This thesis provides an overview of extra-contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. The main emphasis is on the institution of free use and related topic of private copying and fair compensation. Statutory licenses, both chargeable and free of charge, are not omitted. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Brief introduction is followed by chapter providing definition of the fundamental terms of copyright from the perspective of Czech copyright law. The second chapter contains summary of sources of copyright law. Czech law, as well as European and international law is included. The third chapter contains crutial part of the thesis, the analysis of the extra-contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. After brief comment on free works follows analysis of the Three-Step Test, which is of great significance for all examined legal institutions. Relevant case law - WTO Panel report WT/DS160/R - is examined and the Max Planck Institute's Declaration on a balanced Interpretation of the Three-Step Test is also considered. Subsequent subchapters are dedicated to the institutions of free use and private copying under both, Czech and European copyright law. The thesis also includes comparative analysis of the level of the private Copying levies in the EU, based on...

- ENGLISH The content of this thesis is aimed towards the interpretation of the so-called non- contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. These institutions represent such legal tools, that exceptionally allow individuals different from the author to exploit copyrighted work with no dependence on the author's permission or will. The text of the work is divided into four main chapters. For introduction into the matter, the opening part is dedicated to the explanation of the term copyright law, its position in the Czech legal system and the main principles it lies upon. This broad explanation is subsequently followed by definition of its fundamental terms - author's work and its use. The crucial part of the work lies in the fourth chapter, which bears the same title as the work itself. The structure of this chapter follows the organisation of the Czech Copyright Act. After description of the free work, the paper gets to the interpretation of individual exemptions and limitations to copyright, thus the institutes of free use and statutory licences. In relation with the matter of exemptions and limitations to copyright, the work does not forget to deal with their key tool, the Three-Step Test, and its related significant interpretation performed by The Dispute Settlement Body at...

The forced expropriation has been, since the origins of the Peruvian Republic, a useful mechanism for the Government to meet its objectives, at the expense of the lawful damage inflicted to the private actors, conferring a fair compensation in return.In this article the current Peruvian legal regime of forced expropriation is studied, for which purpose both authors compare it with the regulation in the earliest Peruvian constitutions and laws, discovering that the concept has not always been designed in the same way by the constituent or the legislator. / La expropiación forzosa ha sido, desde los orígenes de la República, un mecanismo que ha servido al Estado para cumplir con sus objetivos, a costa del daño lícito causado al privado, y a cambio de un justiprecio. En el presente artículo se estudia el actual régimen jurídico de la expropiación forzosa en el Perú, para lo cual los autores lo comparan con lo regulado en las primeras constituciones y leyes peruanas, descubriendo que la figura no siempre fue pensada de la misma manera por el constituyente o el legislador.

台灣地區對於私有公共設施保留地之取得方式大多是以現金徵收補償方式為之，但在現今政府財政困難之情形下，如欲將全數之私有公共設施保留地以現金徵收補償方式為之，恐有其困難。因此國內學者主張以發展權移轉制度，補償公共設施保留地所有權人之損失，以取得興建公共設施之用地。惟「土地徵收條例」實行，對於私有公共設施保留地徵收補償標準，採公告現值加成計算，加成成數比照一般正常交易價格為之。因此公共設施保留地所有權人勢必會在徵收市價補償，與發展權移轉制度間作一選擇。本論文探討公共設施保留地所有權人面臨發展權移轉與徵收現金補償時，其所面臨之選擇為何。 本論文先探討公平補償之分類及補償標準，同時定義所謂公平補償，為基於憲法中之公平正義及保障私有財產權原則下，以完全之市價補償為之。其次本論文就發展權之理論予以討論，藉由經濟理論之探討，分析發展權制度運作之市場前題，並以此建立本論文之研究假說，即從權利集束說及發展權評價方法之殘餘法觀點，發展權之價值僅為完全土地所有權之一部份，發展權移轉取得私有公共設施保留地，並無法達到完全補償公共設施保留地所有權之價值。同時本論文在此基礎下，透過個案模擬方式，分析公共設施保留地所有權人之損益，以佐証本論文之研究假說。經由研究成果顯示，發展權之價值小於公共設施保留地之土地價值，因此公共設施保留地所有權人將會採取現金徵收補償方式。 本論文認為，由於「土地徵收條例」之實施，勢必會造成發展權移轉制推行之困難，加重政府財政壓力。因此政府授與公共設施保留地所有權人之發展權數量應予以放寬，或在原數量下，不足土地價值者，由政府予以現金補貼方式為之，如此可使發展權移轉制度順利推行，政府之財政壓力獲得減輕，同時也能達到取得公共設施保留地之目的。