Physicochemical properties of different fibrous ingredients were used to determine the influence of feed bulk on voluntary feed intake and gut capacity in weaner and finishing pigs. Physicochemical measures of bulkiness determined on feed ingredients were DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract, ash, water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density, crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Among the fibre sources, maize stover had the highest WHC, followed by veld grass, then lucerne hay, maize cob, sunflower husks, groundnut haulms, rice bran and saw dust. The greatest bulk densities (1.4 g DM/ml) were observed in lucerne hay and saw dust, whilst sunflower husk had the lowest (0.7 g DM/ml) (P < 0.001). Rice bran, maize cob and groundnut haulms were the most fermentable fibrous ingredients (P < 0.05). Based on differences in physicochemical properties, six fibres namely lucerne hay, maize cob, maize stover, veld grass, saw dust and sunflower husk were selected and used in formulating fibrous diets fed to growing pigs based on wideness in ranges of their bulk properties. Thirty-one complete diets were formulated by dilution of a conventional weaner feed with increment levels of each fibre source at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Each of the diets was offered ad libitum to four of 124 pigs weighing 18.1 (s.d. 1.37) kg body weight, in individual pens, for four weeks. There was a linear decrease in scaled feed intake (SFI) (P < 0.001) as bulk density of the feeds increased. There was a quadratic relationship between SFI and WHC, NDF and ADF, respectively, whereby SFI increased up to a point when it reached its maximum and then started to decrease as bulkiness increased (P < 0.001). By use of the broken stick model, the maximum SFI marking the gut capacity of pigs was attained when WHC = 4.5 ± 1.25 g water/g DM (P< 0.001), NDF = 367 ± 29 g/kg DM (P < 0.001) and ADF = 138 ± 77 g/kg DM (P < 0.01), respectively. The SFI decreased linearly with an increase in bulk density of the feeds (P < 0.001). Four of 84 finishing pigs in individual pens, at 65 (s.d. 1.37) kg body weight were given, ad libitum to each of 21 diets containing graded levels of lucerne, maize cobs, saw dust and sunflower husk. There was a linear decrease in SFI (P < 0.001) as WHC increased. There was a quadratic decrease in SFI as CF (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.01) increased. As CP increased, there was a quadratic increase in SFI (P < 0.01). In weaner pigs, an increase in WHC, NDF, ADF and bulk density constrains feed intake, thereby providing relationships that can be used to predict gut capacity. Conversely, measurements of feed bulk cannot provide relationships with intake that can be used to predict gut capacity in finishing pigs. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Physicochemical properties of fibre-based diets were used to determine the influence of feed bulk on physicochemical properties of digesta within each segment of the gastrointestinal tract and digesta in pigs. In the first experiment, three pigs (14 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW) were allocated to each of six diets containing maize cob levels at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg DM inclusion levels for four weeks. All pigs were fed ad libitum. They were slaughtered, eviscerated and weights of the gut compartments were recorded, then contents of digesta from each segment were sampled for the determination of water concentration, water holding capacity (WHC) and swelling capacity (SWC). The WHC of digesta in the stomach, ileum and caecum decreased (P < 0.05) with maize cob inclusion level. The SWC in the stomach decreased with the inclusion level of maize cob meal. The SWC of caecal digesta increased with maize cob inclusion (P < 0.05). Physicochemical properties of digesta increased (P < 0.05) from the stomach to ileum then decreased as the digesta moved through the hindgut. In the second experiment, four fibres namely maize cob, lucerne hay, sunflower husk and citrus pulp were used. These fibres were used in formulating diets for finishing pigs. Twenty-one complete diets were formulated by dilution of a conventional feed with increment levels of each fibre source at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Each of the diets was offered ad libitum to four of 84 pigs weighing 80.8 ± 8.15 kg body weight, in individual pens, for 30 days. Stomach weights increased linearly with an increase in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) but increased with quadratic functions with an increase in SWC of the diet (P <0.05). An increase in WHC of the fibrous diets increased linearly the WHC of the proximal colon (P <0.01) at a faster rate compared to the WHC of the distal colon (P <0.001). As the SWC of the diets increased, linear increases in SWC of the digesta in the stomach (P <0.01) and caecum (P <0.001) were observed. The WHC of the digesta was negatively correlated to SWC (P < 0.001) in the stomach. Scaled feed intake (SFI) decreased linearly with an increase in SWC of the diet (P < 0.001). There was no relationship between WHC of the diet and SFI (P > 0.05). There was a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in SFI of finishing pigs as the SWC of the digesta. It can be concluded that the swelling capacity of the diets and stomach digesta in stomach are accurate predictors of scaled feed intake. Swelling capacity had great influence in the stomach weights whilst other bulking properties, such as WHC and neutral detergent fibre, affected the weight and digesta properties in the caecum, proximal and distal colon. / M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

