Workflow management is more and more popular and its technologies are becoming more and more mature. However, an important feature that is essential to many business process are left unsolved ¡V namely the unexpected exception handling. Not only does unexpected exceptions degrade the performance of WFMS, it also reflects the defects of workflow design. Our research proposes a framework that uses case-based reasoning to find exception handling rules from historical exception instances. These exception handling rules can help both improving exception handling performance and enabling workflow evolution. Our framework includes an exception taxonomy, an exception case base, and a set of exception naïve models. When an exception occurs, it is classified into a particular category according to the exception taxonomy. Within the category a number of attributes are compared and a naïve model that best represents the incoming exception is identified. It is then adapt to the current environment for an appropriate handling approach. We discuss in the thesis how to discover naïve models from a set of exception instances. A case is finally studied to demonstrate the feasibility of our framework and address the issues of some subtle considerations.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Science politique--Paris--Institut d'études politiques, 2006. / Bibliogr. p. 279-292.

Many entities in the real world that a software system has to interact with, e.g., for controlling or monitoring purposes, exhibit different behaviour phases in their lifetime, in particular depending on whether or not they are functioning correctly. That is, these entities exhibit not only a normal behaviour phase but also one or more abnormal behaviour phases associated with the various faults which occur in the environment. These faults are referred to as environmental faults. In the object-oriented software, real-world entities are modeled as objects. In a classbased object-oriented language, such as C++, all objects of a given class must follow the same external behaviour, i.e., they have the same interface and associated implementation. However this requires that each object permanently belong to a particular class, imposing constraints on the mutability of the behaviour for an individual object. This thesis proposes solutions to the problem of finding means whereby objects representing real-world entities which exhibit various behaviour phases can make corresponding changes in their own behaviour in a clear and explicit way, rather than through status-checking code which is normally embedded in the implementation of various methods. Our proposed solution is (i) to define a hierarchy of different subclasses related to an object which corresponds to an external entity, each subclass implementing a different behaviour phase that the external entity can exhibit, and (ii) to arrange that each object forward the execution of its operations to the currently appropriate instance of this hierarchy of subclasses. We thus propose an object-oriented approach for the provision of environmental fault tolerance, which encapsulates the abnormal behaviour of "faulty" entities as objects (instances of the above mentioned subclasses). These abnormal behaviour variants are defined statically, and runtime access to them is implemented through a delegation mechanism which depends on the current phase of behaviour. Thus specific reconfiguration changes at the level of objects can be easily incorporated to a software system for tolerating environmental faults.

L’exception est omniprésente en droit public français. Pourtant, en tant que norme juridique, elle reste mal connue. Ni le concept ni le fonctionnement de l’exception ne fait l’objet d’une définition normative. La présente thèse a pour objectif de clarifier l’état du droit positif au regard de la notion d’exception. Il a été nécessaire, dans un premier temps, de procéder à l’identification de l’exception, tant par l’établissement d’une définition que par l’exposé de ses fonctions. L’exception est une norme abrogeant partiellement une autre norme, de même valeur juridique, ce qui la distingue d’autres notions proches, telles la dérogation. En ce sens, elle remplit une fonction de mise en cohérence de l’ordre juridique et de rationalisation de la norme. Cette identification a permis, dans un second temps, la recherche d’un régime juridique de l’exception. La compétence d’excepter se présente comme une composante du pouvoir normatif et s’exerce selon un principe de parallélisme des compétences. En outre, l’étendue de la compétence d’excepter est encadrée par un certain nombre de principes, au nombre desquels les principes d’égalité et d’indivisibilité de la République, et les exigences de proportionnalité et de sécurité juridique. Enfin, l’exception fait l’objet d’une interprétation stricte en tant que règle spéciale dérogeant à une règle générale / The concept of exception is omnipresent in administrative and constitutionnal law. Notwithstanding, the concept remains relatively unknown as a juridical norm. Neither the concept nor the functionning of exception is subject to a legal definition. At first, it was necessary to identify what falls under the term of exception to define it and to determine its purposes. What makes the exception different from other similar notions, as derogation, is that law exception partially abrogate law of the same level only. In this regards, the exception laws order the legal system and rationalize the initial rule. Being able to identify the concept of exception allows, in a second part, to set a legal regime. The ability to create exception belongs to the normative power and is exercised according to a principle of parallelism of competences. Furthermore, the extent of the competence to create exceptions is regulated by some principles, including the egality principle and the principle of the indivisibility of the republic, as well as the requirements of proportionnality and legal security. Finally, the exception is strictly interpretated as a special rule derogating to a general rule

Cette thèse a pour but de montrer que Machiavel a forgé sa conception toute personnelle de l’arte dello stato en établissant une tension entre la règle et l’exception. C’est-à-dire, l’ensemble des normes qui permet à un prince ou un ordonnateur de république de mener les choses de l’état en recourant à des moyens ordinaires conformes à l’attitude d’un homme prudent respectueux de la morale (de l’éthique), et la suspension momentanée de cette conduite normative par l’usage de moyens extraordinaires mais nécessaires au maintien de son état ou des institutions républicaines, contraires à la prudence et à ladite morale. Cette approche de la réflexion machiavélienne sur l’arte dello stato permet de rendre compte de la grande homogénéité des textes qui composent son œuvre politique et couvrent une période presque trentenaire. La méthode employée est principalement herméneutique et s’inspire de travaux sur le langage de Machiavel. / This thesis aims to show that Machiavelli has forged his very personal conception of the arte dello stato by establishing a tension between the rule and the exception. That is to say, the set of norms that allows a prince or a founder of the republic to lead the things of the state by ordinary means of recourse consistent with the attitude of a prudent man respectful of morality (ethics), and the momentary suspension of this normative conduct by the use of extraordinary means necessary for the maintenance of its state or republican institutions, contrary to prudence and to that morality.This approach of the Machiavellian reflection on the arte dello stato makes it possible to account for the great homogeneity of the texts that compose his work and cover a period of almost three decades.The method used is mainly hermeneutic and is inspired by the work on Machiavelli’s language.

Dissertation--Universität Dortmund, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 357-387.

Dans ce mémoire, la conception de systèmes numériques complexes, et notamment de systèmes embarqués critiques, est abordée au travers d'une méthodologie allant de la modélisation formelle à l'implantation sur FPGA : la méthodologie HILECOP. Celle-ci offre au concepteur la possibilité de représenter dans un modèle formel d'une part l'architecture du système selon un assemblage de composants, et d'autre part le comportement de ces composants et leur composition par réseaux de Petri temporels. Le modèle décrit est ensuite transformé automatiquement en un modèle implémentable (en langage VHDL) pour son exécution sur la cible matérielle, mais également en un modèle analysable pour permettre l'analyse formelle des propriétés du système. Les deux objectifs principaux des travaux présentés sont l'étude de la conformité d'un point de vue comportemental entre les différents modèles utilisés dans la méthodologie (modèle conçu, modèle implémentable et modèle analysable), ainsi que l'intégration d'un mécanisme de gestion efficace des exceptions. Ces travaux ont permis de fiabiliser l'implémentation du modèle et d'obtenir un modèle analysable plus pertinent par rapport au modèle conçu, dans le sens où il garantit l'inclusion du comportement du modèle conçu dans celui du modèle analysé et réduit, dans une certaine mesure, le risque d'explosion combinatoire. Les limites de la pertinence des résultats obtenus par analyse formelle sont de plus désormais connues. En ce qui concerne la gestion des exceptions, principalement étudiée au niveau comportemental, le mécanisme de la macro-place a été retenu et adapté aux contraintes fonctionnelles et non-fonctionnelles des systèmes embarqués critiques. L'apport de la macro-place et la conservation de la conformité ont pu être validés sur des modèles industriels relatifs à l'architecture numérique de neuroprothèses. / In this thesis, the conception of digital complex systems, and notably of critical embedded systems, is discussed through a methodology which goes from formal modeling to the implementation on a FPGA: the HILECOP methodology. This methodology offers, to a designer, the possibility of representing in a formal model from one hand the digital architecture thanks to some components' assembly, and on the other hand the behavior of these components and their composition, thanks to time Petri nets. The described model is then automatically transformed in an implementable model (in the VHDL language) for its execution on a hardware target, but also in an analyzable model to allow some formal analysis on system properties to be performed. The two main goals of the presented work are the study of the behavioral conformity between the different models used in the methodology (designed model, implementable model and analyzable model) and the integration of an efficient mechanism for handling exception. These works allow to have a more reliable implementation of the model and to obtain a more relevant analyzable model. It is now possible to guarantee that the behavior of the designed model is included in the analyzed one. The risk of combinatorial explosion has also been reduced to some extent. The limits of the relevance of the obtained results thanks to the formal analysis are henceforth known. As for exception handling, it has been mostly studied on the behavioral level. The mechanism of the macroplace has been chosen and adapted to meet the functional and non-functional constraints of critical embedded systems. The benefits given by the use of the macroplace and the preservation of the conformity between the models have been validated on industrial models relative to the digital architecture of neuroprosthetics.

