published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Orientador: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Banca: Maria Lucia Pereira Antunes Silva / Banca: Jane Maria Faulstich de Paiva / Resumo: Apesar da inovação em ciência e tecnologia e do aumento da eficiência de processos produtivos, cada vez mais são buscadas soluções para diminuir a quantidade de resíduos industriais e pós-consumo. A energia eólica (energia limpa) é um setor que está em grande expansão, pois apresentou em 2015 um crescimento de 77% em comparação a 2014. Um dos componentes dos conjuntos geradores é a pá eólica, confeccionada basicamente de uma estrutura feita de resina epóxi, fibras de vidro, madeira e adesivo. O Brasil é o maior produtor de resíduos eletroeletrônicos da América Latina, com mais de 2 milhões de toneladas em 2016. Em relação a 2014, o crescimento foi de quase 10%, sendo que apenas 20% deles foram reciclados. A lama vermelha é um resíduo alcalino, gerada na produção do alumínio que oferece riscos ambientais. Este trabalho visa incorporar a resina epóxi com fibra de vidro e a lama vermelha, em poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) presente em resíduos pós-consumo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Os resíduos de produção de alumínio e de pás eólicas foram caracterizados e posteriormente incorporados no HIPS nas proporções de 5%, 10% e 15% (em massa) através do processo de extrusão. Os compósitos então produzidos foram caracterizados pela presença de orgânicos, pelos ensaios teor de umidade, ensaios de índice de fluidez e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados pelo processo de injeção e caracterizados pela microscopia eletrônica de varred... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Despite the science and technology's innovation and the efficiency of processes' production, sought solutions to reduce the amount of industrial and post-consumer waste are increasingly. Wind energy (clean energy) is a sector that is in great expansion, having in 2015 a growth of 77% compared to 2014. One of the components of the generator sets is the wind turbine, basically made of a structure made of epoxy resin, fiberglass, wood and glue. Brazil is the largest producer of electrical and electronic waste in Latin America, with more than 2 million tons in 2016. Compared to 2014, growth was almost 10%, with only 20% of them being recycled. Red mud is an alkaline residue that offers environmental risks. This project aims to incorporate the epoxy resin together with fiberglass and the red mud, in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) present in post consumer waste electrical and electronic equipment. Aluminum and wind turbine waste were characterized and later incorporated into HIPS in the proportions of 5%, 10% and 15% (by mass) through the extrusion process. The composites were characterized by the presence of organic, moisture content tests, fluidity index tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The specimens were prepared by the injection process and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elemental composition made using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). These composites were mechanically evaluated in tensile and impact strength. The results s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Orientador: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Co-orientador: Isabel C. de Barros Trannin / Banca: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior / Banca: Paulo Fortes Neto / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desenvolvimento inicial da leguminosa forrageira Canavalia ensiformis em interação com microorganismos capazes de estabelecer relações simbióticas, os denominados rizóbios, em substrato tratad com biossólido oriundo de indústria de laticínios. O substrato foi constituído por turfa (23%) e Cambissolo Háplico (77%), coletado na porção superior da bacia do ribeirão Guaratinguetá-SP, área degradada com risco de erosão, que apresenta relevo acentuado e solo exposto. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação e dividido em dois blocos: Inoculado e Não inoculado. Cada bloco contou com 6 tratamentos de adubação, constituídos por: ausência de adubação; doses de biossólido em base seca equivalente à 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da exigência nutricional da planta; e 100% da exigência nutricional da planta em adubação mineral. A Canavalia ensiformis não possui exigência nutricional em nitrogênio, portanto os cálculos das doses de adubação foram feitos com bae na exigência em fósforo. Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de biossólido no crescimento inicial da leguminosa, na nodulação e fixação do nitrogênio. Observou-se que com o aumento das doses de biossólido, as plantas não inoculadas apresentaram resposta crescente no rendimento de MSPA e MSR, enquanto as plantas inoculadas obtiveram respostas decrescentes nos mesmos parâmetros avaliados. A adição de biossólido até a dose de 1.150 mg dm-3 favoreceu o desenvolvimento da relação simbiótica entre a Canavalia ensiformis e rizóbio, porém mesmo nas doses mais elevadas, de 1.720 mg dm-3 e 2.300 mg dm-3, o nitrogênio fornecido não inibiu a nodulação e a FBN. A adubação mineral, realizada com base na exigência da Canavalia ensiformis em fósforo favoreceu o estabelecimento da simbiose rizóbio-leguminosa / Abstract: In this study, the initial development of forage legume Canavalia ensiformis was evaluated in interaction with microorganisms capable of establising symbiotic relationships, called rhizobia, and substrate treated with sewage sludge from the dairy industry. The substrate consisted of peat (23%) and Cambisol (77%) collected in the upper portion of the stream Guaratinguetá-SP, degraded watershed area at risk of erosion, which features sharp relief and exposed soil. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse and divided into two blocks: Inoculated and Non-inoculated. Each block had bad six fertilization treatments, consisting of: absense of fertilization; biosolid doses equivalent to 25% dry basis, 50%, 75% and 100% of the nutritional requirements of the plant; and 100% of the nutritional requirement of the plant in mineral fertilizer. The Canavalia ensiformis has no nutritional requirements in nitrogen, so the calculations of doses of fertilizers were made based on the requirement for phosphorus the effect of sewage sludge applications on the growth of legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation was evaluated. It was observed that which increasing doses of sewage sludge, non-inoculated plants showed increased response in the MSPA and MSR yield, while decreasing responses inoculated plants had the same parameters. The addition of biosolids to the dose of 1,150 mg dm-3 favored the development of the synmbiotic relationship between rhizobia and Canavalia ensiformis, but even at the highest doses of 1.720 mg dm-3 and 2,300 mg dm-3, nitrogen supplied did not inhibit nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation. The mineral fertilizer made based on the requirement of Canavalia ensiformis phosphorus favored the establishment of rhizobia-legume symbiosis / Mestre

The aim of this project is to investigate the feasibility of the use of a novel process of high liquid carryover (HLC) mode flotation to treat wastewater from a cardboard printing and coating plant. This is conducted by characterising the process conditions with the purpose of achieving a set condition that have a low susceptibility to variability in the wastewater composition. Information pertaining to the surface and physical characteristics of the solid contained in the wastewater sample were used to explain the flotation outcomes. Fe(II) was found to be more suited for industrial use as coagulant over the more commonly known coagulants, Al(III) and Fe(III), as it has the advantages of having a constant optimum flotation pH (6.5) regardless of wastewater characteristics, as well as having a much lower detrimental effect on the flotation outcome when present in excess of the minimum requirement for flocculation of wastewater solids. This allows the setting of a coagulant dose (5 mM) that will treat both high and low solids content wastewater samples. The use of cationic surfactant (CTAB) was found to require lower coagulant dosages compared to those required for anionic (SDS) or non-ionic (TericG12A8) surfactants in order to achieve good flotation outcomes. A CTAB concentration of 300 ppm was required to achieve a stable foam that can sustain for a prolonged period to allow solid (in foam)/liquid separation. The optimum batch mode conditions for HLC flotation were found to be pH 6.5, 5 mM Fe(II) and 300 ppm CTAB. This was found to correspond to a small and negative electrophoretic mobility at the wastewater solid surface and large floc size. Batch mode flotation of individual ink components under the optimum conditions for industrial wastewater treatment revealed that the presence of large quantities of either blue or yellow inks in the wastewater can lead to poor removal. Their combined presence, however, did not have detrimental effects. Continuous mode flotation at 5 mM Fe(II), 300 ppm CTAB and pH 6.5 was found to remove above 96% of contaminants at cell residence times of 6 minutes and 88% of contaminants at cell residence times of 1.5 minute. Greater than 87% of the initial wastewater volumes were recovered as treated effluent (i.e. < 13% disposed as waste foam sludge), yielding a waste foam sludge containing between 12 and 17% solids. The best flotation outcomes were achieved when all the wastewater volume entering the flotation cell leaves the cell with the foam.

The major objective of this project was to assess the application of atmospheric pressure microwave induced plasmas to the control of trichloroethene vapour emissions from industrial cleaning processes. Laboratory experiments, chemical modelling and chemical analysis were the three major elements of the project. A typical stream to be treated, as measured at the project test site, was 60 lmin-1 of air contaminated with 2 % trichloroethene vapour. The practical experiments carried out were trichloroethene dissociation by microwave plasma, propane-assisted microwave plasma and conventional propane combustion. Flow rates of 4 � 12 lmin-1, trichloroethene concentrations of 0 � 6 % in air and plasma powers of up to 3 kW were investigated. The processes were simulated using both equilibrium and kinetic modelling in CHEMKIN. Chemical analysis was done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify eluted compounds. The destruction and removal efficiencies, by-products, temperature and robustness of each process were investigated. A simple economic and environmental analysis was done, and the results were compared with currently available processes.

