Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris). / L’histoire de la famille musulmane est née au début des années 1990 d’un souci commun d’éviter les généralisations hâtives et d’accumuler les faits élémentaires de la vie familiale et résidentielle. Or, le discours scientifique actuel, aussi bien que celui qui l’a précédé, restent fondés sur une même série de postulats qui conduisent à voir dans les modalités de la vie résidentielle et familiale propres aux sociétés de l’Islam la prégnance d’une mentalité collectiviste, la persistance d’une volonté ancrée dans l’esprit des individus de vivre « entre soi » dans la promiscuité d’une maisonnée nombreuse et complexe. Dans l’esprit d’une critique positive, cette thèse s’attache à illustrer la pertinence d’une perspective « atomiste » au regard des Ammeln, à savoir un groupe de paysans berbérophones natifs des hautes terres de l’Anti-Atlas, dans le Sud du Maroc. Cela se fera à la lumière d’une multitude de sources ethnographiques, démographiques et archivistiques, grâce auxquelles il sera possible de remonter le fil du temps et de suivre les processus de formation et de transformation des maisonnées établies par les habitants du pays des Ammeln depuis l’époque précoloniale jusqu’à nos jours. Ainsi, il apparaitra plus clairement que, dans les sociétés de l’Islam, aussi petites et isolées soient-elles, les noyaux familiaux sont enclins à vivre « chacun chez soi », et qu’ils n’acceptent de faire autrement qu’en raison d’un ensemble de forces et de contraintes sociales particulières les empêchant d’atteindre l’autonomie résidentielle et de bénéficier de la liberté d’action qui en découle. / Family history in the Islamic Middle East was born in the early 1990s from a shared concern to avoid sweeping generalizations and accumulate the basic facts about residential and family life. However, both the current scientific discourse and the one that preceded it are based upon a common set of assumptions that suggest that members of Islamic societies share a collectivistic mentality and a common desire to live amongst themselves in the promiscuity of large and complex households. In the spirit of positive criticism, this thesis aims to illustrate the relevance of a new “atomistic” perspective by studying the case of the Ammeln, a group of peasants from the Berber highlands of the Anti-Atlas, in Southern Morocco. This research is based on a variety of ethnographic, demographic and historical sources that make it possible to go back in time and follow the process of formation and transformation of households in this small village community, from pre-colonial times to the present day. As such, it will become clearer that, in Islamic societies, as small and isolated as they may be, elementary family units are inclined to live on their own, and that they choose to do otherwise only because of a given set of forces and constraints preventing them from attaining residential autonomy and benefiting from the resulting freedom.

