This thesis concerns a philosophical analysis of originalism in a context that has not yet received sufficient attention: in the context of old constitutional regimes. Through this lens, I argue that originalism becomes something lesser in that both the normative justification and legitimacy originalism once held begins to withdraw from the theory’s principled commitments. In other words, the nature of old constitutions begins to reject a normative argument for an originalist approach. The thesis bases this analysis on one originalist theory in particular for the sake of brevity: Lawrence Solum’s public meaning originalism. It proceeds through two avenues of argument: originalism as it relates to 1) historical analysis and the interpretation-construction distinction and 2) stare decisis and democratic legitimacy. Taken together, these avenues point to originalism’s fading normative justification and legitimacy in light of the challenges that old constitutions and their characteristics pose for the judicial philosophy. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

L'étude consiste à étudier les normes ou règles d'exception en droit constitutionnel. Il s'agit de s'interroger sur le point de savoir quelle réalité juridique recouvrent les lois qualifiées d'exception (textes exceptionnels) et à quelle finalité servent-elles dans l'ordre constitutionnel français? L'analyse conjointe ( textes constitutionnels, législatifs, des jurisprudences constitutionnelle, administrative ainsi que des discours de la doctrine permet de circonscrire le contenu matériel la notion d'exception. Celle-ci désigne la nonne de limitation. Plus précisément, l'exception est une limitation que le législateur fait tantôt à l'étendue de la validité d'une norme juridique de portée trop générale, tantôt à l'application stricte du droit lorsqu'une telle application détourne la règle de droit de ses propres finalités ou s'avère inefficace, inadéquate à résoudre une situation particulière. Définie comme une norme de limitation, la notion d'exception est d'un apport certain en droit constitutionnel. En effet, en contribuant à la résolution des normes antinomiques par la conciliation et non par l'abrogation, cette notion comble les lacunes et enrichit le droit constitutionnel. Étant un instrument particulièrement efficace du réformisme juridique, la notion d'exception est donc un outil d'adaptation du droit aux circonstances sociales en « douceur ». Harmonisant les normes ayant des contenus contradictoires, cette notion contribue plus généralement à la réflexion sur l'équilibre de l'ordre juridique. / The subject of the study is norms or rules of exception in constitutional law. We have to examine what is legal reality of laws qualified as "rules of exception" (special text) and what purpose they serve in the French constitutional order. The joint analysis of constitutional and legislative texts, constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, as weIl as doctrinal speech allows to define the material content of the notion of exception. This concept refers to the norm of limitation. SpecificaIly, the exception is a limitation that is applied by the legislator either to the scope of the validity of a legal norm too broad or to implementation of the law when this implementation diverts the rule of law of its purposes or is ineffective, inadequate to solve a particular situation. Defmed as a limitation norm, the notion of exception is a real contribution to constitutional law. lndeed, by contributing to the resolution of antinomy norms by conciliation and not by repealing, this concept f1l1s gaps and entiches constitutionallaw. Being a particularly effective instrument of legal reformism, the notion of exception is a tool to adapt the law to the social circumstances by "softness". Harmonizing standards with conflicting contents, this concept more generally contributes to the discussion on the balance of the legalorder.

