Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-12-12T17:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_aline_alves_barbosa_silveira.pdf: 50745741 bytes, checksum: aca9664b68b1c810cbf96b667327ac96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-12T17:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_aline_alves_barbosa_silveira.pdf: 50745741 bytes, checksum: aca9664b68b1c810cbf96b667327ac96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / With the recent substitution of synthetic pigments for the natural carotenoids, research has been effected in the direction to make possible the production of these substances through alternative considered biological sources. In this work was studied the production of astaxanthin for the sample of Mucor javanicus (CPU - 69), using the media definite Hesseltine and Anderson (1957) modified by Andrade (2000) and using different corn waste media (corn steep liquor .CSL and .quirera.) in three different concentrations (4, 7 and 10%), pH 6,5, 120 rpm, 25ºC. It was analyzed, also, the influence of the time of culture of the sample (48h, 72h and 96 h) and the presence and absence of blue Light. To the ending of the fermentative process, the astaxanthin, was extracted in solution of Hexano/methanol (1: 1, v/v), centrifuged in 2000 rpm/10 minutes and analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometry (470 nm). All the parameters studied in the experiments had been combined through a factorial design 33 and analyzed in Software Statistica 5,0. With Hesseltine and Anderson the condition that more favored the increase of the income of the astaxanthin was with in the time of 96h (26,7 g/g) in the absence of light and with the presence of light (37,7 g/g) increase almost 41%. With CSL the best condition for the production of the astaxanthin was with in the time of 96h (55,8 g/g) in the absence of light and with the presence of light (28,0 g/g) increase almost 100%. The .quirera. in the concentration of 7%, presented astaxanthin income better, in the time of 96h, with light (18,4 g/g) increase 37%, when compared with the cultures growth in the absence of light (13,4 g/g). The best income of astaxanthin with CLS and .quirera. was in the concentration of 7%, 96h, with light (33,8 g/g), increase almost 47% in when compared with the cultures growth in the absence of light (22,9 g/g). The concentrations that more favored the income of astaxanthin was: CSL 4%, .quirera. 7% and CSL with .quirera. 7%, both in the presence of blue light, demonstrate the blue light intervenes directly with the astaxanthin synthesis. Also, the wastes utilizes have been potential for the astaxanthin production. The analyses in Statistica 5,0, demonstrate that other studies are necessary for attainment of the maximum productivity of astaxanthin for M. javanicus, in alternative means. / Com a recente substituição dos pigmentos sintéticos pelos carotenóides naturais, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para viabilizar uma maior produção destas substâncias, através de fontes biológicas alternativas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a produção de astaxantina por uma amostra de Mucor javanicus utilizando o meio definido Hesseltine e Anderson (1957) modificado por Andrade (2000) e meios utilizando resíduos de milho (milhocina e quirera), em concentrações distintas (4%, 7% e 10%), pH 6,5, 120 rpm, 25ºC. Foram analisada também a influência do tempo de cultivo da amostra durante 48h, 72h e 96h, na presença e ausência de luz azul. Ao término do processo fermentativo, a astaxantina foi extraída em solução de Hexano/metanol e analisada por espectroscopia UV- visível (470 nm). Todos os parâmetros estudados nos experimentos foram combinados através de um planejamento fatorial 33 e analisados no Software Statistica 5.0. No meio Hesseltine e Anderson o melhor rendimento de astaxantina foi verificado no tempo de 96h (26,7 g/g), na ausência de luz e quando se utilizou luz azul (37,7 g/g), obteve-se um aumento de 41%. A melhor condição para a produção da astaxantina com a milhocina deu-se na concentração de 4%, 96h, com luz (55,8 g/g), aumentando em quase 100%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (28,0 g/g). A quirera na concentração de 7% apresentou melhor rendimento de astaxantina, no tempo de 96h, com luz (18,4 g/g), aumentando 37%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (13,4 g/g). O melhor rendimento de astaxantina com milhocina e quirera deu-se na concentração de 7%, 96h, com luz (33,8 g/g), aumentando em quase 47%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (22,9 g/g). As concentrações que mais favoreceram ao aumento do rendimento da astaxantina foram: milhocina 4%, quirera 4% e milhocina com quirera 7%, todos na presença de luz azul, demonstrando que a luz azul interfere diretamente na síntese de astaxantina. Bem como que os resíduos utilizados possuem potencial para a produção de astaxantina. As análises no Statistica 5.0, demonstram a necessidade da realização de outros estudos para obtenção da produtividade máxima de astaxantina por M. javanicus, nos meios alternativos.

