Sources of fecal pollution were evaluated as a function of sampling frequency with stream samples from Mill Creek, Montgomery County, VA. Samples were collected monthly for one year, plus weekly for four consecutive weeks during seasonal high flows (March), and seasonal low flows (September-October), plus daily for seven consecutive days within the weekly schedules. Thirty stream samples were collected from each of two sites (60 total) in Mill Creek, and 48 isolates of E. coli per sample (total of 2,880 stream isolates) were classified by source using antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and comparing the resulting patterns against a known-source E. coli library (1,158 isolates). The same process was performed with enterococci isolates against an enterococci library (1,182 isolates). The average rate of correct classification (ARCC) for the E. coli library with a three-way split (human, livestock, and wildlife) was 89.0%, and the ARCC of the species-specific E. coli library (cattle, deer, goose, human, misc. wildlife) was 88.9%. The ARCC of the enterococci library with a three-way split was 85.3%, and the ARCC of the species-specific enterococci library was 88.1%. The results did not justify the need for daily or weekly sampling, but indicated that monthly was adequate (quarterly and every-other-month were not). There was a seasonal effect as the human signature was highest during high flow while the livestock signature dominated during low flow. The results also indicated that sampling should be done over a period of time that includes both seasonal wettest and driest periods (at least 8 months). / Ph. D.

This project involves developing and applying bacterial source tracking (BST) methodology to determine sources of fecal pollution in water for a rural community (Millwood, VA). Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) is the primary BST method for fecal source identification, followed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for confirmation. Millwood consists of 66 homes, all served by individual septic systems, and a stream (Spout Run) passes through the center of the community. Spout Run drains a 5,800 ha karst topography watershed that includes large populations of livestock and wildlife. Stream and well samples were collected monthly and analyzed for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, starting in 5/99 and ending in 5/00. Twelve percent of the well samples and 92% of the stream samples were positive for fecal coliforms, and 26% of the stream samples exceeded the recreational water standard (1,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml). ARA of fecal streptococci recovered from the stream samples indicated that isolates of human origin appeared throughout the stream as the stream passed through Millwood with a yearly average of (approx. 10% human, 30% wildlife, and 63% livestock), and the percent human origin isolates declined downstream from Millwood. These results were obtained by comparing the antibiotic resistance profiles of stream isolates against a library of 1,174 known source isolates with correct classification rates of 94.6% for human isolates, 93.7% for livestock isolates, and 87.8% for wildlife isolates. There is a human signature in Spout Run, but it is small compared to the proportion of isolates from livestock and wildlife. The sporadic instances where well water samples were positive appeared primarily during very dry periods. Restricting livestock access to streams can dramatically lower fecal coliform counts during the unusually hot and dry periods. Reducing FC counts to below recreational water standards for Virginia (1000 per 100ml for any one sample) may be achievable, however to maintain streams below standards may prove to be difficult, as Spout Run is in an area where there are large populations of Canada geese, deer, and other wildlife, and will be hard to restrict these animals. / Master of Science

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

Bacterial source tracking (BST) methods often involve the use of phenotypic or genotypic fingerprinting techniques to compare indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli isolated from unknown sources against a library of fingerprints from indicator bacteria found in the feces of various known source animals. The predictive capability of a library is based in part on how well the library isolates reflect the true population diversity of indicator bacteria that can potentially impact a water body. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavior of E. coli population structures in the feces of humans, beef cattle and horses across different parameters. Ribotyping and antibiotic resistance analysis were used to "fingerprint", or subtype E. coli isolates. Significantly greater diversity was observed in the E. coli population of horses compared to the human or beef cattle sampled. Subtype sharing between individuals from all host categories was infrequent, therefore the majority of E. coli subtypes were sampled from a single individual. The dominant E. coli populations of nine individuals (three per host source category) were monitored over time, which demonstrated that E. coli subtypes within a host individual vary on a monthly time frame, and an increase in the frequency of subtype sharing was noted between individuals within the same source group over time. The E. coli population of a single human that had just finished antibiotic treatment was studied on a daily basis for one month. The loss of an E. coli subtype with high antibiotic resistance was observed over time, however there was a single dominant E. coli subtype that was present at every sampling event during the entire month. Geographic distinctiveness of E. coli populations was investigated by sampling four herds located in different geographical regions. We observed that E. coli populations are not geographically distinct, but are somewhat individual-specific, as most E. coli isolates had a subtype that was found in a single individual. This study defines factors that should be considered when constructing a successful BST library, and suggests that E. coli may not be the appropriate indicator organism for BST.