The broad objective of the study was to determine feeding behaviour and gut health of pigs fed different fibres at varying inclusion levels. Maize cob, maize stover, sunflower hulls, veld grass, sawdust, lucerne and dried citrus pulp were used in growing and finishing pig diets to provide a wide range of physicochemical properties. Time spent eating, drinking, lying down, sitting/standing and other activities was observed using video cameras. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial for both growing and finishing pigs for analysis of glycated haemoglobin, albumin, globulin, total protein, creatine kinase, urea and uric acid. Intestinal segments were collected at the end of trial for growing pigs to determine mucosal architecture of the intestines. Digestible energy (DE), bulk density (BD), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and water holding capacity (WHC) were the most important variables predicting time spent on different behavioural activities in growing pigs (P < 0.001). Water holding capacity, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and ADF were the most important variables involved in predicting time spent on different behavioural activities in finishing pigs (P < 0.001). Physicochemical properties influenced time spent on different behavioural activities and they provided relationships with time spent on different behavioural activities in both growing and finishing pigs. Glycated haemoglobin, albumin, globulin, total protein and uric acid were factors that influenced time spent eating in growing pigs (P < 0.05). In finishing pigs, only serum total protein was selected as the best predictor variable influencing time spent eating (P < 0.05). The blood metabolites were correlated with time spent eating and drinking. They provided threshold values with time spent eating and drinking by pig. Hence, they can also be used as potential biomarkers that modulate neuronal pathways which reduce time spent eating and drinking. In this study, bulk density (BD) and NDF were the best predictor variables influencing villi height (VH) and apparent villi surface area (AVSA) in pigs (P < 0.05). Grouped pigs fed fibrous diet spent more time eating, lying down, standing, walking and fighting (P < 0.05). Skin lesions appeared the most on neck and shoulder region followed by chest, stomach and hind leg region, and finally head region (P < 0.05). Fibrous diet did not reduce aggressive behaviours, rather aggressive behaviours emanated out of frustration when queuing at the feeder. It was concluded that physicochemical properties of fibrous diets and nutritionally-related blood metabolites influence feeding behaviour. Mucosal architecture was also influenced by physicochemical properties of the fibrous diets. / Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

A study was conducted to test the effects that different high fibre sources and their varying inclusion levels had on the characteristics of the excreta (faeces, urine and the slurry), and on odour from the slurry of growing pigs. Faeces and urine characteristics were tested from 52 pigs fed rations containing grass hay (GH), lucerne hay (LH), maize cobs (MC), maize stover (MS) and sunflower husk (SH) diets at inclusion levels up to 400 g/kg as fed basis. Faecal output, faecal consistency and nitrogen were influenced by fibre type (P <0.01) and inclusion level (P <0.01). Nitrogen content in faeces and urine was also affected by dietary fibre inclusion. Increasing fibre inclusion levelled to a reduction in urinary nitrogen content, indicating nitrogen repartitioning from urine to faeces, thereby minimizing nitrogen volatilization. The slurry from pigs fed on LH, MC and SH at levels up to 160 g/kg was tested for chemical composition and odour offensiveness. The slurry was incubated for 16 days. The pH and nitrogen content varied among fibre types and incubation period (P <0.05). Isobutyrate and butyrate concentrations varied with fibre type and the incubation period tested (P <0.01). Using panellists, the SH containing rations resulted in low odour offensiveness score. Maize cob-containing diets resulted in the largest odour scores, with (mean rank of 2.2 and 4.3 for SH and MC, respectively). To reduce odour offensiveness from piggeries, sunflower husk was recommended as an alternative feed ingredient for growing pigs. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.