Studies involving solids-stabilised foams have been limited and few have focused on the benefits of complex systems such as those involving mixtures of more than one surfactant. Little is known about the effectiveness of using mixed surfactant systems as foam stabilisers at the bulk level. The purpose of this project was to gain further understanding and insight into foam stability, on a bulk scale, in the absence, and in the presence, of solid colloidal particles, and for systems involving single or mixed surfactants. Foams were produced using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dodecanoic acid (DA), or a mixture of both surfactants at varying molar ratios. The surface tension at a given concentration, the limiting surface tension (at high concentrations), the critical micelle concentration, foamability and foam stability were all significantly affected by the molar ratio of SDS to DA. The initial pH of mixed surfactant solutions played a role in the shift of surface tension and CMC. The higher pH values, the lower surface activity, therefore resulted in higher surface tension. At a given pH, however, the mixed surfactant solutions with higher molar ratio of SDS to DA appeared to have lower CMC. The foam stabilising ability of colloidal dispersions of four hydrous metal oxides, namely hydrous iron oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Fe(III) solutions and referred to as HFO), hydrous zinc oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Zn(II) solutions and referred to as HZO), hydrous chromium oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Cr(III) solutions and referred to as HCO), and hydrous nickel oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Ni(II) solutions and referred to as HNO) were studied at varying concentrations. Generally foam stability increased as the solid concentration increased. Foams stabilised by HNO were found to be the most stable. Foams stabilised by HFO were found to be unstable regardless of the solid concentration. It is believed that the instability of such foams is primarily due to the large aggregated size of HFO flocs. The aggregate size of hydrous metal oxides was influenced by the concentration of NaOH used to hydrolyse the metal ion solution, and by sonication treatment immediately following solid formation. However, the final pH of the colloidal dispersions did not significantly change the aggregate size. Solids stabilised foams are believed to be highly dependent on the state of hydrophobicity of the solids used, and this is in turn controlled by adjustment of the pH dependent surface charge and potential. Electrophoretic mobility is a commonly used tool to probe the potential near the surface and was used in this thesis to determine the affect of surfactant adsorption (particularly from solutions containing mixtures of SDS and DA) on surface properties of the solids. The electrophoretic mobility of all hydrous metal oxide aggregates decreased as the concentration of SDS/DA increased. Specific adsorption was evident in all cases and resulted in charge reversal for most cases. Electrophoretic mobility data for surfactant adsorption, as a function of total surfactant concentration, was consistent with a three-stage model of surfactant adsorption involving (1) electrostatic adsorption, (2) cooperative adsorption and (3) surface saturation. The influence of surfactant adsorption on electrophoretic mobility was found to be consistent with models requiring the stabilising solids to be in a controlled state of flocculation, where the zeta potential (as probed by electrophoretic mobility) must be sufficiently high to prevent total flocculation of the solid and thus collapse of the foam, but sufficiently low that the solids have some degree of hydrophobicity such that they prefer to be only partially wetted (and thus reside at the air/water interface). The total percentage adsorption of SDS/DA surfactant mixtures on both hydrous iron oxide and hydrous nickel oxide was found to be independent of time. However, the proportion of adsorption due to SDS and DA was dependent on time. Moreover, the initial and final ratio of SDS to DA adsorption did not reflect their ratio in solution. SDS adsorbed, initially, to a greater extent that would be predicted from its solution concentration, but this trend was reversed after a period of time.

M. Tech. Chemical Engineering / Environmental pollution due to heavy metals is a global crisis. Contamination as a result of heavy metals from industries such as mining operations, electroplating facilities, etc. pose serious threats to the aquatic ecosystem, people and the environment. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) are common examples of heavy metal ions often detected in most effluents. They are characterised by their non-biodegradability, toxicity and tendency to accumulate in living organisms, and thereafter, cause various diseases and disorders. In this study, two nano-structured composite bio-sorbents were prepared to determine their metal binding capacity, effect of solution pH, contact time and elution in a magnetically assisted adsorption system. Consequently, this study aims to develop magnetically assisted adsorption process for industrial wastewater treatment for re-use.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy