Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 14, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Faces are central stimuli in our everyday life, hence, face processing is a sophisticated and highly specialized cognitive ability, at which adults are experts and children are proficient. Unlike other visuospatial abilities, face perception develops very slowly, becoming adult-like only well into adolescence. Some performance disparities between children and adults may reflect differences in general cognitive abilities, such as attention and memory. Alternatively, performance differences can be attributed to specific cognitive strategies implemented during face processing by different age groups; or to the interaction between the improvement of general abilities throughout development and the refinement of face specific cognitive strategies. The intent of the current studies was to further assess the development of and relationship between cognitive strategies in face processing. Specifically, we investigated the behavior and neurocorrelates associated with holistic face processing in children (8- to 11-year-olds), adolescents, and adults, utilizing the composite face effect. The task requires participants to engage in both holistic and featural processing, but certain trials (aligned-same) elicit a visual illusion called the composite face effect (CFE, calculated as difference between misaligned-same and aligned-same trials), which is considered an index of holistic processing. All age groups (adults, adolescents, 8- to 9-year-olds, 10- to 11-year-olds) showed a CFE, suggesting reliance on holistic processing. Notably, about half of the 8- to 11-year-old children displayed adult-like behavior and adult-like CFE, suggesting their reliance on holistic processing. However, the other half of the children performed below-chance on aligned-same trials, displayed an extremely large CFE, and a significant difference between different trials, suggesting reliance on a featural strategy. Thus child age groups were regrouped according to their accuracy performance on the hardest condition (aligned-same trials) into high performing and low performing children. We hypothesize that the aligned-same trials were too taxing for low-performing children, thus they fell back into relying on simpler strategies such as a difference-detection featural strategy. In order to further investigate the CFE behavioral differences between age and performance groups, we completed an imaging study. For the fMRI study children were grouped by performance rather than age following the results of our behavioral study. Overall, our imaging results for the CFE, thus for holistic processing, resembled behavioral results in that adult and high performing child groups revealed a similar (but not identical) whole-brain pattern of activation, whereas the low performing child group showed a distinctive pattern of activation for the composite face effect. Adults and high performing children showed a pattern of activation spanning frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. In contrast, low performing children revealed a pattern of activation that spanned frontal, temporal, cingulate, and cerebellar regions. Brain areas typically associated with face processing, such as the right fusiform gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus did not reach significance for the low performing child group. These differences may be attributable to the use of different cognitive strategies. However, the extent of frontal and cingulate cortex activation in low performing children may also suggest that because the task was especially difficult for them, working memory resources were particularly taxed, thus affecting the neural network engaged. Importantly, not only were performance differences associated with distinct neurocorrelates (i.e., differing profiles for low performing children vs. high performing children and adults), but age differences also had an appreciable effect. In fact, high performing children did not significantly differ from adults in the behavioral CFE, but did show differences in the neural CFE.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Th.--Méd.--Nancy 1, 1984. N°: 103.

