The chief purpose in editing the Memoirs of Amelia de Henningsen (Notre Mère) is to place on record the role played by this remarkable woman in laying the foundations of Catholic Education in southern Africa and in the building up of the Catholic Church in the Eastern Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope and beyond. Emphasis has been placed on her achievements in these fields of labour.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has traditionally been regarded as a male disease and, because of this, the magnitude of the problem in women is often overlooked. Yet, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CHD in particular, remains, next to cancer, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The longstanding emphasis on the problem of CHD in men, has resulted in a widespread tendency to minimise the incidence and severity of the disease in women. Moreover, most epidemiologic studies examining morbidity and mortality from CHD have focused largely on men, producing a significant gender gap in the research. The lack of information on CHD risk factors and prevention of heart disease in women in Britain is of particular concern, given that British women have one of the highest rates of coronary disease in the world. The Marks and Spencer Coronary Risk Factor Study (MSCRFS) is a cross-sectional and prospective study of CHD risk factors in female employees of the Marks and Spencer retail organisation. The present study is confined to an analysis of cross-sectional data from 14,077 women screened between June 1988 and July 1991. The prevalence and distribution of a variety of lipid, lipoprotein, biochemical, anthropometric and lifestyle-related CHD risk factors among women in the United Kingdom is described, together with their key interrelationships. In addition, the metabolic impact of exogenous hormones, specifically oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone replacement, is described. This study - the largest of its kind in the UK - provides reference ranges for a wide range of CHD risk factors in women in the UK, and gives a unique insight into the impact of a variety of lifestyle-related factors on CHD risk. There is an enormous potential for reducing the very high risk of CHD among women in the UK, which needs to be addressed. Based on these data, health strategies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality from CHD can be planned and implemented more effectively.

Objective: To determine the clinical validity of family history (FH) in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk classification. Methods: The Assessment of Risk of Colon Tumors In Canada case-control dataset was used to develop regression models associating risk factors with CRC in Ontario adults. Two regression models (‘clinically-driven’ based on a previously published tool, and data-driven) examined discrimination between CRC cases and controls, with and without the inclusion of FH as a risk variable. Discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve. Results: For males, with the addition of FH, there were statistically significant yet quantitatively modest improvements in both models (3.7% clinically-driven, 6.8% data-driven). For females, while FH was a statistically significant predictor of CRC status in the data-driven model, the improvement in discrimination was not significant in either model. Conclusion: FH provides very small improvement in model discrimination beyond other standard CRC risk factors.

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) use increases risk of nicotine addiction, impairs brain development, and exposes users to harmful chemicals. Despite these risks, rates of use have been increasing among college student populations. Moreover, family history of addiction (FHA) is a risk factor for substance use disorders. Research has yet to examine the extent FHA has on the risk of ENDS use. The current research examines the effect of FHA on lifetime ENDS use and whether ENDS use is more common in participants with FHA and current alcohol or drug use. Participants (N=2,174) were undergraduates recruited from eight southern universities. Participants were 18 to 24 (Mage=19.25). The sample was 73% female, with the following racial identifications: Caucasian (74.9%), followed by Black/African American (8.8%), Asian (6.7%), multiracial (4.7%), other (3.7%), Middle Eastern (.8%), and American Indian/Alaska Native (.3%). Lifetime ENDS use was measured using the Cigarette and E-Cigarette Use Questionnaire. FHA was measured by participant report of first-degree relatives with a drug or alcohol addiction history. Participant alcohol and drug use were measured via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Fifty-five percent of participants had used ENDS products during their lifetime (Mage of first use=13.16, SD=4.63), and 12.5% of the sample reported FHA. A linear regression examined if FHA corresponded with ENDS use. The results were significant, F(1,2158)=10.37, p=.001, R2=.005. FHA significantly predicted ENDS use, β=-0.069, t(2158)=-3.22, p=.001. A chi-square of independence examined the relation between ENDS use and alcohol intake in individuals who disclosed FHA. A significant relation was found, χ2=(1,N=176)=32.20, pχ2=(1,N=176)=9.49, p=.002, with participants who reported no drug use being more likely to engage in ENDS use (86%), compared to those who did report drug use (14%). The present study’s results documented there was a significant negative relation between FHA and ENDS use, such that participants who reported FHA presented decreased ENDS use. These findings are contrary to the literature that documents increased cigarette use among young adults with FHA. In addition, participants who disclosed FHA and current alcohol intake exhibited increased ENDS use. However, the participants who disclosed FHA and current drug use exhibited decreased ENDS use. Our results suggest that future research should examine the extent at which individuals who engage in drug use focus more on their substance of choice rather than ENDS products, as well as investigate other risk behaviors that could impact lifetime ENDS use among this population.

