In 1993, the Swedish National Agency for Education, Skolverket, coined and implemented the so-called collective morals mission, or “värdegrundsuppdraget,” which subsequently led up to the publication of a new national syllabus for upper-secondary school, LPF94. The collective morals mission constituted the values to be taught in Swedish schools and also positioned the Swedish school system ideologically. However, following its publication, teachers found it difficult to understand how they are to carry out and understand said mission, difficulties that seem to still be present today. Therefore, this project presents a qualitative study on how English teachers reflect upon, and relate their teaching to, the collective morals mission, how they do it, along with the possibilities the English subject has in conveying these aspects of fostering, through explicit education on the subject. Based on prior, personal observations the initial hypothesis was that the English subject is often forgotten, in relation to other subjects, in terms of providing students with education related to the collective morals. However, this is not due to English teachers not acknowledging opportunities for the subject to convey content, but because of the strong selective traditions of the subject, focusing education on form and not content, as it is a foreign language. To evaluate this hypothesis, semi-structured interviews with four English teachers were conducted and three separate curriculum analysis were carried out. This enabled an understanding of how the collective morals evolved over time and became what they are today. The results partly confirmed the initial hypothesis. Teachers do implement many features of the collective morals; however, they do not explicitly characterize them as such. The curricula analyses show a progression of the collective morals to be implemented in the explicit grading criterion for passing grade. These results are discussed, and conclusions regarding what that means for English teachers are presented.

This study examines how English subject teaching at upper secondary school use literature as a possible pedagogical tool to impart the fundamental values of the Swedish curriculum. By asking how English teachers use literature as an instrument to invoke the fundamental values of the curriculum, and to what extent there is room to teach in said regard, the study aims to investigate how literature is applied to English subject teaching as a means to foster the ethics and basic principles of the Swedish curriculum. Therefore, to answer these questions, the study carries out qualitative interviews with English subject teachers, at Swedish upper secondary schools, who have previous experiences working in said regards. The results of the study show how the interview subjects view and use literature as cultural teaching, and that there is great potential for literature teaching to be used as a tool to treat the fundamental values of the Swedish curriculum. However, there are also several aspects that can obstruct said teaching, such as the curriculum’s formulations, students’ literacy and a lack of support.

The aim of this study is to investigate how and why Swedish upper secondary school teachers use fiction in relation to the fundamental values in the EFL classroom. Using fiction as pedagogical material is an advantageous method when raising topics related to the fundamental values, which include topics such as democracy, equality, and gender awareness. The study is based on seven semi-structured interviews with Swedish upper secondary school teachers who all teach English. A content analysis was conducted in order to thematize and categorize the results. The project’s theoretical framework is based on modes of engagement as  presented by Rita Felski and phases of the reading process as presented by Judith Langer. The theoretical framework illuminates how and why teachers use fiction in relation to the fundamental values. The results show that the teachers mostly use novels and films to raise topics related to the fundamental values, since extensive narratives and character developments allow the pupils to get to know the characters and hence identify with them easily. In class, all the teachers appreciated[A1]  discussion as a method for their pupils to gain a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. The results further showed that the teachers believe fiction has great potential when raising topics related to the fundamental values. Pupils are able to react, respond to, and recognize themselves in what they read, which in turn teaches them something about themselves and the surrounding world. The results also show that the most prominent challenge with fiction is that not all pupils read or like to read. In conclusion, teachers prefer to use longer fictional texts, such as novels or films, to raise topics related to the fundamental values, and they use fictional texts because fiction as pedagogical material shows great potential in English classes.