abstract: As a result of the district program evaluation, a follow up on teacher perceptions of an online collaboration versus face to face collaboration approach was deemed necessary. The interviews were conducted with eight teachers from a suburban southwest K-8 public school district. After all teachers had participated in a 10 week program evaluation comparing online team teacher collaboration with face-to-face team teacher collaboration, the interview process began. One teacher from each grade level team was randomly selected to participate in the interview process. Analysis of the interview responses was inconclusive. Findings were confounded by the apparent lack of understanding of major concepts of Professional Learning Communities on the part of the participants. Assumptions about participant knowledge must be tested prior to investigations of the influence of either face to face or online format as delivery modes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Administration and Supervision 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7580_1.pdf: 1894132 bytes, checksum: f824b8d337668464969ea01c49081053 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Este trabalho, situado no paradigma sociointeracionista de linguagem, é fundamentado por algumas teorias baseadas na análise do funcionamento da língua, em especial naquelas que circulam nos domínios da Lingüística Textual. Trata-se de um estudo comparativo entre dois gêneros textuais bastante parecidos, a conversação face a face e a conversação mediada por computador, mas concretizados a partir de diferentes modalidades da língua, a fala e a escrita. Nosso objetivo específico é analisar, nesses dois gêneros, aspectos formais e funcionais daquilo que a literatura entende por expressões indiciais . Também refletimos sobre o que denominamos processo de virtualização da conversação face a face a transposição, para o ciberespaço, dos elementos verbais e não-verbais e das estratégias lingüísticas e interacionais que caracterizam a conversação face a face , bem como sobre os critérios de distinção entre as duas categorias lingüísticas que costumam ser relacionadas às expressões indiciais: os dêiticos discursivos e os anafóricos indiciais. Defendemos o afrouxamento das fronteiras entre essas duas categorias, com base nas seguintes constatações: em todo procedimento dêitico discursivo sempre há uma remissão anafórica; e todo anafórico indicial possui um certo grau de deiticidade. Trabalhamos com um corpus constituído de sessões de interação face a face e no MSN Messenger, cuja análise indica haver algumas especificidades do ciberespaço que dotam os chats de características próprias, repercutindo em sua organização lingüística e discursiva. Nesse sentido, a virtualização da conversação face a face altera o funcionamento e o cenário organizacional das expressões indiciais

Este diagnóstico teve como objetivo desenvolver uma análise minuciosa do setor produtivo da habitação em madeira no Brasil, avaliando a sua atual situação, suas singularidades produtivas e seus produtos. Um formulário padrão dividido em três enfoques (produto, empresa e setor) foi aplicado aos empresários das empresas que produzem casas de madeira. Os dados foram coletados mediante a realização de entrevistas estruturadas face-a-face e reunidos para a avaliação em amostragem do setor brasileiro de casas de madeira em 2015, os quais foram organizados em dezesseis eixos. Paralelamente, a metodologia de buscas em websites corporativos permitiu a identificação de 210 produtores de casas de madeira no Brasil, um índice muito acima do que a literatura difundia até então, as quais foram estimadas devido à ausência de uma entidade de classe para o setor. Quinze técnicas construtivas em madeira foram identificadas como exemplos em oferta no Brasil. Na amostragem principal das entrevistas face-a-face, 107 empresas foram analisadas, apresentando uma margem de erro de 6,65%, isto é, ±3,325%. Verificou-se que o setor estudado ainda sofre com as seguintes dificuldades para a sua consolidação: desarticulação e desunião entre os produtores, oferta elevada de madeiras nativas, demanda de profissionais capacitados no ofício com a madeira e os seus derivados, escassez de financiamentos habitacionais, barreira cultural da população, baixa oferta de financiamentos voltados para a melhoria das empresas, etc. Contudo, o setor também alcançou os seguintes resultados positivos: quantidade expressiva de produtores, portes compactos das empresas, elevada concentração de fábricas próprias e parcerias industriais, altas fixações de carbono e de dióxido de carbono, custos básicos de venda competitivos perante a alvenaria, ampla oferta de madeira exótica, tempos de produção integralmente mais eficientes que a alvenaria, pluralidade nas ofertas de padrão de acabamento para todas as classes sociais, entre outros. Espera-se que os resultados e as suas potencialidades apontadas auxiliem em novas discussões e estudos paralelos para incentivar o aprimoramento, expansão e consolidação do referido setor por meio de políticas públicas assertivas, mitigando suas falhas, dificuldades e demandas. Por fim, foram propostas as criações de entidades e comitês para representar e promover o setor. / This study aimed to develop a thorough analysis of the production sector of timber housing in Brazil, evaluating the current situation, industrial singularities, and their products. A standard questionnaire divided in three focuses (product, company and sector) was applied to the entrepreneurs of the wooden housing sector. Data were collected by face-to-face structured interviews and they were gathered to the sample evaluation of the Brazilian wooden housing sector in 2015, which were organized in sixteen research axes. At the same time, the corporative website search method allowed the identification of 210 wooden housing producers in Brazil; an index higher than what the literature had disseminated until then, which where estimated due to the absence of a sector association. Fifteen wooden construction techniques were identified as sale examples in Brazil. In the main sampling process of face-to-face interviews, 107 companies were analyzed, presenting a margin of error of 6.65%, in other words, ±3,325%. It was verified the studied sector still suffers with the following difficulties to its consolidation: disarticulation and disunity among the producers, high native timber supply, woodworker demand, shortage of housing financing, population\'s cultural barrier, low supply of financing to improve the companies, etc. However, the sector also achieved the following positive results: expressive producer amount, compact companies, high concentration of own prefabrication plants and industrial partnerships, high levels of carbon and carbon dioxide fixations, competitive basic selling costs regarding masonry, wide availability of exotic wood, production times that are more efficient than masonry, plurality in the finishing standards availability for all social classes, among others. It is hoped that the results and the highlighted potentialities will help in new discussions and parallel studies to encourage the improvement, expansion and consolidation of this sector through assertive public policies, mitigating their failures, difficulties and demands. Finally, the creation of associations and committees was proposed to represent and promote this sector.