Thesis advisor: Min Song / The following work is dedicated to my family to bridge the generational, cultural, and nationalistic differences within my first-generation immigrant family. I explore two contentions that have divided my generation from my parents. First, capitalism, including our relations to work and money, and what it means to become, as Ling Ma puts it in her novel Severance, a “person of use.” Additionally, nationalism, through recording my family’s immigration journey and factors that have informed their sense of identity. The contrasting ways in which my family views work and a sense of belonging has represented the conflict between two disparate ideologies: individualism versus collectivism. While the memoir remains the dominant voice, I include threads of research and interviews with my family members. Ultimately, I recognize that these political and personal threads intertwine and shape each other. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: English.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between identity development in late adolescent university students and family history knowledge. The relationship was examined within both the individual developmental and family systems theoretical frameworks. It was proposed that identity development involves achieving personal autonomy from the family of origin and at the same time maintaining positive relatedness to the family of origin. Identity development was examined using exploration, commitment, autonomy, and relatedness as dependent variables. It was proposed that late adolescent's personal exploration of and commitment to roles and values may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. It was also proposed that late adolescent's achievement of personal autonomy and positive family relatedness may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. The sample consisted of 239 university students. The Parental Relationship Inventory (PRI) and the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) measured identity development constructs. The Do You Know? (DYK) scale measured family history knowledge. Multiple regression analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between commitment and family history knowledge and relatedness and family history knowledge, a negative relationship between autonomy and family history knowledge, and a weak correlation between exploration and family history knowledge. Findings indicate family history knowledge may influence components of identity development. This has practical implications for parents and others such as teachers, youth workers, social workers, and youth program designers whose work is directed at enhancing adolescent development.

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Despite there being pragmatic national guidelines for assigning risk to women with a family history of breast cancer, the evidence base is still sparse. There are three major questions: First, how can an assignment of "low" risk be made most efficiently? Second, what are the actual outcomes for higher-risk women enrolled in special surveillance programmes? Third, what are the costs and benefits of current management of members of breast cancer families? My thesis reviews the evolution of clinical services for familial breast cancer and the existing literature in the field. I describe the gathering of information from the service records of the Tayside Breast Cancer Family History Clinic and from specific research exercises that involved collaboration with other centres in the UK and abroad. My findings are as follows: 1. Histories provided by the families are not sufficient to assign risk accurately. They must be extended and verified from other records by clinical geneticists. Women assigned a low risk can be informed by post, but some may require further support. The 2004 NICE guidelines for assigning risk are fairly accurate, but may under-estimate it for some women aged 45--55 years. 2. Annual screening of young women at increased risk results in detection of most cancers at a curable stage. Women who carry BRCA1 mutations fare less well, even when tumours are detected at an apparently early stage. 3. Costs of accurate risk assessment are outweighed by savings from the better targeting of surveillance programmes. Early cancer detection in young women enrolled in these programmes achieves a substantial gain in life expectancy at a cost of £3,700 per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Prophylactic surgery for carriers of BRCA1 mutations is highly cost-effective. The thesis concludes with a discussion as to how these findings might be extended and clinical practice improved in the future.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between history of parental substance abuse and substance use and psychiatric severity measures in a sample of treatment-seeking, pregnant women who meet DSM-IIIR criteria for lifetime opioid and cocaine abuse and/or dependence (N=260). The study examined whether a dose-response relationship was observed between number of parents affected by substance use problems (0, 1, and 2) and degree of women’s substance use and psychiatric severity. Results did not support a dose-response relationship between density of parental problems and substance use and psychiatric severity. However, some differences in severity were seen at different levels and types of parental density. Overall, the present study supports the need to further examine parental history of substance abuse as a potential risk factor for more severe substance use and psychiatric problems. Study findings have important implications for the screening and treatment of substance dependence during pregnancy.