Consumer demands have led to the development of new, more stable textile dyes. These dyes, many of the azo type, are often incompletely degraded/removed in wastewater treatment plants, leading to the discharge of highly colored effluents to rivers and streams. Concerns by downstream users of that water have led to enactment of effluent color and toxicity standards for plants that treat textile dye wastewater. Both anaerobic and aerobic biological degradation of azo dyes have been reported in the literature; the rate and extent of degradation is often quite dye-specific. This research utilized laboratory-scale reactors to investigate the effectiveness of those treatments, both singly and in combination, on two azo dye wastewaters: a textile dyeing and finishing process water and a municipal wastewater consisting predominately of textile dyeing and finishing mill effluents. / Master of Science

This research was prompted by a field study performed at the Celanese Corporation Wastewater Treatment Plant, Narrows, VA., in which calcium chloride addition had improved sludge characteristics that were believed to have deteriorated because of sodium hydroxide additions for pH control. Research objectives were to determine whether the observed improvements during the full-scale plant study were caused by the addition of divalent cations and whether the deterioration of the sludge was due to sodium ion additions. Bench-scale, activated sludge reactors were fed wastewater from the Celanese plant to model plant conditions. Sodium was added in an attempt to cause deterioration of the sludge characteristics. Magnesium and calcium were used as divalent cations to try to improve the sludge characteristics. Results of the study indicated that the magnitude of the effects seen in the full-scale plant study could not be reproduced in the laboratory. Magnesium produced little or no effect on the system and calcium improved the sludge characteristics slightly. Sodium caused deterioration of the sludge but not as dramatically as the full-scale study. This suggested that sodium alone did not adversely affect the sludge but rather, sodium hydroxide might have been combined with organics in the waste which then affected the system. / Master of Science

A field investigation of the pollution existing in the Roanoke River within the Roanoke Metropolitan district was carried out from June, 1940 to May, 1941 by various departments of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute with the material aid of several other interested groups. Studies of the chemical and bacteriological conditions, and of the microscopic life existing in the stream were made by P. H. McGauhey and H. F. Eich, of the Department of Civil Engineering. The invertebrate and vertebrate life of the stream, as well as the toxicity of viscose wastes to fishes, was investigated by H. W. Jackson and Croswell Henderson, of the Department of Biology. Monthly mineral analyses of water were made by F. H. Fish and others of the Department of Chemistry, and data relative to certain industrial wastes were furnished by R. A. Fisher and Dudley Thompson, of the Department of Chemical Engineering. / Master of Science

Submitted in complete fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biotechnology), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Anaerobic digestion, a proven and highly efficient biological process for treating industrial wastewater and biogas generation is an underutilized technology in South Africa. Some of the industries that have on-site anaerobic reactors tend to face problems in operating these reactors due to poor understanding of the process and implementation of the technology. This has resulted in high pollutant loads in their final effluents and low energy recovery. In this study, an on-site full–scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating brewery wastewater was extensively monitored in order to evaluate the efficiency in terms of effluent quality, biogas production and microbial structure. Furthermore, developed and adopted kinetic models were used to optimize the performance of the full–scale UASB reactor using a combined Pareto differential evolution (CPMDE) algorithm. A preliminary analysis of the raw wastewater has shown that the wastewater produced from the brewery industry was high in organic matter with a total chemical oxygen demand (COD) between 1096.41 to 8926.08 mg/L. The average removal efficiency of COD from the UASB reactor after treatment was 79% with a methane (CH4) production of 60-69% at temperature ranges of 28-32˚C and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h within the optimal pH range for anaerobic bacteria (6.6 and 7.3) under various organic loading rates. However, the results also showed an increase in total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3) and orthophosphate concentrations when comparing the influent to the effluent, which indicated the necessity for further optimization of the reactor condition in order to reduce these effluent parameters to acceptable standards and to increase CH4 production. In order to optimize the process, a thorough understanding of microbial interaction was essential. A combination of different molecular techniques viz., fluorescence