This dissertation is an examination of the validity and potential of a series of documents known as feet of fines. It represents the analysis of data gathered from over 5000 original, medieval fines at the Public Record Office in Kew. Computer technology, notably Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and databases, has been utilized in the analysis. This has led to the production of a series of tables, graphs and maps for the chosen study area: the counties of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Gloucestershire. The research has enabled a comparative study of land use and settlement patterns and has revealed that fines are an excellent source for the study of certain themes, such as the period of the "crisis" of the early fourteenth century and the plotting of the course of the advance of pasture in the later medieval period. The origins of feet of fines are examined along with their development, their structure and content. Their value as a source for the historian and the historical-geographer has been assessed and the data has been used for the study of the three counties in question. A regional study of each county has been undertaken along with a general examination of land use and settlement patterns. This is followed by an assessment of how feet of fines can be used to enhance this pattern for the period 1196-1509. All three county studies include a series of tables and graphs produced from the database of fines and maps produced from Unking these databases to a GIS digital mapping system. The conclusion highlights the differences in land use and settlement patterns in the three counties and includes comparisons between the three studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Kretzer 2007.pdf: 2790715 bytes, checksum: 66d50d2d2bcbb684e27f9ef3d9a900a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The presence of flat foot during infancy is very frequent and is considered a physiological normal condition. However, it needs to be clarified, since it is the most frequent in pediatric orthopaedics consultations. Therefore, this study has the main goal to evaluate the behavior of clinical and biomechanical characteristics of children with and without flexible flat foot. At the same time a profilatical and therapeutic program should be proposed to estimulate formation of a neutral arch. Subjects were 26 children, both genders, with mean age of 4 years and 8 months. They were divided in two groups: 17 children with idiopatyc flat feet and 9 children with normal feet. The research was a descriptive, exploratory and experimental one. Data collection were at the gym area of a state school were the kids belong. Regarding the clinical aspects, all subjects were considered hypermobile and there was a high correlation between the presence of flat foot and the postural condition in valgus ankle. The anthropometrical variable height of the navicular bone was considered lower in flated foot children s group. The plantar pressure distribution was measured during walking and running conditions. It was verified that children with flat foot had larger plantar arch index values as well as a larger contact area of the midfoot and a smaller contact area at lateral midfoot and lateral forefoot. Looking at the peak pressure values, these were lower at the lateral forefoot and higher at the hallux and second toe. The flat foot group showed also higher relative load values for the medial midfoot, hallux and second toe and lower values for the lateral forefoot. Children with flat foot were divided in an experimental and a control group. After 18 weeks of application of a profilatical and therapeutic program this children showed the evolution in their clinical foot classification due also to the concomitant physical and motor development, regarding their age and the fact that they have feet that are considered physiological flat feet. In relation to the plantar pressure distribution most of them showed a development showing values closed to the children s normal feet values for this age group. The effects of the profilatical and therapeutic program although not always clearly represented in the biomechanical parameters went further than the pure quantitative statistics appreciation. It is to highlight the importance of the program s proposal as well as the development of intervention studies that contribute for a similar opportunity in the area of human movement science. / A presença de um pé plano durante a primeira infância é extremamente freqüente e considerada como uma condição fisiológica normal, entretanto, necessita de esclarecimentos, pois é o maior causador de consultas em ortopedia pediátrica. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento de características clínicas e biomecânicas dos pés de crianças com pés planos flexíveis e compará-las com crianças com pés normais. Além de verificar os efeitos da aplicação de um programa terapêutico profilático que estimulasse a formação de um arco neutro. Os sujeitos pesquisados totalizaram 26 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade igual a 4 anos e 8 meses, separados em um grupo com pés planos idiopáticos, composto por 17 crianças, e outro grupo com pés normais, composto por 9 crianças. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como do tipo descritiva exploratória e experimental, e as coletas de dados foram desenvolvidas nas dependências físicas do Ginásio de uma Escola Estadual, onde os sujeitos estudavam. Quantos aos aspectos clínicos, todos os sujeitos foram considerados hipermóveis e encontrou-se uma correlação significante entre a presença dos pés planos e a postura em valgo dos tornozelos. A variável antropométrica, altura do navicular foi considerada menor no grupo de crianças com pés planos. A distribuição de pressão plantar, mensurada através do Sistema Emed, foi avaliada durante o movimento da caminhada e da corrida. Verificou-se que as crianças com pés planos apresentavam o índice do arco plantar maiores, assim como uma maior área de contato da região do mediopé medial e na menor região do mediopé lateral e antepé lateral. Quanto aos picos de pressão, estes foram menores sob o antepé lateral e maiores sob o hálux e 2º dedo. O grupo com pés planos apresentou também maiores cargas relativas sob mediopé medial, hálux, e 2º dedo e menores cargas sob o antepé lateral. Dividiram-se as crianças com pés planos em um grupo experimental e outro controle. Após 18 semanas de aplicação do programa ambos, evoluíram quanto à classificação clínica dos pés, em virtude do concomitante desenvolvimento físico e motor ocorrido, tendo em vista ainda a faixa etária e o fato de possuírem pés planos considerados fisiológicos. Em relação as variáveis da distribuição de pressão plantar, a maioria delas evoluiu aproximando-se dos valores encontrados nas crianças com pés normais. Os efeitos da aplicação do programa terapêutico profilático, nos sujeitos com pés planos do grupo experimental, apesar de não serem representados claramente em todas as variáveis biomecânicas, vão além da estatística meramente quantitativa. Ressalta-se a importância da proposta do programa, bem como o desenvolvimento de estudos intervencionistas que proporcionem uma oportunidade similar.

