Rhesus macaques are a widely used animal model of human diseases and related immune responses. Fc receptors (FcRs) mediate the interaction between antibody molecules and innate killing mechanisms, consequently eliminating the pathogen. In rhesus macaques, FcRs are highly polymorphic. To evaluate the potential influence of FcgR polymorphisms on the interaction with antibody molecules, we performed in silico analysis using SIFT, Provean, nsSNPAnalyzer, I-Mutant, MuSTAB and iPTREE-STAB web servers. V20G in FcγRI, I137K in FcγRII and I233V in FcγRIII were further analyzed structurally using FOLD-X, AMMP and Chimera to calculate changes in folding and interaction energy and for structure visualization. Results from our analysis suggest that the selected variations destabilize protein structure. Additionally, Q32R increases the binding affinity of FcγRI, whereas A131T decreases the binding affinity of FcγRII towards IgG1. Together, our results indicate that these substitutions might influence effector and regulatory mechanisms resulting from antibody/FcR interactions.

Les Thrombopénies Induites par l’Héparine (TIH) sont une complication sévère des traitements par l’héparine dues à des IgG qui ciblent le facteur plaquettaire 4 modifié par l’héparine (FP4/H) et induisent une activation cellulaire via FcγRIIA, conduisant à des complications thrombotiques. Nous avons caractérisé 5B9, IgG1 monoclonale chimérique anti-FP4/H mimant parfaitement les anticorps de TIH et qui est donc un excellent outil pour étudier la physiopathologie des TIH. La pathogénicité des anticorps (Ac) de TIH implique leur fixation aux FcγR. Nous avons montré que le clivage de la région charnière des IgG de TIH par IdeS inhibe ces interactions IgG-FcγR et supprime la pathogénicité des Ac. Nous avons aussi construit un Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) antithrombotique, en bioconjuguant le tirofiban (inhibiteur de l’agrégation plaquettaire) et 5B9 déglycosylé grâce à un linker clivable par la thrombine, protéase générée en excès lors d’une TIH. / Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare but severe complication of heparin treatments. HIT is due to IgG antibodies specific to platelet factor 4 modified by heparin (PF4/H), which activate blood cells, (especially platelets) after binding to FcγRIIA, this process explaining frequent thrombotic complications. We characterized 5B9, a chimeric IgG1 targeting PF4/H and which fully mimics human HIT antibodies. Therefore, 5B9 is a perfect tool for studying the physiopathology of HIT. IgG antibodies to PF4/H are pathogenic by interacting with FcγR. In this regard, we showed that cleavage by IdeS, a bacterial protease, of the hinge of anti-PF4/H IgG, fully suppressed their pathogenicity. Furthermore, we designed an antithrombotic Antibody-Drug Conjugate that combined tirofiban, a GPIIbIIIa inhibitor with deglycosylated 5B9 using a thrombin cleavable linker.

Antibodies passively administered together with their specific antigen can enhance or suppress the specific antibody response. This phenomenon is known as antibody feedback regulation. Whether this modulation causes up- or downregulation of the antibody response depends both on the antibody isotype and the antigen used. IgG antibodies passively administered together with particulate antigens, e.g. erythrocytes, can completely prevent the induction of an antibody response to the antigen. The suppressive capacity of IgG has been routinely used in the clinic since the 1960’s in RhD-prophylaxis to prevent hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Although studied for decades, the underlying mechanism of IgG-suppression has remained elusive. The main focus of this thesis has been to elucidate the mechanism behind IgG-suppression of antibody responses in vivo in mouse models using intravenous immunization with specific IgG together with native or haptenated sheep red blood cells, SRBC. We show that IgG-suppression of IgM and long-term serum IgG-responses operates independently of activating FcγRI, III, IV, or the inhibitory FcγRIIB, thus confirming and extending previous findings. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that C1q, C3 and CR1/2 are dispensable for IgG-suppression of antibody responses. These findings strongly argue against the involvement of Fc-dependent mechanisms as the explanation for IgG-suppression. Interestingly, GC formation occurs in IgG-suppressed mice although the antibody response to surface SRBC epitopes are completely suppressed. The data suggests that these GCs develop in response to intracellular SRBC epitopes as well as to the passively administered suppressive IgG. Moreover, we demonstrate that passively administered IgG suppresses several parameters of an antibody/B cell response including antigen specific GC and non-GC B cells, extra-follicular antibody secreting cells, long-lived plasma cells and induction of immunological memory. Before the onset of the present study, two mechanisms appeared compatible with the majority of experimental findings: IgG-mediated antigen clearance and epitope masking. Herein we show that the contribution of IgG-mediated antigen clearance is negligible and that suppression of IgG-responses is strictly epitope specific. This provides compelling evidence that a very important mechanism underlying IgG-suppression is epitope masking.