Eyewitness recognition is acknowledged to be prone to error but there is less understanding of difficulty in discriminating unfamiliar faces. This thesis examined the effects of face perception on identification of facial composites, and on unfamiliar face image comparison. Facial composites depict face memories by reconstructing features and configurations to form a likeness. They are generally reconstructed from an unfamiliar face memory, and will be unavoidably flawed. Identification will require perception of any accurate features, by someone who is familiar with the suspect and performance is typically poor. In typical face perception, face images are processed efficiently as complete units of information. Chapter 2 explored the possibility that holistic processing of inaccurate composite configurations will impair identification of individual features. Composites were split below the eyes and misaligned to impair holistic analysis (cf. Young, Hellawell, & Jay, 1987); identification was significantly enhanced, indicating that perceptual expertise with inaccurate configurations exerts powerful effects that can be reduced by enabling featural analysis. Facial composite recognition is difficult, which means that perception and judgement will be influence by an affective recognition bias: smiles enhance perceived familiarity, while negative expressions produce the opposite effect. In applied use, facial composites are generally produced from unpleasant memories and will convey negative expression; affective bias will, therefore, be important for facial composite recognition. Chapter 3 explored the effect of positive expression on composite identification: composite expressions were enhanced, and positive affect significantly increased identification. Affective quality rather than expression strength mediated the effect, with subtle manipulations being very effective. Facial image comparison (FIC) involves discrimination of two or more face images. Accuracy in unfamiliar face matching is typically in the region of 70%, and as discrimination is difficult, may be influenced by affective bias. Chapter 4 explored the smiling face effect in unfamiliar face matching. When multiple items were compared, positive affect did not enhance performance and false positive identification increased. With a delayed matching procedure, identification was not enhanced but in contrast to face recognition and simultaneous matching, positive affect improved rejection of foil images. Distinctive faces are easier to discriminate. Chapter 5 evaluated a systematic caricature transformation as a means to increase distinctiveness and enhance discrimination of unfamiliar faces. Identification of matching face images did not improve, but successful rejection of non-matching items was significantly enhanced. Chapter 6 used face matching to explore the basis of own race bias in face perception. Other race faces were manipulated to show own race facial variation, and own race faces to show African American facial variation. When multiple face images were matched simultaneously, the transformation impaired performance for all of the images; but when images were individually matched, the transformation improved perception of other race faces and discrimination of own race faces declined. Transformation of Japanese faces to show own race dimensions produced the same pattern of effects but failed to reach significance. The results provide support for both perceptual expertise and featural processing theories of own race bias. Results are interpreted with reference to face perception theories; implications for application and future study are discussed.