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre um modelo para incorporação de requisitos ergonômicos na indústria calçadista em prol da saúde dos diabéticos. Pretende-se que o modelo aqui apresentado beneficie, por extensão, a pacientes atingidos por outras patologias que também geram problemas neuropáticos e vasculares periféricos (pacientes com problemas renais, hipertensos, indivíduos afetados por complicações decorrentes do tabagismo, etc). Através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, formulários e questionários foram obtidas informações junto diferentes grupos envolvidos diretamente com a problemática do Pé Diabético. A análise destes dados demonstrou que grande parte dos modelos de calçados, encontrados nas lojas do Rio de Janeiro, propicia traumas repetitivos aos pés de pessoas com problemas de neuropatia diabética sensitiva nos pés (ou sensibilidade comprometida nos pés por causa do diabetes, que ocorre quando as células nervosas da região deixam de conduzir as informações relativas aos estímulos sensitivos da forma adequada) devido a problemas de projetação/design (palmilha mal projetada, costuras internas salientes ou solados duros demais). E, uma vez que diabéticos tendem a ter lenta cicatrização em virtude de deficiente circulação periférica gerada pela doença, qualquer ferida torna-se mais do que um simples problema passageiro, torna-se um perigo real à saúde. Este estudo revelou-se interdisciplinar, na medida em que seu campo permeou outras áreas do saber para conjugar informações relacionadas à problemática do Pé Diabético. Trabalhou-se aqui com o seguinte problema: diabéticos são prejudicados pela maioria dos calçados produzidos para o mercado brasileiro, que não levam em consideração questões ergonômicas, físicas, ou mesmo cognitivas relacionadas ao diabetes no momento de sua produção. / [en] This dissertation presents the results of a research that lead to a theoretical model proposing the integration of ergonomic requirements at shoes´ industry in order to increase the healthiness of people with diabetic feet. It´s expected that the model here presented benefits, by extension, also patients injured by other pathologies that causes neuropathycs or vascular peripheryc problems: patients with kidney problems, hypertensives, people affected by complications caused by tobacco addiction, etc. Formularies, questionnaires, and semi structured interviews supported the data collection that was done. Different groups were interviewed, all of them directed related with the diabetic feet problem. The data analysis presented evidences that most part of the shoes available in Rio de Janeiro might be able to cause repetitive traumas to neuropathyc feet of diabetic problem (lack of sensibility at the feet, because of the diabetes, happens when nervous stop conducting information related to sensitive stimulation in a healthy way), because of projetation/design (midsoles not well developed, thick internal sews or too hard outsoles). And, once diabetics are predisposed to have deficient peripheryc circulation any wound might become more then just a simple problem, might become a real danger. The study here presented reassured its interdisciplinaryti once extended its exploratory field to other areas with the purpose of merging related information regarding diabetic feet. The following problem guided this research: Diabetics are damaged by most part of the shoes produced for the internal market, because they don´t take in consideration ergonomic, cognitive or physical issues regarding diabetes during production.