Šiame darbe atskleidžiama konstitucinio asmenų lygiateisiškumo principo samprata ir kilmė, analizuojama konstitucinio lygiateisiškumo principo doktrina, suformuota Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje. Konstituciniams principams tenka pagrindinis vaidmuo konstitucinio reguliavimo procese. Konstituciniai principai organizuoja į darnią visumą visas Konstitucijos nuostatas. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijos analizė leidžia teigti, kad konstitucinis asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas yra vienas universaliausių ir dažniausiai taikomų teisės aktų atitikties Konstitucijai tikrinimo matų. Konstitucinis Teismas, tirdamas teisės aktų konstitucingumą, suformavo plačią ir išsamią lygiateisiškumo principo doktriną. Konstitucinis asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas yra pamatinis šiuolaikinės demokratinės visuomenės principas. Lygiateisiškumo principas formuluojamas ne tik Konstitucijos 29 straipsnyje, reikšmingi šio principo aspektai įtvirtinti ir Konstitucijos 33, 38, 50, 55, 78, 82, 119 straipsnių nuostatose. Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimuose atskleista, kad tai formalios teisinės lygybės principas, šio principo turi būti laikomasi ir leidžiant įstatymus, ir juos taikant, ir vykdant teisingumą. Lygiateisiškumo principo turi būti laikomasi ne tik Lietuvos Respublikos piliečių, bet ir užsienio piliečių bei asmenų be pilietybės atžvilgiu, šis principas taikytinas ne tik fiziniams, bet ir juridiniams asmenims. Asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The study discusses origins and concepts of the constitutional principle of the persons equality, furthermore, it analyzes doctrine of persons equality in jurisprudence of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. Constitutional principles take leading role in process of constitutional regulation. The analyzis of the jurisprudence of Constitutional Court allows to state that the constitutional principle of the persons equality is one of the most applicable measures for the correspondence between law acts and the Constitution. While construing Article 29 of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court has formed an extensive and thorough doctrine of the principle of the persons equality. The Constitutional Court has noted that this is a principle of the formal legal equality. The constitutional principle of the persons equality must be followed while passing laws, applying them and administering justice. This principle is applied not only in the aspect of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania, but also of citizens of foreign states and persons without citizenship, this principle is applicable not only to natural but also to legal persons. The study points out that in the Article 29 of Constitution the feature list, which specifies when the privilege rendering is not allowed and when the rights can not be limited, is not comprehensive, furthermore, this discrimination is impossible for other features, which are not foreseen in the Constitution, too. The constitutional... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama konstitucinio lygiateisiškumo principo samprata, raida, ypatumai, lygiateisiškumo principo santykis su kitais konstituciniais principais ir konstitucijos normomis, išskiriamos interpretavimo problemos Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje, analizuojama lygiateisiškumo principo interpretacija kitų šalių konstitucinėje jurisprudencijoje. Taip pat išskiriami bendri lygiateisiškumo principo interpretavimo aspektai kurie atsispindi tiek Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje tiek kitų šalių konstitucinėje jurisprudencijoje, aptariamas Europos Žmonių Teisių Teismo, Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir kitų valstybių jurisprudencijos (doktrinos) taikymas Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje aiškinant lygiateisiškumo principą. Darbe naudojami lyginamasis istorinis ir teisinių dokumentų analizės metodai. Konstitucinis lygiateisiškumo principas įtvirtintas Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 29 straipsnyje, glaudžiai siejasi su kitais konstituciniais principais, nuostatomis, įtvirtintas Konstitucijos straipsniuose (33 str., 38 str., 50 str., 55 str., 69 str., 82 str. ir pan.). Konstitucinis asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas gali būti analizuojamas įvairiais aspektais. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje jo interpretacija yra plati.. Kadangi magistrinio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti lygiateisiškumo principo interpretaciją Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The present Master Thesis focuses on the analysis of the concept, evolution, and peculiarities of equality principle as well as the relation among the principle of equality and other constitutional principles and norms. The paper points at the interpretation problems in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and provides the analysis of interpretation of the equality principle in the constitutional jurisprudence of other countries. The present thesis also defines the general aspects of the interpretation of equality principle, the presence of which can be traced both in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the constitutional jurisprudence of other countries, and discusses the ways in which the jurisprudence (doctrine) of the European Court of Human Rights, that of the European Court of Justice and the jurisprudence of other countries is applied when explaining the principle of equality in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. The comparative historical method and the legal document analysis were used in the study. The constitutional principle of equality is set forth in Article 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It is closely related to other constitutional principles and provisions, set forth in the Articles of the Constitution (Articles 33, 38, 50, 55, 69, 82 etc.). The constitutional principle of equality of people can be analyzed from... [to full text]

Šis magistro darbas skirtas tirti konstitucinėje jurisprudencijoje kuriamą Lietuvos administracinės teisės doktriną kaip visumą. Darbe nagrinėjamos šios konstitucinės administracinės teisės doktrinos identifikavimui būtinos prielaidos: „administracinės teisės doktrinos“ ir „konstitucinės jurisprudencijos“ sampratos, administracinės teisės doktrinos prigimtis, administracinės teisės doktrinos kūrimo skirtumai konstitucinėje akademinėje ir konstitucinėje teisminėje jurisprudencijoje, administracinės teisės doktrinos identifikavimo Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje kriterijai. Darbe analizuojamos administracinei teisei aktualios doktrininės nuostatos, išvestos kai kurių bendrųjų konstitucinių principų pagrindu, tiriamos jų sisteminės sąsajos su administracine teise. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad „administracinės teisės doktrinos“ ir „konstitucinės jurisprudencijos“ sampratoms būdingas dvilypiškumas, suponuojantis mokslinės ir oficialios teisminės administracinės teisės doktrinos atskyrimą. Oficialios konstitucinės administracinės teisės doktrinos kaip svarbiausios administracinės teisės srities normatyvinis turinys turi būti analizuojamas visų pirma teisės, o ne akademinės jurisprudencijos kontekste. Administracinės teisės doktrinos identifikavimo teisminėje konstitucinėje jurisprudencijoje pagrindiniu kriterijumi laikytinas konstitucinių doktrininių teiginių ryšys su administracine teise. Šis ryšys atskleidžiamas per administracinės teisės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master‘s thesis is intended for research of administrative law doctrine, created in constitutional jurisprudence, as a whole. The paper examines these preconditions for identification of constitutional administrative law doctrine: concepts of „administrative law doctrine“ and „constitutional jurisprudence“, nature of administrative law doctrine, differences of administrative law doctrine creation in constitutional academic and constitutional judicial jurisprudence, administrative law doctrine identification criteria in the jurisprudence of Constituional Court of Republic of Lithuania. The paper examines important for administratve law doctrinal provisions, derived from some general constitutional principles, investigates their systematic linkages with administrative law. The research showed dualism of „administrative law doctrine“ and „constitutional jurisprudence“ concepts, implying separation of scietific and official judicial administrative law doctrine. Normative content of official constitutional administrative law doctrine as a key administrative law area must be analyzed primarily in the context of the law, but not in the context of academic jurisprudence. The main criterion of administrative law doctrine identification in the judicial constitutional jurisprudence should be considered linkage between constitutional doctrinal statements and administrative law. This linkage is revealed through the subject and method of administrative law. Performed analysis in the... [to full text]

The right to health is a universal right of second-generation, classified in the setof social, economic and cultural rights of mankind; gaining acceptance worldwide for its programmatic nature. On the verge of reaching 100 years of that recognition, its character of constitutionally recognized, operational, enforceable or subjective right has been consolidated thanks to the development of the jurisprudence of the constitutional courts; subsequent to this legal phenomenon, its enforceability trough protective process of amparo in the constitutional code of procedure is regulated in our country and expands its protection, in both areas, the powers assigned to the regulatory and supervisory body of the health sector at the national level, of administrative sanctioning power. / El derecho a la salud es un derecho universal de segunda generación clasificado en el conjunto de los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales de la humanidad siendo aceptado en el mundo por su carácter programático. A punto de llegar a los cien años de ese reconocimiento, su carácter de derecho operativo, exigible y tutelable o subjetivo constitucionalmente reconocido se ha venido consolidando gracias al desarrollo de la jurisprudencia de los tribunales constitucionales; posteriormente a ese fenómeno jurídico, en nuestro país, se regula su exigibilidad vía proceso de amparo en el Código Procesal Constitucional y se amplía su protección, en ambos ámbitos, con las facultades asignadas al órgano regulador y fiscalizador del sector salud a nivel nacional, de potestad administrativa sancionadora.

The debate on how to understand the legal figureof “jurisprudence” is still relevant in Constitutional Law and, in general, in the Theory of Law, in countries where the legal system follows Civil Lawand also in those that are under Common Lawsystems.The Peruvian Constitutional Procedure Code has introduced in its Preliminary Title two figures that are related to constitutional jurisprudence: the jurisprudential doctrine and the constitutional binding precedent.In the present article, the author makes an approach to both figures from the theory of the sources of Law. She presents an overview on how the “production of Law” is understood in doctrine, and on how the constitutional jurisprudence could take a place in this order, taking into account the form in which the role of the Judge is considered. / En el Derecho Constitucional y, en general, en laTeoría del Derecho, el debate sobre cómo entender la figura jurídica “jurisprudencia” sigue vigente, tanto en los países cuyo sistema jurídico se afilia al Civil Law como en aquellos que pertenecen alCommon Law.En el Perú, el Código Procesal Constitucional ha in- troducido dos figuras relacionadas con la jurispru- dencia constitucional: la doctrina jurisprudencial y el precedente constitucional vinculante.En el presente artículo, la autora realiza una aproximación a ambas figuras desde la teoría de las fuentes del Derecho. Así, presenta un panorama sobre cómo se entiende la “producción del Derecho” en doctrina, y luego cómo podría encajar la jurisprudencia constitucional en este esquema, teniendo en cuenta cuál es el papel que se considera cumple el Juez.

af / Suid-Afrika is sedert 27 April 1994 'n materiele regstaat, wat deur beide uitdruklike en 'ongeskrewe' fundamentele waardes onderskraag word. Dit is juis hierdie fundamentele waardes wat 'n blote formele konstitusie (as grondslag van 'n relative democracy) van 'n oppermagtige grondwet (as basis van 'n materiele standard-setting democracy) onderskei. Alhoewel daar 'n lewendige debat oor die toepaslikheid van die talle tradisionele grondwetuitlegmetodes gevoer word, is daar nietemin tans geen oorhoofse waardebaseerde paradigma vir grondwetuitleg nie. Soms wil dit voorkom asof fundamentele grondwetlike waardes net as normatiewe retoriek, in stede van materiele riglyn, by grondwetuitleg gebruik word. Die owerheidsgesag is aan hoer normatiewe regsbeginsels gebonde wat grotendeels in die fundamentele regte-akte (as deel van 'n oppermagtige grondwet) vervat is. Die gewaarborgde fundamentele regte dien derhalwe as konkretisering van beide die regstaat en die demokrasie: die materiele regstaatbegrip is die basis van _die grondwetlike staat. Die materiele regstaat, as geregtigheidstaat, kan dus gesien word as die eindbestemming van die grondwet as lex fundamentalis in die regsorde. 'n Oppermagtige grondwet is egter onlosmaaklik verbind aan die materiele regstaat. Daarom behels grondwetuitleg noodwendig die aktivering van die grondwetlik-gepositiveerde waardes. Hierdie normatiewe regsbeginsels en fundamentele waardes wat in die grondwet as grundnorm van die geregtigheidstaat beliggaam is, moet dan deur 'n onafhanklike regbank gehandhaaf en afgedwing word. In beginsel is grondwetuitleg gemoeid met die identifisering, handhawing en aktivering van die fundamentele waardes wat 'n oppermagtige grondwet onderskraag. Waarde-aktiverende grondwetuitleg is nietemin nie 'n bloudruk waarmee aile praktiese uitlegprobleme opgelos kan word nie, maar 'n oorhoofse waardebaseerde paradigma: 'n dwingende, normatiewe verwysingsraamwerk waarvandaan, waarbinne en waarheen grondwetuitleg op pad is. Die tradisionele grondwetuitlegmetodiek is bloat aanvullende tegnieke wat 'n waarde-aktiverende paradigma van grondwetuitleg ondersteun. Aangesien fundamentele waardes onlosmaaklik deel van die materiele regstaat is, moet grondwetuitleg nie net waardebaseer nie, maar ook waardegerig wees; nie net waardes handhaaf nie, maar ook bevorder en aktiveer; nie net waardes weerspieel nie, maar ook aktief vestig. 86 'n raamwerk vir grondwetuitleg behels die 'animering' en konkretisering van fundamentele waardes, ideale en standaarde wat die materiele regstaat onderle, kortom, waarde-aktiverende grondwetuitleg as vergestalting van die materiele regstaat. / On 27 April1994 South Africa became a constitutional state (Rechtsstaat), underpinned by both express, and 'unwritten' fundamental constitutional values. These values represent the distinction between a formal constitution (ie the basis of a relative democracy), and a supreme constitution (the foundation of a material standard-setting democracy). Although the merits of various methods of constitutional interpretation are hotly debated, no general value-based paradigm for constitutional interpretation has yet been established. At times it seems as if fundamental constitutional values are merely invoked as normative rhetoric during constitutional interpretation, rather than as substantive guidelines. Government institutions are bound by these higher normative legal principles, which in a supreme constitution are articulated primarily in the bill of fundamental rights. The guaranteed fundamental rights are a concretisation of both the constitutional state and democracy: the material law state principle (Rechtsstaatprinzip) as the foundation of the constitutional state. The Rechtsstaat as 'just state' is the ultimate goal of a supreme constitution as lex fundamentalis in the legal order. A supreme constitution is inextricably linked to the Rechtsstaat. As a result, constitutional interpretation inevitably involves animating and activating values positivised within the constitution.These normative legal principles and fundamental values must be maintained and enforced by an independent judiciary. In principle, constitutional interpretation deals with the identification, maintenance and animation of the fundamental values underlying a supreme constitution. Value-activating constitutional interpretation is not a blueprint for resolving all practical interpretive problems, but it is a general value-based paradigm: a peremptory, normative frame of reference from which, within which and towards which all constitutional interpretation should be directed. The traditional methodologies of constitutional interpretation are merely ancillary techniques supporting a value-activating paradigm of constitutional interpretation. Since fundamental values undeniably form part of the Rechtsstaat, constitutional interpretation should not only be value-based, but also values-directed; should not merely uphold the values, but also promote and activate them; should not only reflect the values, but also actively establish them. Such a framework for constitutional interpretation involves the animation and concretisation of the fundamental values, standards and ideals underlying the constitutional state: valueactivating constitutional interpretation as embodiment of the Rechtsstaat. / Law / LL.D. (Law)

