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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Interventional strategies to reduce biological hazards in animal feed

Cochrane, Roger January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Cassandra K. Jones / Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that devastated the United States swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, it was hypothesized that a pellet mill mimicking commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. From the results, it was determined that a conditioning time of 30 sec or greater and temperatures above 54.4°C were effective point-in-time kill steps to inactive PEDV in a research setting. However, this does not prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step. To further explore this, various mitigation additives were evaluated to prevent or mitigate PEDV post-pellet contamination in swine feed and ingredients. Various additives were examined across 3 experiments and included mitigation additives of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), organic acids (OA), essential oils (OA), formaldehyde based products, and sodium bisulfate. From Exp. 1, formaldehyde, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), essential oils (EO), and organic acid (OA) each decreased detectable PEDV RNA compared to the control (P<0.05). Additionally, PEDV stability over time was influenced by matrix as the meat and bone meal and spray-dried animal plasma resulted in a greater (P<0.05) quantity of detectable PEDV RNA over 42 days compared to that of the swine diet and blood meal. In Exp. 2, the 1% MCFA inclusion was equally effective at mitigating PEDV as a commercially available formaldehyde product in the complete swine diet. To further explore the effects of MCFA against PEDV, Exp. 3 was conducted to evaluate lower inclusion levels of MCFA and fat sources containing MCFA. It was noted that formaldehyde, 1% MCFA (1:1:1: of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids), 0.66% caproic, 0.66% caprylic, and 0.66% capric acids enhance the RNA degradation of PEDV in swine feed as determined by a bioassay. The MCFA were also evaluated against Salmonella Typhimurium, Generic Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter coli. It was noted that the efficacy of the MCFA varied between each bacteria species with caproic and caprylic being the most effective. Commercial developmental products were also tested and determined that Product A and B provided the lowest MIC values across Salmonella Typhimurium, Generic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (P < 0.05). Product A and B were further tested in an animal disease trial utilizing a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia. coli O149:K91: K88. From d 7 to 14, chlortetracycline, 1:1:1 blend, and Product B, all improved G:F compared to the control (P<0.05). This also led to chlortetracycline and Product B having an improvement (P<0.05) over the control diet from d 0 to 14. A treatment × day interaction for the enterotoxigenic E. coli plate scores was observed (P < 0.05), which occurred because of the decrease (P<0.05) in plate scores for Product B from d 1 to d 14 and an increase (P<0.05) in chlortetracycline from d 7 to 14. A decrease (P<0.05) in plasma urea nitrogen and haptoglobin was observed as time increased from d -2 to 14. In summary MCFA have shown to be an effect interventional mitigation strategy against PEDV and various bacteria.
2

Grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no terço final de lactação / Soybean crude in feeding of dairy cows in late lactation

Venturelli, Beatriz Conte 16 December 2011 (has links)
O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de inclusão de grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no final de lactação, e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, síntese de proteína microbiana, produção e composição do leite, perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite, concentrações de parâmetros sanguíneos, balanço de energia e nitrogênio, excreção e composição do grão de soja presente nas fezes. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça Holandesa, agrupadas em quatro quadrados latinos balanceados e contemporâneos 4x4, alimentadas com as seguintes rações: 1) Controle (C), composto por ração sem a inclusão de grão de soja; 2) Grão de soja integral 9% (G9), 3) Grão de soja integral 18% (G18), e 4) Grão de soja integral 27% (G27), com a utilização respectivamente, de 9,0, 18,0 e 27% de grão de soja cru e integral na ração, na matéria seca. A produção de leite e o consumo de matéria seca foram mensurados diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas no 16o dia de cada período experimental, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Houve redução no consumo de matéria seca e de carboidratos não fibrosos nas vacas suplementadas com a ração G27 em relação às demais rações, que não diferiram entre si. Foi observado efeito linear crescente no consumo de extrato etéreo, onde os animais submetidos à dieta G27 apresentaram maiores valores. Houve diferença na digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes entre as rações experimentais, sendo que a dieta G18 e G27 apresentaram diminuição da digestibilidade dos carboidratos totais, em relação às dietas C e G9. Não houve efeito das rações utilizadas nos valores de pH ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foi maior para as vacas que receberam a dieta controle em relação às dietas com grão de soja. Entre as rações utilizadas, a ração G27 resultou em redução da produção de leite e de proteína em kg/dia e aumentou os teores de gordura no leite. No perfil de ácidos graxos do leite houve um aumento da quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados e no total de C18:0 saturado com aumento da inclusão de grão de soja. As concentrações de colesterol total e HDL foram maiores para as vacas alimentadas com rações contendo grão de soja em relação à ração controle. As rações utilizadas não influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. O balanço de energia foi influenciado pelas dietas experimentais. Com relação à composição das fezes a dieta G27 apresentou porcentagens maiores de proteína e extrato etéreo, e a excreção de grão de soja nas fezes mostrou efeito linear crescente mesmo que a quantidade kg/dia foi baixa, assim à medida que aumentava os níveis de inclusão aumentava a excreção do grão nas fezes. A utilização de até 27% de grão de soja nas rações apresentou alterações sutis no desempenho produtivo e metabolismo de vacas em lactação, sendo o resultado dependente do nível de grão de soja cru e integral adicionado as rações. / This study was carried to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude soybean in feeding of dairy cows in late lactation on intake and nutrients digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, productive performance, fatty acids profile of milk fat, concentrations of blood parameters, balance of energy and nitrogen and excretion and composition of soybean present in faeces. Sixteen Holstein cows, allocated in four latin squares balanced 4x4, fed with the following diets: 1) Control (C), composed of feed without the inclusion of soybean, 2) Soybean 9% (G9), 3) Soybean 18% (G18), and 4) Soybean 27% (G27), using respectively 9.0, 18.0 and 27% of whole soybean in dry matter. Were evaluated daily milk yield and dry matter intake during throughout the experimental period. The samples used for milk composition analysis were collected on the 16th day of each period, from total milking. Blood samples were collected with vacuolized tubes from coccygeal vein and/or artery. The samples of ruminal fluid were collected with use of esophageal probe three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined use of an internal indicator (ADFi). There was observed a decrease in dry matter intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates in cows fed the G27 ration compared to other diets. The extract ether intake has increased linear effect, where the animals submitted to G27 diet presented higher levels. Not was observing difference in apparent total digestibility of the nutrients, although the digestibility of nonfibrous carbohydrates has a decrease in the animals submitted to G27. No were observed effects of diets used in ruminal pH. The ruminal ammonia concentration was higher for cows that received the control diet compared to diets with soybean. Among the ration G24 resulted in decreased of milk yield and protein (kg/day). The levels of fat were affected by fat sources added to the diet, showing that the soybean as a source of fat does not depress the concentration of fat. Were observe a change of profile the fatty acid of milk fat, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and C18:0 was higher as they increased the inclusion of soybean on diets. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL were higher for cows fed diets containing soybean in relation to the control diet. Also, not were observe effects of diets in microbial protein synthesis. The balance of energy was influenced by experimental diets. The balance of nitrogen not influenced by experimental diets. There excretion of fecal nitrogen was higher for G27 diet. The composition of faeces G27 diet showed larger percentages of protein and fat, and excretion of soybean in the feces showed an increasing linear effect, as well as the increased levels of inclusion of grain increased excretion in the faeces. The use of 27% of soybean in the diet has a subtle alter the productive performance and metabolism in dairy cows.
3

Grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no terço final de lactação / Soybean crude in feeding of dairy cows in late lactation