Dans l’aéronautique et plus précisément dans les avions tout électrique, l’objectif visé est de réduire les masses et volumes des composants. Pour cela, les actionneurs électriques remplacent progressivement les actionneurs hydrauliques et mécaniques. Ces actionneurs électriques ont besoin d’être commandés ; le projet THOR (projet européen dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse) vise entre autres à développer un étage de commande permettant de piloter des interrupteurs de puissance. Les interrupteurs étant situés à proximité directe de l’étage driver et les tensions de sorties pouvant atteindre 3 kV, une isolation galvanique est obligatoire. Anciennement, les optocoupleurs étaient utilisés pour assurer l’isolation galvanique dans les étages de commande. Cependant, afin de pouvoir utiliser ces composants dans un environnement thermique contraignant et assurer une meilleure intégration, les opto-coupleurs ne sont plus adaptés et sont remplacés par des transformateurs. Dans ce contexte, s’inscrivent les travaux de cette thèse où l’objectif principal est de développer, réaliser et caractériser des transformateurs planaires intégrables répondant au cahier des charges THOR. Dans un premier temps, un état de l’art sur les différentes technologies de fabrication de transformateurs planaires est établi avant de choisir la technologie et les matériaux utilisés dans ces composants. Dans un deuxième temps, on s’intéresse au choix et au dimensionnement du transformateur. Deux structures répondant au cahier des charges THOR ont été retenues et dimensionnées à l’aide d’un logiciel de simulation (HFSS) : une structure entrelacée et une structure ‘face to face’. Ces deux structures ont été réalisées et caractérisées à l’aide d’un LCRmètre en basse fréquence et d’un Analyseur Vectoriel de Réseaux (VNA) en haute fréquence. Pour les deux structures, la caractérisation a permis de vérifier les valeurs des inductances magnétisantes supérieures à 1 μH souhaitées par le projet THOR et des facteurs de couplages supérieurs à 0,9 déterminées par simulation. D’autres paramètres importants du cahier des charges ont été également extraits à savoir la capacité interbobinage où des capacités inférieures à quelques pF ont été obtenues et des résistances d’enroulement inférieures à 10 Ω ont été relevées / In aeronautics and more specifically in an all-electric aircraft, the main objective is to reduce the mass and volume of the components. For this, the electric actuators gradually replace hydraulic and mechanical actuators. These electric actuators need to be commanded; THOR project (European project supporting this thesis) aims to develop a control stage to command the power switches. The switches are located in the direct vicinity of the driver stage with an output voltage that can reach up to 3 kV hence the need for a galvanic isolation. Formerly, the opto-couplers were used to provide galvanic isolation in the control stages. However, in order to use these components in thermal constraining environment and ensure better integration, opto-couplers are no longer appropriate and are replaced by transformers. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to develop, realize and characterize integrated planar transformers that meet the THOR specifications. At first a state of art on the different manufacturing technologies of planar transformers is established before choosing the technology and the materials used in the fabrication of our planar transformers. In a second step, we are interested in the choice and size of the transformer structure. Two structures that met the THOR specifications were selected and resized using a simulation software (HFSS). Finally, these two structures were realized and characterized using an RLC-meter at low frequency and a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) at high frequency. For both structures, the characterization allowed to verified the magnetizing inductance greater than 1 μH desired by the THOR project and a coupling factor greater than 0,9 obtained par simulations. Other important parameters were also extracted namely the inter-winding capacity where less than few pF wasobtained and the windings resistance has been identified less than 10 Ω

Ce travail concerne la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation d’un transformateur de commande pour interrupteurs de puissance à grille isolée, le transformateur assurant l’isolation galvanique entre étage de commande et circuit de puissance. L’objectif du travail n’était pas de répondre à un cahier des charges précis mais de développer une nouvelle voie technologique pour la réalisation de transformateur planaire intégrable. Les principales caractéristiques d’un tel transformateur sont : - une inductance élevée (rapport inductance/surface occupée le plus grand possible) ; - des résistances séries faibles ; - un couplage capacitif entre primaire et secondaire le plus faible possible. Ces contraintes nous ont conduits à étudier un transformateur planaire à couches magnétiques dont les enroulements primaire et secondaire sont enterrés dans le matériau magnétique afin de réduire l’entrefer. La structure Face to Face a été retenue avec un décalage de 45° entre enroulements primaire et secondaire. Après une étude en simulation, chaque enroulement enterré dans un matériau ferrite a été réalisé séparément puis assemblé pour donner naissance au transformateur. De très nombreuses étapes technologiques : micro usinage laser femtoseconde, dépôts de cuivre par pulvérisation cathodique, photolithographie, planarisation, gravure chimique … ont été mises en oeuvre. Le transformateur ainsi réalisé est constitué d’un empilement de couches magnétiques, conductrices et isolantes. Il a été caractérisé des très basses fréquences jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de MHz. Les résultats de mesure obtenus sont proches des résultats de simulation, la bande passante du transformateur s’étendant de 20kHz à 7MHz / This work concerns the design, realization and characterization of a control transformer for insulated gate power switches, the transformer providing galvanic isolation between driving stage and power circuits. The aim of the work was not to respond to a precise specification but to develop a new technological path for the realization of an integrable planar transformer. The main characteristics of such transformer are: - high inductance (ratio of inductance / area occupied as large as possible); - low series resistances; - a capacitive coupling between primary and secondary as small as possible. These constraints guided us to study a planar transformer with magnetic layers whose primary and secondary windings are buried in the magnetic material in order to reduce the air gap. The Face to Face structure was chosen with a 45 ° offset between primary and secondary windings. After a numerical study, windings buried in a ferrite material were fabricated separately and then assembled to give rise to the transformer. Many technological steps: femtosecond laser micromachining, copper deposits by sputtering, photolithography, planarization, chemical etching ... have been implemented. Thus, the transformer produced consists of a stack of magnetic, conductive and insulating layers. It has been characterized from very low frequencies up to several tens of MHz. The measurement results obtained are close to simulation results, the bandwidth of the transformer extending from 20 kHz to 7 MHz

Park and resource management agencies are looking for less costly ways to undertake park visitor surveys. The use of the Internet is often suggested as a way to reduce the costs of these surveys. By itself, however, the use of the Internet for park visitor surveys faces a number of methodological challenges that include the potential for coverage error, sampling difficulties and nonresponse error. A potential way of addressing these challenges is the use of a mixed-mode approach that combines the use of the Internet with another survey mode. The procedures for such a mixed-mode approach, however, have not been fully developed and evaluated. This study develops and evaluates a new mixed-mode approach –a face-to-face/web response – for a provincial park camper survey in British Columbia. The five key steps of this approach are: (a) selecting a random sample of occupied campsites; (b) undertaking a short interview with potential respondents; (c) obtaining an email address at the end of the interview; (d) distributing a postcard to potential respondents that contains the website and an individual access code; and (e) undertaking email follow-ups with nonrespondents. In evaluating this new approach, two experiments were conducted during the summer of 2010. The first experiment was conducted at Goldstream Provincial Park campground and was designed to compare a face-to-face/paper response to face-to-face/web response for several sources of survey errors and costs. The second experiment was conducted at 12 provincial park campgrounds throughout British Columbia and was designed to examine the potential for coverage error and the effect of a number of email follow-ups on return rates, nonresponse error and the substantive results. Taken together, these experiments indicate: a low potential for coverage error (i.e., 4% non-use Internet rate); a high email collection rate for follow-ups (i.e., 99% at Goldstream; a combined rate of 88% for 12 campgrounds); similar return rates between a paper mode (60%) and a web (59%) mode; the use of two email follow-ups reduced nonresponse error for a key variable (i.e., geographic location of residence), but not for all variables; low item nonresponse for both mixed-modes (about 1%); very few differences in the substantive results between each follow-up; a 9% cost saving for the web mode. This study suggests that a face-to face/web approach can provide a viable approach for undertaking park visitor surveys if there is high Internet coverage among park visitors. / Graduate / 0366 / 0344 / 0814 / brdyckfam@yahoo.com