Värdegrundsuppdraget är ett av skolans huvuduppdrag och syftar till att fostra goda demokratiska medborgare. Elever ska inom samhällskunskapsämnet ges möjlighet att inhämta värden som främjar ett samhälle med demokratiska processer, acceptans för varandras olikheter och inkludering i beslutsfattanden. Läraren har en betydande roll för att utforma ett fungerande värdegrundsarbete och studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare arbetar med värdegrundsuppdraget i samhällskunskapsämnet. Syftet uppfylls utifrån frågeställningar gällande arbete med värdegrundsuppdraget samt utmaningar och möjligheter med det. Studien riktar sig mot ämnet samhällskunskap i årskurserna 4–6. Det beskrivs utifrån ett lärarperspektiv och tar sin utgångspunkt i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv samt ur en läroplansteori. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen skett med semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju verksamma lärare. Den data som samlades in transkriberades och analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade på flera tolkningar av hur ett arbete med värdegrundsuppdraget kan se ut och viktiga faktorer för att det ska kunna möjliggöras. Det framkom också viss problematik med värdegrundsuppdraget som lärare upplevt under sina verksamma år. Dessa svar har satts i relation till tidigare forskning gällande värdegrundsuppdraget och arbetet med det, som går att läsa om i resultatdiskussionen. Lärarnas uppfattning av värdegrundsuppdraget var relativt lika och utgjorde en intressant aspekt av uppdraget med sina utmaningar och möjligheter. Det kan vara viktigt att ta i beaktning vid utformning av ett värdegrundsarbete för att fostra morgondagens demokratiska medborgare. / The Fundamental Values Education is one of the school's main missions and aims to raise good democratic citizens. Within the social studies subject, students must be given the opportunity to obtain values that promote a society with democratic processes, acceptance of each other's differences and inclusion in decision-making. The teacher has a significant role in designing a good value-based work and the purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how teachers work with the Fundamental Values Education in the social studies subject. The purpose is fulfilled based on question formulations related to work with the Fundamental Values Education as well as challenges and opportunities with it. The study is aimed at the subject of social studies in grades 4–6. It is described from a teacher's perspective and takes its starting point from a socio-cultural perspective and a curriculum theory. The study has been carried out using a qualitative method where the data collection took place with semi-structured interviews with seven teachers. The data that was collected was tran- scribed and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The result showed several interpretations of how work with the Fundamental Values Education can look like and important elements to make it possible. There was also some problem with the Fundamental Values Education that teachers experienced during their working years. These answers have been put in relation to previous research regarding the Fundamental Values Education and the work with it, which can be read about in the results discussion. The teachers' perception of the Fundamental Values Education was relatively similar and constituted an interesting aspect of the assignment with its challenges and opportunities. It can be important to consider when designing a Fundamental Values Education to raise tomorrow's democratic citizens.

In late January 2000, the EU14 initiated a protest co-ordinated by the Portuguese EU Presidency against the coalition between Wolfgang Schüssel’s ÖVP and Jörg Haider’s right-wing extremist/populist FPÖ, accused of violating EU fundamental values expressed in Article 6(1) TEU. When the government took office on 4 February diplomatic ‘sanctions’ were launched. During spring, the EU14’s wider interpretations of the sanctions, clumsy handling of Austrian countermeasures and deficient strategy on dismantling the protest contributed to crisis escalation. The solution was the appointment of so-called ‘wise men’ to evaluate the political nature of the FPÖ and the effects of the EU14’s ‘diplomatic whipping’ on government policies. Shortly after the Wise Men Report was published the EU14 lifted the ‘sanctions’ unconditionally, but insistent question marks remained. At the informal European Council meeting in Biarritz 13-14 October, the EU14 and the Austrian government agreed on amendments to the trigger mechanisms for the ‘sanctions article’, Article 7 TEU, incorporated in the Nice Treaty from December 2000. This study argues that the EU14’s interests and preferences concerning Article 6(1) TEU, coupled with a consensus-reflex and imagined and ‘real’ time pressure manifested in groupthink and ‘tele groupthink’, a concept including telephone diplomacy, affected the norm during its ‘journey’ through five stages: warning, implementation, crisis escalation, crisis de-escalation, and consequences. A central claim is that both self-interested behaviour and ideational/normative motives guided the EU14, but in a ‘more or less’ way. Mutually complementary arguments from both the rationalist and constructivist paradigms prove compelling in investigating this particularly complex and multi-faceted case. This study concludes that the EU14-Austria crisis resulted not in a rupture in the integration process, but in consolidation of EU fundamental values expressed in Article 6(1) TEU. Thanks to mixed experiences with the EU14’s ‘diplomatic whipping’ of the FPÖ-ÖVP government, the Union took another step towards tighter monitoring of Member States’ compliance with its constituent values. This step was reflected in amendments to Article 7 TEU. The EU14-Austria crisis, as here presented, illustrates the claim that Union-wide crises can have a positive effect on its normative foundation.