in–situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) were employed to understand the microbial community structure of the granular sludge samples using species specific primers and probes. The results revealed that the dominance of diverse groups of eubacteria belonging to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi and an uncultured candidate division WS6 with four different orders of methanogenic Archaea viz., Methanomicrobiales, Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales belonging to hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogens were within the reactor samples. Quantification of the 16S rDNA copies of eubacteria and methanogenic Archaea using species-specific primers further confirmed the spatial distribution of these microorganisms within the different compartments of the reactor where, the upper compartments were dominated by eubacteria and the lower compartments by methanogenic Archaea. The concentration of Archaea per nanogram of DNA was much higher (96.28%) than eubacteria (3.78%) in lower compartments, while, the eubacteria concentration increased to 98.34% in upper compartments with a decrease in Archaea quantity (1.66%). A modified kinetic methane generation model (MMGM) was developed on the basis of mass balance principles with respect to substrate (COD) degradation and the endogenous decay rate to predict CH4 production efficiency of the reactor. Furthermore, a Stover–Kincannon kinetic model was adopted with the aim of predicting the final effluent quality in terms of COD concentration and model coefficients were determined using the data collected from the full–scale reactor. Thereafter, a model-based multi-objective optimization was carried out using the CPMDE algorithm with three–objective functions namely; maximization of volumetric CH4 production rate; minimization of effluent substrate concentration and minimization of biomass washout, in order to increase the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. Important decision variables and constraints related to the process were set for the optimization. A set of non-dominated solutions with high CH4 production rates of between 2.78 and 5.06 L CH4/g COD/day at low biomass washout concentrations were obtained at almost constant solution for the effluent COD concentration. A high COD removal efficiency (85-87%) at ~30-31˚C and 8-9 h HRT was obtained for the multi-objective optimization problem formulated. This study could significantly contribute towards optimization of a full–scale UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater for better effluent quality and biogas production. Knowledge on the activity and performance of microbial community present in the granular sludge taken from the full–scale UASB reactor would contribute significantly to future optimization strategies of the reactor. In addition, optimization using an evolutionary algorithm under different operational conditions would help to save both time and resources wasted in operating anaerobic bioreactors.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Environmental legislation is becoming more stringent as people are realising the need for conservation and a reduction of environmental degradation in order to facilitate sustainable development. To ease legislative pressures, companies need to work together in symbiotic networks, whereby co-operation between companies results in far more innovative practices than if the companies acted individually. Success in an industrial network is largely dependent on cleaner production, where industries seek to redirect from waste treatment to waste minimisation. Cleaner production has already received international recognition and waste minimisation initiatives have been used as a tool of cleaner production. Two polluting industrial sectors within South Africa, the textile and metal finishing sectors, were chosen to investigate waste minimisation concepts. One company from each sector was used as a case study. The dissertation followed company network identification, potential to participate within an industrial symbiotic network, and waste minimisation opportunities. Suppliers and buyers, up and down the product line were identified. Relationships with these partners should be advanced such that environmental concerns are at the forefront of any decision-making. In light of developing industrial networks and maintaining symbiotic relationships, the company's potential was investigated by interviewing employees of various ranks. Both companies were partially suited to participate within an industrial symbiotic network and company-specific barriers were identified, such as ineffective internal communication. The waste minimisation investigation followed a four-phase approach of planning and organisation; pre-assessment; assessment; and feasibility study. In both the companies investigated, water savings were identified as the waste minimisation focus area with potential for improvement. In total, potential water savings of over R80 000 per annum were identified. In the textile company, the weaving department and bleach house were further investigated. Cloth weaving errors were attributed to machine stops, as each stop has the potential to result in a cloth fault. In