Flatfoot is often asymptomatic but sometimes presents with symptoms, even in children. This thesis aimed to discover if there was a difference between children with and without symptoms, in the hope that this might aid treatment decisions. Firstly, an audit was performed to discover the prevalence and type of symptoms, as well as current treatment protocols. Secondly, 107 volunteers from the general population and 20 patients were assessed in more detail. The participants were divided into groups and ANOVA tests were used to find the significant differences. Pain and parental concern were frequently reported in the audit population. The majority of this population had moderate bilateral flexible flatfoot with an active Windlass mechanism and static heel valgus. Treatment was dependent on department. The symptomatic group displayed reduced passive ankle dorsiflexion indicating tightness of the tendo-Achilles, as well as increased frequency of severe knee hyperextension and knee valgus upon clinical examination. During static stance, three differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, two differences between flat feet and neutral feet. During dynamic trials, the symptomatic group showed reduced stride length and percentage time spent in swing. The ground reaction profiles showed differences in early and late stance. Further investigation supported the idea that decreased late stance vertical ground reaction force peak was evidence of instability in the symptomatic group. Four kinematic parameters demonstrated significant differences at foot strike, five at midstance, and seven at foot off. In terms of kinetics, after controlling for relative stride length, four differences were found, but none between the asymptomatic and symptomatic flat feet. Plantar pressure was successfully used to estimate truncated foot length. The flat feet did not display increased peak midfoot pressure; it was actually lower in flat footed groups. Arch Index and Modified Arch Index were successfully used for instantaneous and continuous assessment of foot posture over stance. The differences found between symptomatic and asymptomatic flat feet (particularly at foot off) shed some light upon the potential causes of symptoms.

Content: Tannins are high molecular weight polyphenols, naturally synthesized by plants to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stress factors. Their role as antioxidant, antibiotic and antibacterial agent has been known for many years among agriculture, food, pharma and cosmetics industry. If tannins would perform an antibacterial activity in a vegetable tanned leather, the leather itself could be certified as an antibacterial material. This effect could be very interesting for all the applications in which the leather, being in contact with sweat and bacteria, becomes a solution to reduce more or less severe hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. The goal of the study was the assessment of the antibacterial activity of vegetable tanned leathers with natural tannins to produce articles in direct contact with human skin and, therefore, their effect on sweat, bacterial growth and metabolite production. Firstly, the antibacterial activity has been evaluated and compared between leathers tanned with Chestnut, Quebracho and Tara extracts, chrome tanned leathers and synthetic materials. The trial was performed in vitro by inoculating gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. A later step defined the most suitable blend of tannins to obtain, after tanning and/or retanning, an antibacterial natural leather. Furthermore, the vegetable tanned leathers, made with this tannins blend, have been the target of an in vivo trial during which 15 panelists have worn two differently made shoes. The lining and insole inside the right shoe have been made with vegetable tanned leathers with tannins, while the ones inside the left shoe contained only synthetic material. The shoes have been worn for 28 consecutive days, followed by a molecular and bioinformatic analysis of microbiota samples taken from the inner surface of the shoes by using a sterile swab. Lastly, a biochemical analysis of volatile short chain fatty acids has been carried out to investigate the byproducts of the bacteria responsible for the unpleasant odor of shoes. Take-Away: 1. Vegetable tanned leather is a wonderful antibacterial material thanks to the presence of natural tannins, such as chestnut, quebracho and tara. This property is appreciated in the production of insole leather, lining, leather goods and automotive interiors. 2. The problem of bromhidrosis (bad feet odor) can be avoided by using vegetable tanned leather. 3. In particular, vegetable leathers tanned with tannins used to make inside part of the shoes permit to avoid the formation of cheesy and acidic odours thanks to their antibacterial properties and their capacity to absorb sweat.

Title: The effect of instrumental lymphatic drainage of the lower limbs on postural stability in patients with unilateral lymphedema. Aims: The main aim of this study is to asses the effect of instrumental lymphatic drainage on the static and dynamic postural stability in people with unilateral lymphedema of the lower extremities. Summary: The study was done in October 2020. Due to the epidemiological situation around the Covid-19 pandemic, 13 probands aged 30-80 years were included in the study. The circumferences of the lower limbs were measured before and after the application of instrumental lymphatic drainage. The postural stability of the probands was tested on the ProKin252 posturograph with the following tests: Stability Compared Double Stance, Limits of Stability and Balance Both Feet. Measurements by these tests were performed before and after instrumental lymphatic drainage intervention, which lasted 50 minutes. Lower limb circumference results were written into recording sheets and test results were downloaded from the patient's file in PDF format. Final data were processed using LibreOffice Calc and SciPy library tools. To calculate differences, the following statistical methods were used: Shapiro-Wilk test, Student's T-test and Wilkoxon paired sequence test. We used Fisher's exact...