Diploma thesis deals with theme of family in Czech patriotic circles in the 19th century, example of family of Václav Staněk, Doctor of Medicine and patriot. Václav Staněk was a friend of Josef Frič and František Ladislav Čelakovský, their families were very close. While Fritč's and Čelakovský's families appear very often in different works about 19th century, Staněk's family was almost forgot. This thesis deals with public activities of the family, in the time before the revolution 1848 it's the Czech "salon" which was also one of the first platforms for women interested in education and during the revolution in 1848 - 1849 the engagement of Václav Staněk at parliament in Vienna and Kroměříž. Thorough attention is paid to the family connections among members of the family, especially to relationships between wife and husband and relationships among parents and children. The source is rich and yet not used correspondence of the family which allows insight to the political as well to the family business.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Eliza Buzetti Spinelli.pdf: 985424 bytes, checksum: 083a5ab970b028164d61ead0f91ade99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-23 / ABSTRACT This study focuses on parenting, which herein is defined as shared parenting, whereby both the father and the mother share child caring and are providers. The study observed indications provided by family history of parents who facilitate this type of parenting. Four couples in a stable relationship and living in a double-income household, with ages ranging from 30 to 45, where family income is fifteen to forty minimum salaries and that have one or more children from three to seven years old were interviewed together, using a semi-structured questionnaire based of the genogram s construction. The analysis of colleted material was conducive to the conclusion that familial customs are a strong influence on the constitution of parents who share parenting. Whether by repeating role-models or to learn how to do things differently, father and mother roles and the style of the marriage itself are the basis of shared parenting. The approval of novel mother and father role-models by their own parents seems to be a facilitating element for change, as well as the existence of individuals from preceding generations who showed affection and who are admired by the interviewees parents. The influence of culture and of values of a closely-knit family, and the sound sense of individuality that interviewees were able to establish with their families seem to be determining factors for shared parenting. This study is concluded with the assurance that parenting is undergoing changes at this moment; sharing is still disproportionate, where men and women are overburdened with different aspects; however, due to the recognition given to our interviewees by their families, it seems that an equal relationship is increasingly more desired in relationships / Neste estudo, com base num recorte da parentalidade, que se define como parentalidade compartilhada, em que pai e mãe dividem entre si os cuidados com os filhos e ambos provêem a família, procurou-se encontrar indicativos, nas histórias familiares de alguns casais de pais, do que facilita este tipo de parentalidade. Quatro casais que estão em união estável e em situação familiar de dupla renda, com idades entre 30 e 45 anos, com renda familiar entre quinze e quarenta salários mínimos e que possuem um ou mais filhos na faixa etária de três a sete anos, foram entrevistados, conjuntamente, através da entrevista semi-estruturada, baseada na construção do genograma. A análise do material coletado permitiu concluir que o legado familiar influencia fortemente a constituição dos pais que compartilham a parentalidade; seja pela repetição de modelos ou para aprender a fazer diferente, os modelos de pai e mãe e de casamento estão na base da parentalidade compartilhada. A aprovação dos novos comportamentos de pai e mãe, por seus próprios pais, parece ser um elemento facilitador da mudança, bem como a existência de figuras nas gerações passadas que demonstravam afeto e que são admiradas pelos pais entrevistados. A influência da cultura, com valores de família unida, e a boa diferenciação que os entrevistados conseguiram de suas famílias parecem ser fatores determinantes para a parentalidade compartilhada. Este estudo foi concluído com a certeza de que este é um momento de transição na parentalidade; o compartilhar ainda é desproporcional, sobrecarregando homens e mulheres em aspectos diferentes; no entanto, devido à valorização que nossos entrevistados recebem de suas famílias, parece que, cada vez mais, almeja-se a igualdade nas relações

<p>The present thesis investigated family history and neurobiology of social phobia. Social phobia is a disabling disorder characterized by a marked fear of scrutiny in a variety of social situations. By using a validated questionnaire, study I related family history of excessive social anxiety to social phobia and avoidant personality disorder in epidemiologically identified probands in the Swedish general population. A two- to threefold increased relative risk of social anxiety was observed for both diagnostic groups. Thus, having an affected family member is associated with approximately a doubled risk for both social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.</p><p>The neurobiological studies explored situational and anticipatory elicited anxiety by means of positron emission tomography and 15O-water. Study II examined the functional neuroanatomy of social anxiety provocation in social phobics and a healthy comparison group during a public speaking task. Social phobia symptomatology was associated with higher neural activity in the amygdaloid complex, i.e. "the alarm system" of the brain, and lower activity in the prefrontal cortex. Study III examined the neural correlates of anxiety elicited by the anticipation of public speaking in individuals with social phobia. Anticipatory anxiety was accompanied by enhanced regional cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices as well as in the amygdaloid-hippocampal region. Brain blood flow was lower in the temporal pole and in the cerebellum. These results suggest that social phobia has a neuroanatomical basis in a highly sensitive fear network centered in the amygdaloid-hippocampal region and encompassing the prefrontal cortex.</p>