the bleach house the potential existed to reduce the number of rinse tanks. Although a modem and automated process, the plating plant in the metal finishing company was identified as having potential waste minimisation opportunities. Of particular interest was the reduction of solution carry over from the plating tanks into subsequent tanks. Extended drip times were investigated. Additional waste minimisation opportunities included repairing pipe leaks, replacing the degreasing solvent, trichloroethylene, with a less harmful cleaning agent and establishing a symbiotic relationship with the oil supplier, Castrol. Over and above the main waste minimisation opportunities highlighted, other recommendations and potential savings were identified. Each case study emphasises that simple waste minimisation initiatives, without expending capital, reduce demands on natural resource, such as water, and benefit the company financially. Successful waste minimisation leads to further cleaner production initiatives, which may then initiate better network interactions with the further potential of promoting sustainable development. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Take care how you place your moccasins upon the earth, step with care, for the faces of the future generations are looking upfrom the earth waitingfor their turnfor life - Lyoru, 1988 Increasing levels of pollution and the increase in demand for water and other resources by industry led to a number of policies and regulations being developed and revised in South Africa. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or wellbeing. In order to have the environment protected and sustained for future use, it became necessary to move away from the traditional fragmented approach to pollution and waste management and focus on an integrated strategy aimed at achieving a balance between ecological sustainability and socioeconomic development. In the Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA) , the Durban Metropolitan Council (Metro) incorporated pollution prevention in their bylaws, which contained stringent discharge limits for heavy metal concentrations. This posed a potential problem for metal fmishers who were concerned about complying with these discharge standards. In addition, the metal finishing industry was considered to be a significant contributor to the pollution load in the DMA, and therefore needed to find suitable solutions to dealing with environmental problems, especially waste management. Waste minimisation was believed to be a good tool for this industry to utilise in order to reduce its pollution load. It was seen from the literature and case studies from international initiatives that waste minimisation results in an improvement in process efficiency and reductions in production costs and environmental impacts, generally at minimal costs. A waste minimisation club was initiated for the metal finishing industry in the DMA in June 1998. The club consisted of twenty-nine members of which the majority were small and medium sized companies. The club was run over a period of thirty months. A core group of sixteen companies actively participated in the activities of the club. During the period of investigation, a total of 391 waste minimisation options were identified for club members and 147 of these options were implemented. This resulted in a total financial saving in excess of R 4 million for the duration of the club's existence. The saving represents combined savings in water, chemicals, metals, energy, effluent treatment, and waste disposal. Corresponding environmental benefits were achieved including a reduced demand for water, reduced toxicity of effluent from chemical and metal reduction, and a reduction in energy requirements. Four companies were investigated in detail and presented as case studies. These companies showed that the payback on implementing waste minimisation options was mostly immediate. The size of the companies was not critical in determining the level of success from running waste minimisation programmes. Success depended mainly on commitment from companies and motivation of project champions. It was found that the greatest barriers to implementing waste minimisation, as identified by companies, were a lack of time, resources, and commitment. Companies joined the club mainly for benefit of reducing costs and complying with legal standards. Aside from successfully raising awareness and promoting the concept of waste minimisation, the waste minimisation club also resulted in an improvement in the relationship between the metal finishing industry and the Metro, and among club members. Based on the results achieved by club members, and from managing the club, it was evident that the club was effective in promoting waste minimisation in industry. For the future running of clubs, it is recommended that waste minimisation assessment training be given to all employees of a company. It would also be more useful if companies reported savings on a more regular basis and more formally. In addition it is recommended that club membership should be limited to between ten and fifteen companies to facilitate improved management of the club. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal,Durban, 2002.