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 117 pages. / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Bacterial source tracking (BST) methods often involve the use of phenotypic or genotypic fingerprinting techniques to compare indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli isolated from unknown sources against a library of fingerprints from indicator bacteria found in the feces of various known source animals. The predictive capability of a library is based in part on how well the library isolates reflect the true population diversity of indicator bacteria that can potentially impact a water body. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavior of E. coli population structures in the feces of humans, beef cattle and horses across different parameters. Ribotyping and antibiotic resistance analysis were used to "fingerprint", or subtype E. coli isolates. Significantly greater diversity was observed in the E. coli population of horses compared to the human or beef cattle sampled. / ABSTRACT: Subtype sharing between individuals from all host categories was infrequent, therefore the majority of E. coli subtypes were sampled from a single individual. The dominant E. coli populations of nine individuals (three per host source category) were monitored over time, which demonstrated that E. coli subtypes within a host individual vary on a monthly time frame, and an increase in the frequency of subtype sharing was noted between individuals within the same source group over time. The E. coli population of a single human that had just finished antibiotic treatment was studied on a daily basis for one month. The loss of an E. coli subtype with high antibiotic resistance was observed over time, however there was a single dominant E. coli subtype that was present at every sampling event during the entire month. Geographic distinctiveness of E. coli populations was investigated by sampling four herds located in different geographical regions. We observed that E. / ABSTRACT: coli populations are not geographically distinct, but are somewhat individual-specific, as most E. coli isolates had a subtype that was found in a single individual. This study defines factors that should be considered when constructing a successful BST library, and suggests that E. coli may not be the appropriate indicator organism for BST. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Submitted by THAYSSA DUARTE COSTA null (thayssadc@uol.com.br) on 2016-03-14T20:30:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 definitivo.pdf: 1376505 bytes, checksum: 3ea1cff27dcacca6fb6d638b154c38c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T13:25:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_td_me_jabo.pdf: 1376505 bytes, checksum: 3ea1cff27dcacca6fb6d638b154c38c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T13:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_td_me_jabo.pdf: 1376505 bytes, checksum: 3ea1cff27dcacca6fb6d638b154c38c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A criação racional de peixes desempenha um importante papel na economia brasileira e a existência de áreas de lazer para a população acaba promovendo a pesca como uma atividade esportiva, recreativa ou de caráter cultural para a região. Porém, as negligências sanitárias nos pesque-pague aumenta a possibilidade de veiculação de doenças transmitidas pela ingestão desses peixes. Há ainda a preocupação quanto aos antimicrobianos, pois o uso indiscriminado e/ou errôneo destes favorece a seleção de micro-organismos resistentes. Com base nos fatos mencionados o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e verificar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados de tilápia (Oreochromis spp.) oriundas de pesqueiros da microrregião centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto, verificou-se o atendimento as exigências microbiológicas da legislação vigente - RDC n°12/ANVISA - para pescado fresco (peixe inteiro e filés), além da enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes e verificação da presença de Listeria spp., bem como avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados. Foram realizadas nove colheitas, quinzenalmente, em dois pesque-pague (Azul e Vermelho) e após o abate e filetagem no próprio estabelecimento, os 18 peixes inteiros e os 18 filés foram transportados para o laboratório para análises, durante o período de setembro/2014 a fevereiro/2015. Os resultados mostraram que, de acordo com a legislação vigente, apenas 11 (30,55%) amostras atendem ao estabelecido, sendo as amostras de filé apenas 4 (22,23%) obtidas do pesque-pague Azul e 3 (16,67%) do Vermelho seriam consideradas próprias para o consumo; já para amostras de peixe inteiro, nenhuma do pesque pague Azul estava apta para o consumo e do pesque-pague Vermelho 4 (22,23%) estariam aptas. O número mais provável de coliformes termotolerantes variou de <0,3x10(0) a 1,1x10(3) NMP.g(-1) nos filés e 0,9x10(0) a >1,1x10(3) NMP.mL(-1) nos peixes inteiros. Foram encontrados nas amostras 13 (36,12%) isolados de Listeria spp., sendo 6 (46,15%) dos filés e 7 (53,85%) dos peixes inteiros; e a confirmação da presença de Listeria monocytogenes ocorreu em 2 (15,38%) filés e 3 (23,07%) peixes inteiros. Dos cinco antibióticos testados em comum com o grupo de isolados estudados, a ciprofloxacina e a gentamicina se destacaram no controle dos Gram-negativos, enquanto que a ciprofloxacina, o florfenicol e a tetraciclina se destacaram nos Gram-positivos. Os dados levantados servem de alerta às autoridades, visto que houve a presença de micro-organismos cotados pela legislação e presença de patógenos nas amostras, além de resistência a antimicrobianos usados tanto na veterinária quanto na medicina humana, demonstrando necessidade de fiscalização nos