<p>The overall aim was to study factors that affect behaviour related to CVD (cardiovascular diseases). Study I tested whether gender, education and so-cioeconomic status correlated to knowledge about risk factors, and Study II studied knowledge and risk behaviour from a national perspective (Sweden versus Poland). Furthermore, Study III examined whether obese people dif-fered from people of normal weight regarding knowledge about risk factors, and Study IV examined whether risk behaviour is affected by personal ex-perience of illness and family history of CVD. </p><p>The studies are population-based with cross-sectional design. Data were obtained by questionnaires and by screening results of risk factors related to CVD. The studies were carried out among 50-year old men and women in Västmanland, Sweden (n=1011) and in Wroclaw, Poland (n=1043).</p><p>The results show that women are more knowledgeable than men about the risk factors for CVD, and that low education is associated with insufficient knowledge about CVD (Study I). The discrepancy between knowledge and behaviour was greater among the Poles than it was among the Swedes (Study II). Obese individuals did not differ significantly from individuals with a normal weight regarding knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors when education was controlled for (Study III). Individuals with a personal experience of illness may be more inclined to change smoking behaviour than the average person (Study IV).</p><p>In conclusion, knowledge about risk factors for CVD varies with education, gender and, to a certain degree, nationality. However, knowledge does not only consist of the conditions of behaviour change. The results in the thesis substantiate theories suggesting that change in risk behaviour is a process over time. Predictors of risk behaviours on the individual level as well as national level are of importance, and needs to be considered in the every day practice of health care professionals.</p>

The present thesis investigated family history and neurobiology of social phobia. Social phobia is a disabling disorder characterized by a marked fear of scrutiny in a variety of social situations. By using a validated questionnaire, study I related family history of excessive social anxiety to social phobia and avoidant personality disorder in epidemiologically identified probands in the Swedish general population. A two- to threefold increased relative risk of social anxiety was observed for both diagnostic groups. Thus, having an affected family member is associated with approximately a doubled risk for both social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. The neurobiological studies explored situational and anticipatory elicited anxiety by means of positron emission tomography and 15O-water. Study II examined the functional neuroanatomy of social anxiety provocation in social phobics and a healthy comparison group during a public speaking task. Social phobia symptomatology was associated with higher neural activity in the amygdaloid complex, i.e. "the alarm system" of the brain, and lower activity in the prefrontal cortex. Study III examined the neural correlates of anxiety elicited by the anticipation of public speaking in individuals with social phobia. Anticipatory anxiety was accompanied by enhanced regional cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices as well as in the amygdaloid-hippocampal region. Brain blood flow was lower in the temporal pole and in the cerebellum. These results suggest that social phobia has a neuroanatomical basis in a highly sensitive fear network centered in the amygdaloid-hippocampal region and encompassing the prefrontal cortex.

The overall aim was to study factors that affect behaviour related to CVD (cardiovascular diseases). Study I tested whether gender, education and so-cioeconomic status correlated to knowledge about risk factors, and Study II studied knowledge and risk behaviour from a national perspective (Sweden versus Poland). Furthermore, Study III examined whether obese people dif-fered from people of normal weight regarding knowledge about risk factors, and Study IV examined whether risk behaviour is affected by personal ex-perience of illness and family history of CVD. The studies are population-based with cross-sectional design. Data were obtained by questionnaires and by screening results of risk factors related to CVD. The studies were carried out among 50-year old men and women in Västmanland, Sweden (n=1011) and in Wroclaw, Poland (n=1043). The results show that women are more knowledgeable than men about the risk factors for CVD, and that low education is associated with insufficient knowledge about CVD (Study I). The discrepancy between knowledge and behaviour was greater among the Poles than it was among the Swedes (Study II). Obese individuals did not differ significantly from individuals with a normal weight regarding knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors when education was controlled for (Study III). Individuals with a personal experience of illness may be more inclined to change smoking behaviour than the average person (Study IV). In conclusion, knowledge about risk factors for CVD varies with education, gender and, to a certain degree, nationality. However, knowledge does not only consist of the conditions of behaviour change. The results in the thesis substantiate theories suggesting that change in risk behaviour is a process over time. Predictors of risk behaviours on the individual level as well as national level are of importance, and needs to be considered in the every day practice of health care professionals.

The objectives of the community-based Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) Study are described along with a detailed account of the overall design, special design features, sample characteristics and instruments used. The EDSP employed a prospective-longitudinal design to study substance use and other mental disorders in a representative population sample of 3,021 subjects aged 14–24 years (birth cohorts 1970–1981) at ‘baseline’ – the outset of the study. Two follow-up investigations were conducted after the baseline investigation covering an overall period of 3–4 years. Special design features are the linkage with a family supplement (EDSP-FS) as well as neurobiological laboratory studies of high-risk subjects.

Background: A younger age at onset of use of a specific substance is a well-documented risk-factor for a substance use disorder (SUD) related to that specific substance. However, the cross-substance relationship between a younger age at onset of alcohol use (AU) and nicotine use (NU) and the risk of cannabis use disorders (CUD) in adolescence and early adulthood remains unclear. Aims: To identify the sequence of and latency between initial AU/NU and initial cannabis use (CU). To investigate whether younger age at AU- and NU-onset is associated with any and earlier CU-onset and a higher risk of transition from first CU to CUD, taking into account externalizing disorders (ED) and parental substance use disorders as putative influential factors. Methods: Prospective-longitudinal community study with N = 3021 subjects (baseline age 14–24) and up to four assessment waves over up to ten years with additional direct parental and family history information. Substance use and CUD were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Results: Most subjects with CU reported AU (99%) and NU (94%). Among users of both substances, 93% reported AU prior to CU (87% for NU). After adjustment for ED and parental substance use disorders younger age at AU-onset was associated with any CU. Younger age at NU-onset was associated with earlier CU initiation. Younger age at AU- and NU-onset was not associated with a higher risk of CUD. Conclusions: The cross-substance relevance of younger age at first AU and NU for the risk of CUD is limited to early CU involvement.

Kiruna, a Swedish community situated 300 km north of the Arctic Circle, has a very high mortality in ischemic heart disease (IHD). Acase-control study was undertaken to find out if the risk factors for IHD or their impact differed from those in other populations. The survey methods comprised questionnaires, physical examinations, laboratory tests, a food diary, ecological studies, and a register study. The study group consisted of 219 men who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction (cases) and 438 men without known ischemic heart disease (controls). The main risk factors were: a family history of IHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Also psycho-social risk factors like lack of job support constituted a risk factor. Cholesterol ester and adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acids have a slower turn-over rate than other routinely analysed lipids and lipoproteins and thus reflect dietary habits over a longer period of time. They were measured in a subset of our cohort, showing that the cases, judged from lipid and fatty acid composition, lived on a diet comparable to that of the controls. A prospective diet diary showed few differences between cases and controls and between the whole cohort and a reference cohort in Uppsala in the central part of Sweden. Most notable differences were a low level of y-tocopherol, a low proportion of linoleic acid, and a high proportion of palmitic acid in serum cholesterol esters and adipose tissue triglycerides in the Kiruna cohort. The expected reduced morbidity in ischemic heart disease related to alcohol consumption was not seen in our material. This finding was further examined in an ecological study on a national Swedish level, longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and with time-series methodology. There was an inverse correlation between wine consumption and mortality in IHD for women but no correlation between the consumption of beer and distilled spirits, and mortality in IHD. Heart failure, a common sequela of IHD, has an increasing incidence in a hospital-based population. In spite of improved treatments the prognosis has not improved during the last seven years and is still as bad as or worse than that of many malignant diseases. Male sex and high age implied a worse prognosis. Consumption of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for pain relief resulted in a greater risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction in our cohort. This was further examined in an ecological study on anational Swedish level also showing a correlation between ASA consumption and mortality in IHD both in the geographical and the longitudinal analysis for the surveyed years, but not in the time series analysis. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1996, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu