Orientadora: Lúcia Galvão de Albuquerque / Banca: Cláudio de Ulhôa Magnabosco / Banca: Maurício Mello de Alencar / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os fatores genéticos e ambientais que afetam as características de carcaça, área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG), e espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGP8), quantificadas por meio do ultra-som em bovinos da raça Nelore. Além disso, verificar as possíveis associações genéticas entre as características de carcaça, e dessas com peso, circunferência escrotal, padronizados aos 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365 e CE365), 450 (P450 e CE450) e 550 (P550 e CE550) dias de idade e altura do posterior (ALT). O banco de dados foi composto por cerca de 22.778 animais machos e fêmeas, dos quais, aproximadamente 2.590 continham medidas de características de carcaça e ALT coletadas entre os anos de 2002 e 2004, com idades entre 450 e 599 dias, provenientes de dez fazendas de seis estados brasileiros. Para o estudo dos efeitos de ambiente sobre as características de carcaça, foi utilizada a metodologia dos quadrados mínimos, empregando-se modelos fixos, considerando os efeitos de fazenda, ano (AN) e estação de nascimento, sexo, manejo alimentar, e as covariáveis idade da vaca ao parto (IVP - efeitos linear e quadrático) e idade do animal (efeitos linear e quadrático para a AOL e linear para a EG e EGP8). Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados em análises uni, bi e tri-caracteres utilizando máxima verossimilhança restrita. Todos os fatores de ambiente afetaram significativamente as características de carcaça, com exceção do AN que não influenciou EG e EGP8 e da IVP que não afetou AOL, de forma significativa. As estimativas de herdabilidade para AOL, EG e EGP8 foram de 0,29 ± 0,07, 0,50 ± 0,09 e 0,39 ± 0,08, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que as características de carcaça possuem alta variabilidade genética, podendo ser incluídas em programas de melhoramento genético... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the genetic and environmental factors that affect carcass traits, longissimus muscle area (ULMA) backfat thickness (UBF) and rump fat thickness (URF) quantified using real-time ultrasound in Nellore cattle. Besides verifying the possible genetic associations among those traits and of those with weight and scrotal circumference standardized to 102 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365 and SC365), 450 (W450 and SC450), and 550 (W550 and SC550) days of age and hip height (HH) on scan date. The data set was composed close to 22,778 male and female animals, of which, approximately 2,590 contained measures of carcass traits and HH collected between 2002 and 2004, with ages between 450 and 599 days and distributed on ten farms across six Brazilian states. The Least Squares methods was used to study the effect of environment on carcass traits, using a fixed model, considering farm, year and season of birth (YB and SB), sex and type of feed, besides the covariates, age of dam (AOD - linear and quadratic effects) and age of animal at measurement (linear and quadratic effects for ULMA and linear for UBF and URF). The genetic parameters were estimated in one, two and three-traits analyses, using restricted maximum likelihood. All environmental factors significantly affected carcass traits, with the exception of YB for UBF and URF and AOD for ULMA. The heritability estimates for ULMA, UBF and URF were respectively 0.29 ± 0.07, 0.50 ± 0.09 and 0.39 ± 0.08. These estimates indicate that carcass traits have high genetic variability, might be include beef improvement programs and should respond on individual selection quickly. The genetic correlations suggest that genetic progress may be achieved without producing antagonistic effects on weight and scrotal circumference. The selection for HH would likely produce animals that are late-maturing, in terms of carcass fat deposition. / Mestre

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T19:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ligia da Cunha Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1675032 bytes, checksum: abbce36de279a092b9f81566a296fbc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T19:45:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ligia da Cunha Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1675032 bytes, checksum: abbce36de279a092b9f81566a296fbc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-20T19:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ligia da Cunha Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1675032 bytes, checksum: abbce36de279a092b9f81566a296fbc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Genetic selection of animals with potential for improved carcass and meat quality is a strategy that should be employed in Brazilian livestock. The country occupies a prominent position in global agribusiness, possessing the largest commercial cattle herd in the world and being one of the largest exporters of beef. However, Brazilian beef is classified as medium to low quality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass and beef in Polled Nellore belonging to a segregating population selected for meat tenderness. There were 68 male animals, with age average six months and initial weights 215.5 kg. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a minimum weight of 500 kg and 5 millimeters of fat backfat, forming groups of 17 or 18 animals of each slaughter. The slaughter occurred in a commercial slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection (SIF 431). The experimental design was a randomized block design with two treatment types (low and high WBSF). Data were subjected to an analysis of variance using the GLM procedure in SAS. The treatment means were compared by the Duncan test at 5% significance. Sensory analyses were submitted to the NPAR1WAY procedure, and means were compared by the non-parametric Kruskal- Wallis test. There weren’t significant differences for the carcasses characteristics evaluated. The shear force was high for animals with high WBSF analyzed in both methods (1.55 kgf and 2.48 kgf texturometer Warner Bratzler). The high group WBSF had a value of 5.99 for pH, higher than the low group WBSF, which showed a pH of 6.36. The animals of the low WBSF group had lower cooking losses, 18.1% and higher water retention capacity of 77.01%. It is suggested that these differences may have been due to the high pH value observed for animals in this group. Color parameters were better for animals with high WBSF. In the sensory panel, the animals with low WBSF were better for both, tenderness (8.38 vs. 5.01) and juiciness (6.12 vs. 5.26), compared to the high WBSF group. The two groups did not differ in carcass characteristics, but animals with low WBSF produced superior beef according to objective and taste panel evaluations. Genetic selection for meat tenderness didn’t influence carcass characteristics, but was effective / A seleção genética de animais com potencial para produção de carcaça e carne de melhor qualidade é uma estratégia que deve ser mais adotada pela pecuária brasileira. O país ocupa posição de destaque no agronegócio mundial, detentor do maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo, e um dos maiores exportadores de carne bovina, no entanto, a carne brasileira é tida como de média a baixa qualidade. Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de bovinos Nelore Mocho, pertencentes a uma população segregante selecionada para maciez da carne. Foram utilizados 68 animais machos inteiros sendo 27 deles pertencentes ao grupo de baixo WBSF (força de cisalhamento <3,5 kgf) e 41 pertencentes ao grupo de alto WBSF (força de cisalhamento >3,5 kgf). A idade e peso inicial dos animais foram, em média de seis meses e 215,5 kg, respectivamente. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso mínimo de 500 kg e cinco milímetros de espessura de gordura, formando grupos com 17 ou 18 animais por abate. O abate ocorreu em frigorifico comercial sob Inspeção Federal (SIF 431). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos (baixo e alto WBSF). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o procedimento GLM, disponibilizados no programa estatístico SAS. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5% de significância. As análises sensoriais foram submetidas ao procedimento NPAR1WAY, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Não houve diferença significativa para as características de carcaça avaliadas. A força de cisalhamento foi menor para os animais de baixo WBSF nos dois métodos analisados (1,55 kgf no texturômetro e 2,48 kgf no Warner Bratzler). O grupo de alto WBSF apresentou valor médio de 5,99 para pH, sendo superior ao grupo baixo WBSF, que apresentou pH de 6,36 em média. A carne dos animais de baixo WBSF apresentam menores perdas por cocção (18,1%) e maior capacidade de retenção de água (77,01%), sugere-se que essas diferenças possam ter sido devido ao alto valor de pH observado para os bovinos deste grupo. Os parâmetros de cor foram superiores para os animais de alto WBSF. No painel sensorial, a carne dos animais de baixo WBSF foram superiores, tanto para a característica de maciez (8,38 vs. 5,01) como para suculência (6,12 vs. 5,26), em relação ao grupo alto WBSF. Os dois grupos não diferiram em relação às características de carcaça, mas a carne dos animais de baixo WBSF apresentaram superioridade para as características de qualidade medidas objetivamente pelo painel sensorial. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que a seleção genética para maciez da carne não influenciou nas características de carcaça, mas foi eficiente na melhoria das características de qualidade da carne proveniente de bovinos da raça Nelore.

The instrument grading assessments for the NBQA-2011 evaluated seasonal trends of beef carcass quality and yield attributes over the course of the year. One week of instrument grading data—HCW, gender, USDA QG, and YG factors—were collected every other month (n = 2,427,074 carcasses) over a 13-month period (November 2010 through November 2011) from four beef processing corporations, encompassing 17 federally inspected beef processing facilities, to create an overview of carcass quality and yield attributes and trends from carcasses representing approximately 8.5% of the U.S. fed steer and heifer population. Mean yield traits were: YG (2.86), HCW (371.3 kg), FT (1.19 cm.), and LM area (88.39 cm^2). The YG distribution was YG 1 (15.7%), YG 2 (41.0%), YG 3 (33.8%), YG 4 (8.5%), and YG 5 (0.9%). Distribution of HCW was <272.2 kg (1.6%), 272.2 kg to 453.6 kg (95.1%), ≥453.6 kg (3.3%). Monthly HCW means were: November 2010 (381.3 kg), January 2011 (375.9 kg), March 2011 (366.2 kg), May 2011 (357.9 kg), July 2011 (372.54 kg), September 2011 (376.1 kg), and November 2011 (373.5 kg). The mean FT for each month was November 2010 (1.30 cm), January 2011 (1.22 cm), March 2011 (1.17 cm), May 2011 (1.12 cm), July 2011 (1.19 cm), September 2011 (1.22 cm), and November 2011 (1.22 cm). The mean marbling score was Small49. USDA QG distribution was Prime (2.7%), Top Choice (22.9%), Commodity Choice (38.6%), and Select (31.5%). Interestingly, from November to May, seasonal decreases (P < 0.001) in HCW and FT were accompanied by increases (P < 0.001) in marbling. These data present the opportunity to further investigate the entire array of factors that determine the value of beef. Datasets utilizing the online collection of electronic data will likely be more commonly used when evaluating the U.S. fed steer and heifer population in future studies. These data indicate the wide array of carcasses produced by the beef cattle industry, and how the frequency of both YG and QG traits change from month-to-month.

Le diabète de type 2 (DbT2) est une maladie chronique caractérisée par des taux sanguins élevés de glucose pouvant engendrer de multiples complications, sources de morbidité et mortalité importantes. De façon alarmante, la prévalence mondiale est en augmentation due en grande partie au vieillissement de la population et à l’adoption d’habitudes de vie (HDV) malsaines. La sédentarité et la mauvaise qualité alimentaire sont à la base d’une épidémie d’obésité qui joue un rôle crucial dans la pathogénèse du DbT2. La modification des HDV en visant une balance calorique négative demeure un traitement primordial dans la prise en charge de cette maladie. Toutefois, il persiste un doute par rapport à la thérapie à privilégier entre une restriction calorique (RC) ou une combinaison d’une thérapie à base de RC et d’activité physique (AP), afin de favoriser une perte de masse grasse et de gras épicardique. Ce dernier représente le gras viscéral du cœur et est un marqueur émergent qui pourrait aider dans la stratification du risque cardiovasculaire. Le but général de ce mémoire est de caractériser les effets indépendants de la RC et de l’AP sur le gras total, le gras épicardique et le profil cardiométabolique des personnes atteintes de DbT2. Pour ce faire, une étude randomisée contrôlée de 16 semaines fut menée avec 73 patients répartis en 3 groupes de randomisation (Contrôle, RC, RC+AP) en visant un déficit calorique similaire dans les 2 groupes d’intervention. Les résultats ont démontré que la combinaison RC+AP favorise une réduction plus significative de la masse grasse totale et de l’épaisseur du gras épicardique. Toutefois, il n’y a pas eu d’amélioration additionnelle du profil cardiométabolique. Ces résultats doivent maintenant être validés dans de plus grosses études. / Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar that can lead to many complications with potential morbid outcomes. Alarmingly, the worldwide prevalence is increasing at a high rate mainly du to aging and harmful lifestyle habits. In fact, inactivity and poor food choices are at the heart of an obesity epidemic that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Lifestyle modifications thus play an important role in patient care. However, it remains uncertain which therapy between a caloric restriction (CR) alone or a combination of CR plus physical activity (PA) should be encouraged to achieve better reduction in fat mass and in epicardial fat thickness. The latter represents the visceral fat depot of the heart and is emerging as an important marker for predicting and stratifying cardiovascular risk. The objective of this Master’s thesis is to better characterize the independent effects of CR and PA on total fat mass, epicardial fat, and overall cardiometabolic profile of patients with T2D. To achieve this, a randomized controlled 16-week trial was performed, with 73 patients randomized to 1 of 3 groups (Control, CR, or CR+PA), while aiming for a similar caloric deficit in both intervention groups. Results showed that the combination of CR+PA allows a larger reduction of fat mass and epicardial fat thickness. However, these findings did not translate into significant differences in cardiometabolic improvements between groups. These results now need to be validated in larger cohorts with longer follow-ups.

<p>Испитивање повезаности особина из перформанс теста назимица са<br />величином легла крмача, обављено је на седам генотипова животиња (чистих<br />раса: дански ландрас, холандски ландрас, немачки ландрас, шведски ландрас и<br />велики јоркшир и програмских мелеза: мелеза чија је мајка ландрас и мелеза чија<br />је мајка велики јоркшир).<br />Фенотипска повезаност особина из перформанс теста (ектеријер, маса на<br />крају теста, старост на крају теста, дневни прираст у тесту, дебљина сланине<br />у слабинском делу, дебљина сланине у леђном делу, дубина МЛД-а, број легла,<br />приплодна вредност назимица процењена селекцијским индексом и проценат меса<br />у трупу) и два основна репродуктивна параметра (број живорођене прасади и број<br />залучене прасади), статистички је анализирана софтверским пакетом &bdquo;Статистика<br />13&ldquo; и &bdquo;SPSS верзија 23&ldquo;. Испитано је постојање/непостојање утицаја сваке<br />појединaчне особине из перформанс теста на репродуктивне особине<br />Није утврђена општа повезаност свих особина перформанс теста и<br />репродуктивних особина<br />Анализиране особине показале су велику зависност од генотипа<br />испитиваних животиња.</p> / <p>Ispitivanje povezanosti osobina iz performans testa nazimica sa<br />veličinom legla krmača, obavljeno je na sedam genotipova životinja (čistih<br />rasa: danski landras, holandski landras, nemački landras, švedski landras i<br />veliki jorkšir i programskih meleza: meleza čija je majka landras i meleza čija<br />je majka veliki jorkšir).<br />Fenotipska povezanost osobina iz performans testa (ekterijer, masa na<br />kraju testa, starost na kraju testa, dnevni prirast u testu, debljina slanine<br />u slabinskom delu, debljina slanine u leđnom delu, dubina MLD-a, broj legla,<br />priplodna vrednost nazimica procenjena selekcijskim indeksom i procenat mesa<br />u trupu) i dva osnovna reproduktivna parametra (broj živorođene prasadi i broj<br />zalučene prasadi), statistički je analizirana softverskim paketom &bdquo;Statistika<br />13&ldquo; i &bdquo;SPSS verzija 23&ldquo;. Ispitano je postojanje/nepostojanje uticaja svake<br />pojedinačne osobine iz performans testa na reproduktivne osobine<br />Nije utvrđena opšta povezanost svih osobina performans testa i<br />reproduktivnih osobina<br />Analizirane osobine pokazale su veliku zavisnost od genotipa<br />ispitivanih životinja.</p>