Beatriz Conte Venturelli 16 December 2011 (has links)
O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de inclusão de grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no final de lactação, e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, síntese de proteína microbiana, produção e composição do leite, perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite, concentrações de parâmetros sanguíneos, balanço de energia e nitrogênio, excreção e composição do grão de soja presente nas fezes. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça Holandesa, agrupadas em quatro quadrados latinos balanceados e contemporâneos 4x4, alimentadas com as seguintes rações: 1) Controle (C), composto por ração sem a inclusão de grão de soja; 2) Grão de soja integral 9% (G9), 3) Grão de soja integral 18% (G18), e 4) Grão de soja integral 27% (G27), com a utilização respectivamente, de 9,0, 18,0 e 27% de grão de soja cru e integral na ração, na matéria seca. A produção de leite e o consumo de matéria seca foram mensurados diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas no 16o dia de cada período experimental, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Houve redução no consumo de matéria seca e de carboidratos não fibrosos nas vacas suplementadas com a ração G27 em relação às demais rações, que não diferiram entre si. Foi observado efeito linear crescente no consumo de extrato etéreo, onde os animais submetidos à dieta G27 apresentaram maiores valores. Houve diferença na digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes entre as rações experimentais, sendo que a dieta G18 e G27 apresentaram diminuição da digestibilidade dos carboidratos totais, em relação às dietas C e G9. Não houve efeito das rações utilizadas nos valores de pH ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foi maior para as vacas que receberam a dieta controle em relação às dietas com grão de soja. Entre as rações utilizadas, a ração G27 resultou em redução da produção de leite e de proteína em kg/dia e aumentou os teores de gordura no leite. No perfil de ácidos graxos do leite houve um aumento da quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados e no total de C18:0 saturado com aumento da inclusão de grão de soja. As concentrações de colesterol total e HDL foram maiores para as vacas alimentadas com rações contendo grão de soja em relação à ração controle. As rações utilizadas não influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. O balanço de energia foi influenciado pelas dietas experimentais. Com relação à composição das fezes a dieta G27 apresentou porcentagens maiores de proteína e extrato etéreo, e a excreção de grão de soja nas fezes mostrou efeito linear crescente mesmo que a quantidade kg/dia foi baixa, assim à medida que aumentava os níveis de inclusão aumentava a excreção do grão nas fezes. A utilização de até 27% de grão de soja nas rações apresentou alterações sutis no desempenho produtivo e metabolismo de vacas em lactação, sendo o resultado dependente do nível de grão de soja cru e integral adicionado as rações. / This study was carried to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude soybean in feeding of dairy cows in late lactation on intake and nutrients digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, productive performance, fatty acids profile of milk fat, concentrations of blood parameters, balance of energy and nitrogen and excretion and composition of soybean present in faeces. Sixteen Holstein cows, allocated in four latin squares balanced 4x4, fed with the following diets: 1) Control (C), composed of feed without the inclusion of soybean, 2) Soybean 9% (G9), 3) Soybean 18% (G18), and 4) Soybean 27% (G27), using respectively 9.0, 18.0 and 27% of whole soybean in dry matter. Were evaluated daily milk yield and dry matter intake during throughout the experimental period. The samples used for milk composition analysis were collected on the 16th day of each period, from total milking. Blood samples were collected with vacuolized tubes from coccygeal vein and/or artery. The samples of ruminal fluid were collected with use of esophageal probe three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined use of an internal indicator (ADFi). There was observed a decrease in dry matter intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates in cows fed the G27 ration compared to other diets. The extract ether intake has increased linear effect, where the animals submitted to G27 diet presented higher levels. Not was observing difference in apparent total digestibility of the nutrients, although the digestibility of nonfibrous carbohydrates has a decrease in the animals submitted to G27. No were observed effects of diets used in ruminal pH. The ruminal ammonia concentration was higher for cows that received the control diet compared to diets with soybean. Among the ration G24 resulted in decreased of milk yield and protein (kg/day). The levels of fat were affected by fat sources added to the diet, showing that the soybean as a source of fat does not depress the concentration of fat. Were observe a change of profile the fatty acid of milk fat, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and C18:0 was higher as they increased the inclusion of soybean on diets. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL were higher for cows fed diets containing soybean in relation to the control diet. Also, not were observe effects of diets in microbial protein synthesis. The balance of energy was influenced by experimental diets. The balance of nitrogen not influenced by experimental diets. There excretion of fecal nitrogen was higher for G27 diet. The composition of faeces G27 diet showed larger percentages of protein and fat, and excretion of soybean in the feces showed an increasing linear effect, as well as the increased levels of inclusion of grain increased excretion in the faeces. The use of 27% of soybean in the diet has a subtle alter the productive performance and metabolism in dairy cows.

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