No description available.

In the thesis, we explore reasoning about and handling of algebraic effects. Those are computational effects, which admit a representation by an equational theory. Their examples include exceptions, nondeterminism, interactive input and output, state, and their combinations. In the first part of the thesis, we propose a logic for algebraic effects. We begin by introducing the a-calculus, which is a minimal equational logic with the purpose of exposing distinct features of algebraic effects. Next, we give a powerful logic, which builds on results of the a-calculus. The types and terms of the logic are the ones of Levy’s call-by-push-value framework, while the reasoning rules are the standard ones of a classical multi-sorted first-order logic with predicates, extended with predicate fixed points and two principles that describe the universality of free models of the theory representing the effects at hand. Afterwards, we show the use of the logic in reasoning about properties of effectful programs, and in the translation of Moggi’s computational ¸-calculus, Hennessy-Milner logic, and Moggi’s refinement of Pitts’s evaluation logic. In the second part of the thesis, we introduce handlers of algebraic effects. Those not only provide an algebraic treatment of exception handlers, but generalise them to arbitrary algebraic effects. Each such handler corresponds to a model of the theory representing the effects, while the handling construct is interpreted by the homomorphism induced by the universal property of the free model. We use handlers to describe many previously unrelated concepts from both theory and practice, for example CSS renaming and hiding, stream redirection, timeout, and rollback.

L'étude consiste à étudier les normes ou règles d'exception en droit constitutionnel. Il s'agit de s'interroger sur le point de savoir quelle réalité juridique recouvrent les lois qualifiées d'exception (textes exceptionnels) et à quelle finalité servent-elles dans l'ordre constitutionnel français? L'analyse conjointe ( textes constitutionnels, législatifs, des jurisprudences constitutionnelle, administrative ainsi que des discours de la doctrine permet de circonscrire le contenu matériel la notion d'exception. Celle-ci désigne la nonne de limitation. Plus précisément, l'exception est une limitation que le législateur fait tantôt à l'étendue de la validité d'une norme juridique de portée trop générale, tantôt à l'application stricte du droit lorsqu'une telle application détourne la règle de droit de ses propres finalités ou s'avère inefficace, inadéquate à résoudre une situation particulière. Définie comme une norme de limitation, la notion d'exception est d'un apport certain en droit constitutionnel. En effet, en contribuant à la résolution des normes antinomiques par la conciliation et non par l'abrogation, cette notion comble les lacunes et enrichit le droit constitutionnel. Étant un instrument particulièrement efficace du réformisme juridique, la notion d'exception est donc un outil d'adaptation du droit aux circonstances sociales en « douceur ». Harmonisant les normes ayant des contenus contradictoires, cette notion contribue plus généralement à la réflexion sur l'équilibre de l'ordre juridique. / The subject of the study is norms or rules of exception in constitutional law. We have to examine what is legal reality of laws qualified as "rules of exception" (special text) and what purpose they serve in the French constitutional order. The joint analysis of constitutional and legislative texts, constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, as weIl as doctrinal speech allows to define the material content of the notion of exception. This concept refers to the norm of limitation. SpecificaIly, the exception is a limitation that is applied by the legislator either to the scope of the validity of a legal norm too broad or to implementation of the law when this implementation diverts the rule of law of its purposes or is ineffective, inadequate to solve a particular situation. Defmed as a limitation norm, the notion of exception is a real contribution to constitutional law. lndeed, by contributing to the resolution of antinomy norms by conciliation and not by repealing, this concept f1l1s gaps and entiches constitutionallaw. Being a particularly effective instrument of legal reformism, the notion of exception is a tool to adapt the law to the social circumstances by "softness". Harmonizing standards with conflicting contents, this concept more generally contributes to the discussion on the balance of the legalorder.