M. Tech., (Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology / There is huge concern in the mining and industries to manage wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. It is generally cheaper and cost reducing for industries to treat its own wastewater before discharging to the local authority sewer. Dense Media Separation (DMS) Powders Company produces milled and atoms ferro-silicon by pyro-metallurgical process. DMS Powders uses municipal water for all processes taking place in the plants. The water used during the processes of milled and atom ferrosilicon powder is discharged into the environment without being treated. By treating this process wastewater before discharging will result in reducing the water consumption by recycling and the penalty costs for polluting the environment. The primary objective of this study is to find suitable method for treatment of DMS Powders’ process water using selected membrane processes. Membrane processes are better choice compared to traditional physical/chemical treatment processes, due to their advantages of approving water quality, no phase change, no chemical addition and simple operation. Two commercial membranes namely; NF-, and SW30HR are used in the treatment of DMS Powders process water. These membranes were purchased from (Dow/Filmtec) Manufacturing Company (Pty) situated in South Africa. Membranes were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Fourie Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments. For synthetic water three membranes (NF- , NF90, and SW30HR) are investigated for the study. The fluxibility indicated that NF- membrane has higher flux compared to NF90 and SW30HR membranes. All the three membranes were very good in terms of rejection on single salts. Fouling was studied on DMS Powders process water. Concentration polarization was formed on NF- and SW30HR membranes investigations on selected membranes conclude that NF- membrane will be the suitable membrane for treatment of DMS Powders process water because of its high fluxibility and rejection. Discharged effluent of DMS Powders could comply with the legislature and environmental pollution could be minimised. The study revealed that fouling does occur during treatment of process water. SW30HR showed that M9 Plant had more fouling for M9 samples than other Plants (M8A and M8B). It was because of higher concentrations in suspended solids.or M8A, M8B and M9 process water.

Orientador: Jorge Hamada / Banca: Ana Silvia Palcheco Peixoto / Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis / Resumo: A disposição de resíduos sólidos no solo gera frequentes preocupações ambientais, sociais e de saúde pública. Os aterros sanitários de pequeno porte são uma alternativa sugerida por órgãos ambientais no Estado de SP para que pequenos municípios possam destinar seus resíduos de forma ambientalmente segura, a custos reduzidos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, sob a análise de aspectos físicos e geofísicos, se este mecanismo possui capacidade em conter os líquidos percolados das colunas de resíduos, evitando riscos de contaminação no solo e águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, características físicas da área de influência do aterro foram determinadas com auxílio de mapas, assim como as características físicas foram determinadas através de ensaios padrão. O método da Eletrorresistividade foi empregado para caracterizar o solo em subsuperfície e estimar sua capacidade na atenuação de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial de aplicação deste método, através da relação entre elevada carga iônica e baixa resistividade elétrica, definindo com clareza o limite das plumas de contaminantes. O chorume ocorre em grande parte das valas mais recentes, devido à etapa de decomposição. Valas antigas apresentaram tendência de aumento na resistividade, significando queda na geração de chorume, concomitante ao aumento do tempo de resistividade dos resíduos. Assim, a zona de influência dos resíduos limitou-se à 20 m da área de disposição no plano horizontal e até 8,5 em profundidade. As propriedades físico-químicas do solo argiloso local influenciaram o comportamento da pluma de contaminantes, visto a redução destas ao longo do tempo. Destacam-se o mineral de argila e a granulometria como os possíveis principais responsáveis pela atenuação natural dos contaminantes. Em alguns... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The disposal of solid waste in the soil often creates environmental, social and public health concerns. Small landfills are an alternative suggestion by environmental agencies in the State of São Paulo so small cities direct their waste in an environmentally safe manner, at costs. This research is aimed to evaluate, under the analysis of physical and geophysical concepts, if this mechanism has the capacity to contain lanchated liquid from the columns of waste, avoiding risks of contamination in soil and groundwater. Thus, physical characteristics of landfill catchment area were determined with the aid of maps, as well as the physical characteristics of the local soil were determined by standard assays. The Electrical Resistivity method was employed to characterize the subsoil and to estimate its ability to attenuate contaminants. The results showed the potential application of this method through the relationship between hhigh ionic charge and low resistivity, defining clearly the limits of contaminant plumes. Leachate occurs largely in the more recent dithes, due to the decomposition phase. Older ditches tended to increase in resistivity; it means decrease of leachate generation, as well the increase of waste time residence. Thus, the waste influence zone was limited to 10 m of the disposal area in the horizontal plane and up to 8.5 m in depth. The physicochemical properties of the clay soil spot have influenced the contaminants plume behavior, to reduce it along the time. Emphasizing this are the clay mineral and grain size held as possible primary accountable for natural attenuation of contaminants. At some ponts, it is estimated that the layer of unsaturated soil under the ditches be less that one meter, it does not comply the criteria for exemption of additional waterproofing, established in NBR 15.849:2010 Municipal solid waste... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)