The ethical aspects of the Swedish Curriculum for the non-compulsory school system, Lpf94, will form the basis of the research in this essay. The ethical aspects constitute fundamental values and goals as well as common tasks that must be carried out by every teacher. Since the school debate focuses a lot on this perspective, which is often mentioned together with the words problematic and contradictory, it will consequently also be the focus of this essay. Here these features are treated in relation to literature in all its forms used by teachers in class, which also represents a part of the school debate. Together ethics and literature form a perspective that lacks research. The goal is to investigate the ethical awareness of teachers in relation to the literature, and find out which ethical decisions are made by teachers and in what ways the ethical aspects of the curriculum is fulfilled. A qualitative method has been used in order to gain results: four upper secondary school teachers/senior high school teachers have been interviewed. The results are presented in interview transcripts which have been analyzed and interpreted in the light of recent studies and research and pedagogical-didactical literature. Accordingly I have been able to draw the conclusions that the ethical features in teaching is not explicit and that there seldom seems to be any conscious ethical reflections in relation to the literature. The ethical aspects are rather invisible and unconscious. However, it is clear that the interviews raise the awareness of the ethical perspective and thus emphasize the growing and developing function of the dialogue. Finally the results have been interpreted from the point of view of the ethical tasks of the teacher in order to make the ethics visible.I detta examensarbete ligger fokus på de etiska aspekterna av samhällsuppdraget i förhållande till den litteratur som lärare använder sig av i klassrumsundervisningen. Eftersom en stor del av skoldebatten handlar om samhällsuppdraget och dess värdegrund utgör också detta perspektiv utgångspunkten för denna undersökning. Målet är att undersöka vilka etiska avvägningar lärare gör i valet av litteratur och på vilket sätt samhällsuppdragets etik blir synlig i lärares arbete. Därmed framkommer också till viss del i vilken omfattning värdegrundsarbetet sker. Genom en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod i form av samtal har fyra gymnasielärare intervjuats. Erhållna resultat har presenterats i form av intervjutranskript som analyserats och tolkats med hjälp av aktuell forskning och pedagogisk-didaktisk litteratur. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån resultaten är att etiken i lärarnas arbete inte är explicit och att det oftast inte finns en medveten etisk reflektion utifrån litteraturen. Etiken är snarare osynlig och tämligen omedveten. Dock medvetandegörs den under samtalen vilket framhåller dialogens betydelse för utveckling. Vidare framkommer att etiken aldrig är ett mål i sig, utan fungerar mer som medel för att nå andra mål i klassrummet. Slutligen, för att synliggöra etiken, har resultaten tolkats utifrån de etiska krav i samhällsuppdraget som ställs på lärare.

This paper is the result of a critical review of two Teacher’s Guides aimed at English 5 (the first year) in Swedish upper secondary schools. The aim was to investigate, with a pragmatic approach, how cultural representations are epitomised in the guidance materials: Progress Gold and Professional as well as how those representations correlate to the fundamental values of the curriculum for the upper secondary school. In short: how do these Teacher’s Guides uphold the fundamental values of the Swedish curriculum via their cultural representations? The theoretical framework consists of Stuart Hall’s description of what culture and representation are and Claire Kramsch’s ideas on language and culture. The main analytical tool, and underlying theory, for identifying cultural representations are the three understandings of culture identified by Ulrika Tornberg. These cultural understandings are used to categorize and discuss the cultural findings and consists of culture as a fact fulfilled, culture as a future competence and culture as an encounter in an open landscape. The Teacher’s Guides representations of cultures show signs of being static to a great extent as cultures in many instances are defined by nationality, unaffected by time and individuals. Progress Gold A has a strong and clearly expressed connection between language learning and cultural knowledge, both in their selected grading criteria and chapter descriptions, whereas Professional does not explicitly focus on culture in English speaking countries. The guides are in many instances at risk of being stereotyping and in the long run discriminating if left unreflected, which is not in correlation with the fundamental values of the curriculum. The paper is concluded with a discussion on cultural teaching’s role in the English as a foreign language classroom in relation to the fundamental values, and suggestions for further research.