locais. / The creation of fish plays an important role in the brazilian economy and the existence of recreational areas for the population ends up promoting fishing as a sport activity, recreational or cultural character to the region. However, health oversights in fish-pay increases the possibility of airing of diseases transmitted by ingestion of these fish. On the basis of the facts mentioned, this study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and check the profile of antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated from tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from fishing grounds of east-central microregion of the State of São Paulo in Brazil. For both, it was found the microbiological requirements of care legislation - RDC n° 12 ANVISA - for fresh fish (whole fish and fillets), in addition to the enumeration of coliforms termotolerantes and checking for the presence of Listeria spp., as well as assess the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated. Nine crops were held, biweekly, in two fish-pay (Blue and Red) and after slaughter and filleting at the establishment, the 18 whole fish and fillets 18 were transported to the laboratory for analysis during the period of setembro/2014 since fevereiro/2015. The results showed that, in accordance with the current legislation, only 11 (30.55%) samples meet the established, being the only fillet samples 4 (22.23%) obtained from Blue fish-pay and 3 (16.67%) of Red would be considered fit for consumption; to whole fish samples, none of the net pay was fit for consumption Blue and the Red fish-pay 4 (22.23%) would be suitable. The most probable number of coliform termotolerantes ranged from <0,3x10(0) to 1,1x10(3) MNP.g(-1) in fillets and 0,9x10(0) to >1,1x10(3) NMP.mL(-1) in the whole fish. Were found in samples 13 (36.12%) isolates of Listeria spp., being 6 (46.15%) of fillets and 7 (53.85%) of whole fish; and the confirmation of the presence of Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 2 (15.38%) fillets and whole fish 3 (23.07%). Of the five antibiotics tested in common with the group of isolates studied, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin stood out in the control of Gram-negative, while the ciprofloxacin, florfenicol and tetracycline have excelled in Gram-positives. The data collected serve to alert the authorities, since the presence of micro-organisms listed by the law, and the presence of pathogens in samples, in addition to antimicrobial resistance used in veterinary medicine as in human medicine, demonstrating the need for monitoring in places.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 drubi_aj_me_jabo.pdf: 226658 bytes, checksum: d4452fb0ea178bd72151b90b192941f4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de matérias-primas alimentícias de origem animal na região de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Para tal foram utilizados três tipos de amostras: carne, queijo e frango, perfazendo respectivamente um total de 34, 38 e 25 amostras. Os resultados obtidos das análises microbiológicas para carne apresentaram ausência de Salmonella sp e valores abaixo do padrão permitido para coliformes fecais. Nas amostras de frango observou-se a ausência de Salmonella sp, e os agentes Staphylococcus sp e Clostrídios apresentaram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Do total de 38 amostras de queijo analisadas, foram encontradas nove (24,0%) com a presença de coliformes fecais acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Os principais gêneros ou espécies encontrados com maior freqüência nestas amostras foram Escherichia coli (44,4%), seguidas por Klebsiella sp (22,2%), Enterobacter sp (11,1%), Proteus sp (11,1%) e Citrobacter sp (11,1%). Nenhuma das quatro cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas apresentaram aglutinação com os soros polivalentes A, B e C e respectivos monovalentes das espécies EPEC (Escherichia coli enteropatogênica). Os níveis de Staphylococcus sp encontrados ficaram dentro dos valores permitidos e Salmonella sp não foi detectada. Nas amostras de queijo foi realizado teste de sensibilidade utilizando-se o método de difusão em ágar com discos impregnados de antimicrobianos. Foram utilizadas as seguintes drogas: gentamicina, amicacina, sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, ceftriaxona, aztreonam, ampicilina e cefalotina para as cepas de Escherichia coli. Os resultados revelaram que as cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas foram resistentes a diversos antimicrobianos, destacando-se 50,0% para sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 25,0% para o antibiótico aztreonama e 25,0% para cefalotina e ampicilina... . / The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiology quality of the alimentary raw material of animal origin in the region of Ribeirão Preto. For such they were utilized three kinds of samples: meat, cheese and chicken, making up respectively a gross one of 34, 38 and 25 samples. The results obtained from the microbiological analyses for meat presented absence of Salmonella sp and down the values of the standard permitted for fecal coliforms. In the samples of chicken observed absence of Salmonella sp, and the agents Staphylococcus sp and Clostridium, presented itself inside the limits established by the Health Department. Of the gross one of 38 samples of cheese analyzed, were found nine (24,0%) with the presence of fecais coliforms above of the limits established by the force legislation. The main kinds or species met frequently in these samples were, Escherichia coli (44,4%), followed by Klebsiella sp (22,2%), Enterobacter sp (11,1%), Proteus sp (11,1%) and Citrobacter sp (11,1%). None of the four lineages of isolated Escherichia coli presented agglutination with the multivalence serum A, B and C and respective monovalence from the species EPEC (Escherichia coli enteropatogênica). The levels of Staphylococcus sp founded stayed inside the values permitted and Salmonella sp was not detected. In the samples of cheese was carried out sensibility test utilizing the approach of diffusion in ágar with disks impregnated of antimicrobes. They were utilized the following drugs: gentamicina, amicacina, sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, ceftriaxona, aztreonam, ampicilina and cefalotina for the lineages of Escherichia coli. The results revealed that the lineages of Escherichia coli isolated were resistant to diverse antimicrobes, detaching 50,0% for sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, 25,0% for the antibiotic aztreonama and 25,0% for cefalotina and ampicilina... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de matérias-primas alimentícias de origem animal na região de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Para tal foram utilizados três tipos de amostras: carne, queijo e frango, perfazendo respectivamente um total de 34, 38 e 25 amostras. Os resultados obtidos das análises microbiológicas para carne apresentaram ausência de Salmonella sp e valores abaixo do padrão permitido para coliformes fecais. Nas amostras de frango observou-se a ausência de Salmonella sp, e os agentes Staphylococcus sp e Clostrídios apresentaram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Do total de 38 amostras de queijo analisadas, foram encontradas nove (24,0%) com a presença de coliformes fecais acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Os principais gêneros ou espécies encontrados com maior freqüência nestas amostras foram Escherichia coli (44,4%), seguidas por Klebsiella sp (22,2%), Enterobacter sp (11,1%), Proteus sp (11,1%) e Citrobacter sp (11,1%). Nenhuma das quatro cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas apresentaram aglutinação com os soros polivalentes A, B e C e respectivos monovalentes das espécies EPEC (Escherichia coli enteropatogênica). Os níveis de Staphylococcus sp encontrados ficaram dentro dos valores permitidos e Salmonella sp não foi detectada. Nas amostras de queijo foi realizado teste de sensibilidade utilizando-se o método de difusão em ágar com discos impregnados de antimicrobianos. Foram utilizadas as seguintes drogas: gentamicina, amicacina, sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, ceftriaxona, aztreonam, ampicilina e cefalotina para as cepas de Escherichia coli. Os resultados revelaram que as cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas foram resistentes a diversos antimicrobianos, destacando-se 50,0% para sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 25,0% para o antibiótico aztreonama e 25,0% para cefalotina e ampicilina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiology quality of the alimentary raw material of animal origin in the region of Ribeirão Preto. For such they were utilized three kinds of samples: meat, cheese and chicken, making up respectively a gross one of 34, 38 and 25 samples. The results obtained from the microbiological analyses for meat presented absence of Salmonella sp and down the values of the standard permitted for fecal coliforms. In the samples of chicken observed absence of Salmonella sp, and the agents Staphylococcus sp and Clostridium, presented itself inside the limits established by the Health Department. Of the gross one of 38 samples of cheese analyzed, were found nine (24,0%) with the presence of fecais coliforms above of the limits established by the force legislation. The main kinds or species met frequently in these samples were, Escherichia coli (44,4%), followed by Klebsiella sp (22,2%), Enterobacter sp (11,1%), Proteus sp (11,1%) and Citrobacter sp (11,1%). None of the four lineages of isolated Escherichia coli presented agglutination with the multivalence serum A, B and C and respective monovalence from the species EPEC (Escherichia coli enteropatogênica). The levels of Staphylococcus sp founded stayed inside the values permitted and Salmonella sp was not detected. In the samples of cheese was carried out sensibility test utilizing the approach of diffusion in ágar with disks impregnated of antimicrobes. They were utilized the following drugs: gentamicina, amicacina, sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, ceftriaxona, aztreonam, ampicilina and cefalotina for the lineages of Escherichia coli. The results revealed that the lineages of Escherichia coli isolated were resistant to diverse antimicrobes, detaching 50,0% for sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, 25,0% for the antibiotic aztreonama and 25,0% for cefalotina and ampicilina... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Fernando Antônio de Ávila / Coorientador: José Moacir Marin / Banca: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Banca: Ana Cláudia Chesca / Mestre

Increasing human populations are placing greater strain on water resources, prompting the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation in some areas, including the desert regions of the Western United States. To determine the potential effects of using secondary effluent for irrigation, we applied wastewater effluent and irrigation waters to natural and artificially constructed calcareous soils in greenhouse and field lysimeters, and in soil columns. The leachate from one field lysimeter contained increased fecal coliform counts than the effluent. Leachate coliform counts were decreased or not significantly changed in two field lysimeters. Electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride and nitrate concentrations also increased significantly in the leachate of the three field lysimeters however. Samples collected from the greenhouse lysimeters showed a significant decrease in all categories except EC, was not significantly changed. Soil column drainage samples showed a decrease in coliform counts, and increase in EC and chloride levels while SAR and nitrate levels varied with clay content. Preferential flow of coliform bacteria and high EC and SAR values could indicate long term effects that may affect the sustainability of the practice.