Yes / Large changes in spectacle prescription can increase falls risk in older people. We investigated the effect of induced astigmatism (a common cause of distorted or blurred vision in older people) on locomotor stepping patterns to determine whether the orientation of astigmatic changes could have differential effects on gait safety when negotiating steps and stairs. Methods 10 older adults (mean age 76.0±6.4 years) walked up to and stepped onto a raised block whilst wearing their spectacle prescription and when blurred with ±3.00D cylinders at axes 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°. Gait measurements included foot placement before the block, toe clearance over the block edge and foot placement on the block. Results Induced astigmatism with axes at 90°, providing magnification in the horizontal meridian only, caused no change in stepping pattern. Induced astigmatism with axes at 180° caused foot placement changes in the anterior or posterior direction according to whether magnification was positive or negative in the vertical meridian (block perceived higher or lower respectively). Induced astigmatism with axes oblique at 45° and 135° (causing the block to be perceived as a parallelogram sloping downwards either to the right or left) caused gait changes in the anterior and posterior, vertical and lateral directions. Changes in lateral foot placement appeared to be an attempt to maintain constant foot clearance levels over the block edge by stepping over the perceived ‘lower’ side of the ‘sloping’ block. Conclusions Astigmatic changes with oblique axes had the greatest effect on gait. Clinicians, including optometrists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses should counsel older patients about the effects of astigmatism on gait safety. Furthermore, partial prescribing of astigmatic corrections should be considered to reduce the risk of falling.

This research effort aims to develop a series of full-sized humanoid robots, and to research a simple but reliable bipedal walking method. Since the debut of Wabot from Waseda University in 1973, several full-sized humanoid robots have been developed around the world that can walk, and run. Although various humanoid robots have successfully demonstrated their capabilities, bipedal walking methods are still one of the main technical challenges that robotics researchers are attempting to solve. It is still challenging because most bipedal walking methods, including ZMP (Zero Moment Point) require not only fast sensor feedback, but also fast and precise control of actuators. For this reason, only a small number of research groups have the ability to create full-sized humanoid robots that can walk and run. However, if we consider this problem from a different standpoint, the development of a full-sized humanoid robot can be simplified as long as the bipedal walking method is easily formulated. Therefore, this research focuses on developing a simple but reliable bipedal walking method. It then presents the designs of two versions of a new class of super lightweight (less than 13 kg), full-sized (taller than 1.4 m) humanoid robots called CHARLI-L (Cognitive Humanoid Autonomous Robot with Learning Intelligence – Lightweight) and CHARLI-2. These robots have unique designs compared to other full- sized humanoid robots. CHARLI-L utilizes spring assisted parallel four-bar linkages with synchronized actuation to achieve the goals of lightweight and low cost. Based on the experience and lesions learned from CHARLI-L, CHARLI-2 uses gear train reduction mechanisms, instead of parallel four-bar linkages, to increase actuation torque at the joints while further reducing weight. Both robots successfully demonstrated untethered bipedal locomotion using an intuitive walking method with sinusoidal foot movement. This walking method is based on the ZMP method. Motion capture tests using six high speed infrared cameras validate the proposed bipedal walking method. Additionally, the total power and energy consumptions during walking are calculated from measured actuator currents. / Ph. D.

Title: The effect of flat feet on the stability of the ankle joint of floorball players. Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to determine whether a flat feet has any effects on the floorball players' ankle joint stability. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the chronic ankle instability, other leg pathologies and on the options of therapeutic interventions. Eventually, the thesis provides summary and output data for physiotherapist, sport couches and the examined players. Methods: First a literature study was conducted to establish a theoretical framework. Based on the feature/aspect examination of longitudinal foot arching and an initial questionnaire 10 particular subjects aged 22 to 29 were selected, all of them form the TJ Tatran Střešovice team. The subjects were divided in 2 groups - with longitudinal flat feet and without longitudinal flat feet pathology. The examined subjects were scored with negative points according to occurrence of any pathologies. Both groups were also benchmarked in the Star Excursion Balance Test that determined feet dynamic stability index. Results: The examination proved that flat feet affects the stability of the ankle joint as the subjects of the group without longitudinal flat feet scored results that were 31% better than results of the subjects with...

Title: An influence of barefoot walking on postural stabilization Objectives of the thesis: The subject of my diploma thesis is to assess an immediate effect of outside walking on a postural stabilization in two groups throught an experiment. First group of tested subjects (probands) walked barefoot and the other group walked in the conventional shoes. An ambulation took place in outside conditions. The objective of this work is to judge if barefoot walking can have a positive influence on stabilization capabilities of individuals. Farther objective is to judge, if there is a correlation between motor reactions on the tactile stimulation of the soles of the feet and and two walking's manners (shod/unshod). Methods: In this thesis were used a method of anlalysis and a method of comparison in this thesis. The experiment was made in form of pretest (3 measurements) and posttest (3 measurements) on 30 probands. Required data for analysis were obtained by measurements of postural somatooscilography (pSOG). There was evaluated the postural provocation test on the platform of Posturomed. During test was measured a stopping and persistance of one leg stand for the period of 8 seconds. Oscillation curves of platform recorded by an accelerometer and programme Microswing 5.0 were evaluated in programme...