Research has shown that poetry is a good tool to talk about and teach values. Skolverket has during the past 20 years stressed the importance of fundamental values through their documents and guidelines. In the Lgy 11 curriculum for English for Swedish upper secondary school, poetry is for the first time listed as a core content. Therefore this essay asks the critical question: Does teaching of poetry in English 6 textbooks live up to the fundamental values specified by Skolverket? In this essay two textbooks in English 6 have been studied along with literature on the topic. The essay uses a modified model presented by Gunnel Colnerud that differentiates the term fundamental values to be able answer the research question. The result shows that the two textbooks include poetry that talks about the fundamental values according to all the categories suggested in the model. The most frequent value in this study concerns students’ own opinions and their existential and religious questions.

En stor del av elevers vardag spenderas på internet, vilket möjliggör bland annat socialinteraktion och informationsutbyte, samtidigt som risken för att bli utsatt för kränkningarökar. För att minska risken av nätkränkningars utbredning krävs utbildade och medvetnaaktörer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärares upplevelser av undervisning motnätkränkningar relaterat till styrmedel och didaktisk praxis. Studien är kvalitativ och detempiriska underlaget skapas genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksammasamhällskunskapslärare i årskurs fyra till sex. Resultatet visar att lärarna i studien anser attarbetet mot nätkränkningar ingår i ett större undervisningssammanhang som berör skolansvärdegrund. I utformandet av undervisningen utgår lärarna från olika delar av det centralainnehållet i kursplanen för samhällskunskap och använder sig till stor del av varierandeundervisningsmetoder. Den enda gemensamma metod som lärarna använder är diskussion isyfte att öka elevers medvetenhet om fenomenet. Att lärarna arbetar på olika sätt mednätkränkningar kan härledas till tolkning av styrmedel, tidigare utbildning, medvetenhet ochintresse för fenomenet. Goda elevrelationer är av stor vikt för lärarens förståelse avproblematiken, då lärarens kunskapsbild är beroende av den information elever delger lärareom sin vardag på sociala plattformar.

Bakgrund: Unga hbtq-personer upplever mer diskriminering och sämre hälsa än andra unga. Skolan utgör en viktig arena för att skapa en inkluderande och hälsofrämjande miljö. Enligt skollagen och diskrimineringslagen ska alla behandlas lika oavsett kön eller sexuell läggning. För att förhindra att elever utsätts för kränkningar behöver normkritiskt hbtq-arbete genomföras under ledning av rektor och i samverkan med samtlig skolpersonal. Skolsköterskan kan arbeta med hbtq-relaterade frågor för att stärka skyddsfaktorer och förebygga ohälsa hos hbtq-personer. Flera skolor i Sverige har genomfört hbtq-certifieringsutbildning men forskning saknas om skolsköterskors erfarenheter av utbildningen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka skolsköterskors erfarenheter av hbtq-certifiering. Metod: Datainsamling genomfördes genom intervjuer med sju skolsköterskor. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats, data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom; Organisatoriska faktorer, Skolsköterskans hbtq-arbete samt Betydelsen av värdegrundsarbete i skolan. Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att organisatoriska hinder föreligger för implementering av hbtq-arbete. En förutsättning för framgångsrika effekter av hbtq-certifiering är att samtlig skolpersonal under ledning av rektor är insatta i hbtq-arbete. Vidare framkommer utmaningar med hbtq-arbete med vårdnadshavare och elever i mångkulturella miljöer. / Background: Young LGBTQ persons experience more discrimination and poorer health than other young people. The school offers an important arena for an including and health-promoting setting. According to The Swedish Education act and The Swedish Discrimination act everybody should be treated equally regardless of gender and sexual orientation. To prevent that students get subjected to degrading treatment LGBTQ-affirming work with a norm-critical perspective can be organized by the head teacher and the rest of the school staff. School nurses can work with LGBTQ issues to promote protective factors and prevent illness in LGBTQ individuals. Several schools in Sweden are LGBTQ-certified but there is a lack of research about school nurses´ experiences of the education. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate school nurses´ experiences of LGBTQ certification. Method: Datacollection was conducted using interviews with seven school nurses. In the study a qualitative method with an inductive approach was used, the data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories; Organizational factors, School nurses´ LGBTQ work and The importance of fundamental values in schools. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that organizational obstacles counteracts the implementation of LGBTQ work. A prerequisite for successful effects of LGBTQ certification is that all school staff lead by the head teacher are well informed about LGBTQ issues. Furthermore, the result reveals challenges with LGBTQ work with legal guardians and students in multicultural settings.