The dissertation consists of an analysis of the Constitutional Court decision S v Mhlungu 1995(7) BCLR 793 CC. The analysis focuses on the significance of the different interpretative approaches adopted by the members of the Court in analysing section 241(8) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Afii.ca Act 200 of 1993. The theoretical approaches to constitutional interpretation are first briefly discussed. This is followed by a description of the four respective judgments in the decision. The case is then analysed in respect of section 3 5, Chapter 3 and the Constitution itself in order to determine the significance. The jurisprudence of the Court (developed in its first eight decisions) is evaluated to assess the approach of the Constitutional Court to Chapter 3 and the remainder of the Constitution respectively. The conclusion is reached that the Court has endorsed a generous/purposive approach to constitutional interpretation and that this extends to the entire text of the Constitution. / Law / LL.M.

Šiuolaikinė tarptautinė teisė įtvirtina pagarbą žmogaus teisėms bei užtikrina šių teisių įgyvendinimą šalių nacionalinėje teisėje. Žmogaus teisės apima įvairias asmens teises ir laisves, tačiau kad šios teisės būtų realiai įgyvendinamos visų pirma būtina užtikrinti teisę į asmens teisių ir laisvių gynybą. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje įtvirtinta teisė kreiptis į teismą. Teisė į teismą savo apimtimi yra gerokai siauresnė, nei teisė į teisingą teisinį procesą, tačiau neužtikrinus pirmosios nebus įmanoma ir antroji, ką ne kartą savo nutarimuose yra pabrėžės ir Lietuvos Konstitucinis Teismas. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas išanalizuoti ir nustatyti teisės į teisingą teisinį procesą įtvirtinimo Lietuvos Konstitucinio teismo ir kitų valstybių konstitucinės kontrolės institucijų jurisprudencijoje teorinius ir praktinius aspektus. Darbo pradžioje aptariamas žmogaus teisių įgyvendinimas demokratinėje visuomenė, trumpai apžvelgiant jų istorinę raidą ir teisinį įtvirtinimą. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjama teisės į teisingą teismą samprata ir jos pagrindiniai elementai Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos aspektu, bei atsižvelgiant į jų įtvirtinimą Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje. Trečiasis skyrius skiriamas teisės į teisingą teisinį procesą sampratos lyginamajai analizei, t.y. analizuojama teisės į teisingą teisinį procesą sampratos interpretavimas Lietuvos Konstitucinio, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo ir Lietuvos vyriausiojo administracinio teismų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Contemporary international law declares the respect to human rights and guarantees the implementation of these rights in the national law of states. Human rights involve various rights and freedoms, but in purpose the mentioned rights could be implemented in reality, first of all it is necessary to guarantee the right of protection of human rights and freedoms. The human right to apply to the court is set in the Constitution of Republic of Lithuania. Right to trial is much more tight than right to a fair legal process, but if the first is not guaranteed, it is not possible and the second one, this was pointed in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania for several times. The aim of the present thesis is to analyze and to determine the theoretical and practical aspects of fixation of the right to fair legal process in the jurisprudence of Constitutional Court of Lithuania and of institutions of constitutional control of other states. The thesis begins with review of implementation of human rights in democratic society, with short review of historical development and legal fixation. The second part analyses the concept of right to a fair trial and it‘s basic elements in the aspect of Convention of the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, considering their fixation in the legal system of Lithuania. The third part of thesis is designed for the comparative analysis of concept of right to a fair legal process i.e. analyses interpretation of concept... [to full text]