine the impact of major political events on literary representations of power. The authors seem to have greatly been influenced by the vicissitudes of the Hundred Years' War, the Great Western Schism and by the crisis of feudalism, barely manifesting itself yet already imminent from the middle of the XlIlth century onwards. It is beyond doubt that animal fables provide a valuable asset in understanding the political history of the-end of the French Middle Ages. Applying animal characters to portray human society is neither unexpected nor arbitrary; in actual fact, it is envoked as a well-articulated response to clearly-defined needs, it adopts to contexts flexibly and allows for expressing the type of criticism which would otherwise be difficult to communicate appropriately in a less animated form.

Afrikaans text / Hierdie navorsing spruit uit die behoefte om doeltreffendheid van hulpverlening by kliente in die ouderdomsgroep elf- tot veertien jaar te verbeter. Die doel was om vas te stel of die projeksietegniek storievoltooiing by vroee adolessente nuttige responsies oplewer. Twee bestaande storievoltooiingsmedia, naamlik die Doss Fabels en die Madeleine Thomas Toets is toegepas saam met ander projeksiemedia en die responsies wat by storievoltooing gekry is, is geevalueer. Deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie is die eienskappe van die vroee adolessent nagegaan. Daar is spesiale aandag gegee aan die probleme wat kliente in hierdie ouderdomsgroep by hulpverlening vir die hulpvertener oplewer. Navorsing dui daarop dat die vroee adolessent 'n relatief hoe risiko loop om wordingsprobleme te ontwikkel. Vanwee die kenmerke van hierdie spesifteke ontwikkelingstadium, is erkende metodes van hulpverlening soos onderhoudvoering, nie altyd die aangewese of mees suksesvolle metode van hulpverlening nie. Tydens die empiriese ondersoek is gevind dat die proefpersone gunstig gereageer het op die storievoltooiingsmedia en nuttige responsies gelewer het. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat storievoltooing as tegniek, moontlik 'n rol te speel het naas die meer bekende projeksiemedia soos die TAT en die OAP as hulpmiddel by diagnose van probleme by vroee adolessente. / This reseach evolved from the need to increase the efficiency of therapy with early adolescents. The objective was to establish whether story completion as projective technique elicits useful responses. Two existing story completion media, the Duss Fables and the Madeleine Thomas Test, were applied in addition to other projection media and the responses were evaluated. The characteristics of the early adolescent were studied as found in the literature. Research indicates that the early adolescent is at risk for various ontological and psychological problems. Because of the characteristics of clients in this specific developmental stage, accepted techniques in therapy, for example the interview, are not entirely successful when counseling early adolescents. It was found that testees responded positively to the story completion media and produced useful responses. The conclusion was that story completion may have a role to play as an instrument in diagnosing the problems of early adolescents. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

This thesis analyses 21st century filmic, televisual and comic “Snow White” adaptations. The research is interdisciplinary, bringing together scholarship on gender, childhood, ageing, adaptation, media and fairy tales. The first half of the thesis contextualises the broader historical and sociocultural conversation “Snow White” tellings are immersed in by nature of their shared culture and history. It also identifies the tale’s core and traces the tale’s formation as a tale type from the seventeenth to the twenty–first century. The second half of this thesis moves to an analysis of two films (Mirror Mirror, 2012; Snow White and the Huntsman, 2012), a television series (Once Upon a Time, 2011–present) and a comic book series (Fables, 2002–2015). It considers the kinds of stories about female growth and ageing different media adaptations of “Snow White” enable, and contemplates how issues of time and temporality and growth and ageing play out in these four versions. In analysing the relationship between form and content, this thesis illustrates how a study of different media adaptations of “Snow White” can enrich fairy–tale scholarship and the fairy–tale canon. It also details the imaginative space different media adaptations of “Snow White” provide when engaging with dominant discourses around female growth and ageing in the West. Using “Snow White” as a case study, this thesis centrally facilitates a dialogue between ageing, childhood, fairy–tale and adaptation studies.

Afrikaans text / Hierdie navorsing spruit uit die behoefte om doeltreffendheid van hulpverlening by kliente in die ouderdomsgroep elf- tot veertien jaar te verbeter. Die doel was om vas te stel of die projeksietegniek storievoltooiing by vroee adolessente nuttige responsies oplewer. Twee bestaande storievoltooiingsmedia, naamlik die Doss Fabels en die Madeleine Thomas Toets is toegepas saam met ander projeksiemedia en die responsies wat by storievoltooing gekry is, is geevalueer. Deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie is die eienskappe van die vroee adolessent nagegaan. Daar is spesiale aandag gegee aan die probleme wat kliente in hierdie ouderdomsgroep by hulpverlening vir die hulpvertener oplewer. Navorsing dui daarop dat die vroee adolessent 'n relatief hoe risiko loop om wordingsprobleme te ontwikkel. Vanwee die kenmerke van hierdie spesifteke ontwikkelingstadium, is erkende metodes van hulpverlening soos onderhoudvoering, nie altyd die aangewese of mees suksesvolle metode van hulpverlening nie. Tydens die empiriese ondersoek is gevind dat die proefpersone gunstig gereageer het op die storievoltooiingsmedia en nuttige responsies gelewer het. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat storievoltooing as tegniek, moontlik 'n rol te speel het naas die meer bekende projeksiemedia soos die TAT en die OAP as hulpmiddel by diagnose van probleme by vroee adolessente. / This reseach evolved from the need to increase the efficiency of therapy with early adolescents. The objective was to establish whether story completion as projective technique elicits useful responses. Two existing story completion media, the Duss Fables and the Madeleine Thomas Test, were applied in addition to other projection media and the responses were evaluated. The characteristics of the early adolescent were studied as found in the literature. Research indicates that the early adolescent is at risk for various ontological and psychological problems. Because of the characteristics of clients in this specific developmental stage, accepted techniques in therapy, for example the interview, are not entirely successful when counseling early adolescents. It was found that testees responded positively to the story completion media and produced useful responses. The conclusion was that story completion may have a role to play as an instrument in diagnosing the problems of early adolescents. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)