Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-160).

Zugl.: Köln, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

Les exceptions au droit d’auteur sont une série de situations où il est retranché aux droits exclusifs de l’auteur, alors même que leur définition devrait conduire ceux-ci à s’appliquer. Les exceptions révèlent la philosophie d’un système de droit d’auteur ou de copyright. Le droit d’auteur français prévoit un ensemble fermé d’exceptions spécifiques, énumérées de façon expresse et exhaustive par la loi. Elles sont d’interprétation stricte par le juge. La présente thèse s’intéresse à ce système français d’exceptions, à ses imperfections et s’attache à rechercher de potentiels axes d’amélioration. Alors que la copie privée concentre souvent l’attention des commentateurs, il semble utile de s’intéresser à l’autre versant des exceptions, les exceptions à usage public qui, parce qu’elles réalisent la communication de l’œuvre au public, portent une atteinte assez directe au monopole. Le législateur français est appelé, lorsqu’il entend créer une exception, à exercer une « balance des intérêts » assez peu étudiée par la doctrine française. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à cette balance des intérêts législative, et à l’écart entre ce qu’elle devrait être, idéalement, et ce que les derniers travaux législatifs laissent paraître de sa réalité. Le second temps de l’étude se concentre sur la mise en œuvre des exceptions. Leur application classique, d’abord, qui fait appel à la fonction d’interprétation des textes par le juge dans ce qu’elle a de plus traditionnel. Mais également, ensuite, une nouvelle forme de mise en œuvre, qui a fait irruption sous l’ère numérique : la régulation des exceptions. Ce phénomène englobe la garantie des exceptions contre les mesures techniques de protection, ainsi que l’application du « test des trois étapes » par le juge. / Exceptions to copyright (or author’s right) are a set of situations which cut off into the exclusive rights of the author, whereas their definition should lead these to apply. Exceptions reveal the philosophy of a system of author’s right or copyright. French “droit d’auteur” provides for a closed set of purpose-specific exceptions, expressly and exhaustively listed in the law. They are construed strictly by the judge. The present thesis studies this French system of exceptions, its imperfections and looks for potential areas of improvement. While private copying usually concentrates the observers’ attention and comments, it seems useful to insist upon the other side of exceptions, the exceptions for public use, which, since they carry out the communication of the work to the public, encroach quite directly the authors’ privilege. When he envisions to create an exception, the French legislator is expected to exercise a “balance of interests” rarely studied by French doctrine. The first part of this thesis is devoted to this legislative balance of interests, and to the gap existing between what it should ideally be, and what the latest legislative works let appear of its reality. The second part of the study focuses on the implementation of exceptions. Firstly, their classical application, which conveys the function of texts interpretation by the judge in its most traditional features. Secondly, a new form of implementation, which appeared with the digital world: the regulation of exceptions. This phenomenon encompasses the safeguard of exceptions against protection of technological measures, as well as the application of the “three-step-test” by the judge.

THESIS ABSTRACT Sandeep K. Sambhi Master of Science Conflict Dispute Resolution Program June 2016 Title: All is Not Fair: The Cosmetics War on Women in India I examine the effects of skin whitening and bleaching practices by women and girls of India, and the links between globalization, capitalism, and Indian media. I examine the negative health effects of the use of skin lightening creams, along with the psycho-social effects for women and girls, and the pan-cultural effects of the advertising and marketing by the companies who sell these creams as cosmetics. I argue that the companies who sell them carry great economic power, bolstered by their promotion of colorism and bias toward fair skin. The links between profit, colorism, caste and gender inequality are explored, along with the historical roots of caste and color in India. Media bias for fair skin in India and media are discussed, along with effects on women’s efficacy, self-esteem, and the effects of fair skin bias on opportunities in work and marriage. Resolution, education and public outreach efforts are also presented here.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Graz.

A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

<p dir="ltr">There is a critical need for improvement in scientific data management when the big-data era arrives. Motivated by the evolution and significance of FAIR principles in contemporary research, the study focuses on the development and evaluation of a FAIR-compliant data resource portal. The challenge lies in translating the abstract FAIR principles into actionable, technological implementations and the evaluation. After baseline selection, the study aims to benchmark standards and outperform existing FAIR compliant data resource portals. The proposed approach includes an assessment of existing portals, the interpretation of FAIR principles into practical considerations, and the integration of modern technologies for the implementation. With a FAIR-ness evaluation framework designed and applied to the implementation, this study evaluated and improved the FAIR-compliance of data resource portal. Specifically, the study identified the need for improved persistent identifiers, comprehensive descriptive metadata, enhanced metadata access methods and adherence to community standards and formats. The evaluation of the FAIR-compliant data resource portal with FAIR implementation, showed a significant improvement in FAIR compliance, and eventually enhanced data discoverability, usability, and overall management in academic research.</p>

<p>One of the world’s most severe problems today is poverty. Can it be solved with Fair Trade? During this thesis the topic of Fair Trade and the problems it has to face will be presented. First an introduction will be given on how Fair Trade works, how it developed and where it stands today. Then the problems and the criticisms it has to deal with will be illustrated.  The main focus will be on the problem of the low market share of Fair Trade products and on consumer attitudes towards it. The aim is to find out restrictions and problems of Fair Trade products concerning consumer acceptance, for example reasons why consumers do not buy Fair Trade products and opportunities for further marketing activities to address those problems.  For the second part of this thesis, a quantitative study has been conducted by carrying out a survey among potential Fair Trade consumers, mainly students, which has brought insight into their actual attitude towards Fair Trade and their motivation for buying or not buying Fair Trade products. The results of this study confirm the problems defined in existing literature, which are most notably the high price, a lack of information and trust in Fair Trade and a lack of availability of Fair Trade products. In order to help more of the world’s poor to get out of poverty, it is important to address those problems so that the market share of Fair Trade products can increase.</p>