Masters of Public Health - see Magister Public Health / Adolescents account for 20% of the world’s population, and the majority of them are inhabitants of developing countries. Increasing sexual activity amongst adolescents is a public health concern because it can lead to teenage pregnancy which in turn leads to an increase in relative poverty, unemployment, poorer educational achievements (for the adolescent) and poor health of unborn children. Contraceptive use gives females the ability to make informed decisions about their fertility as well as greatly reduce female morbidity and mortality. Despite freely available contraception and accessible reproductive health policies and facilities, a majority of adolescents still report unintended, unplanned pregnancies. .

In recent decades, there has been an increased focus on the idealization of thinness and the pressure and expectancy to be thin, which contributes to a rising number of individuals that experience severe body dissatisfaction and body distortion, and in turn, eating disorders. Eating disorders are one of the most common chronic conditions within the youth population, approximately 13% of the adolescent youth population will suffer from at least one eating disorder by age 20, and a majority of those affected will be female. Rural health care providers encounter many health care disadvantages when detecting and treating eating disorders including physical location and distance to nearest healthcare or specialty service, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. These disadvantages are often responsible for the inability of providers to prevent, screen for, identify, and treat eating disorders. The focus of this practice improvement project (PIP) was to determine how primary care providers in a rural clinic perceived the implementation of the Screening for Disordered Eating (SDE) in adolescent females ages 11-19. During implementation, the providers were also to identify and refer those scoring 2 or greater to a counselor, mental health specialist, and/or eating disorder specialist. Implementation began with an educational meeting explaining eating disorders and their prevalence, as well as the introduction and explanation of the SDE tool. A survey was then completed by the providers to assess the relevance of the information provided to their practice. During the implementation period, providers were to screen all adolescent females ages 11-19 using the SDE tool and refer those scoring 2 or greater. Participating providers then completed a post-implementation survey assessing their perceptions on the ease, accuracy, and applicability of the SDE tool. Overall, based on the post-implementation, providers believe screening for eating disorders is important and the SDE tool is easy and applicable to their practice. Screening for Disordered Eating completion rates (14.1%) and referral rates (17.4%) of those scoring 2 or greater were lower than expected. The prevalence of eating disorders continues to rise and continued use of the SDE tool in the primary care setting is strongly recommended.

Human migration is a phenomenon which has historically generated different responses and concerns among the inhabitants of host territories. Part of said concerns are related to the idea which holds immigrants accountable of decreases in the employment of natives. The purpose of this study is to find the impacts of differently skilled migrants on the employment of native workers of low, mid and high skill levels with a focus on females. The main analysis is complemented with a robustness test where the focus is shifted to men. In order to conduct the study, an analysis on a sample of 22 countries throughout 17 years (2004 to 2020) has been made. Data on employment rates of native females and males and the share of female and male migrants has been used for this study. The findings show that the impact of immigration on the employment rate of native population depends on the characteristics of the individuals and countries that compose the sample of study. GDP, public expenditure and education expenditure are proven to play an important role in the determination of the employment rate of natives. These results will be of use for future studies of the impacts of migration on the labor market of host countries and governmental policies regarding migration. In this sense, both future researchers and policy makers may use this study as a guide of action, where greater focus should be put on certain issues that both migrants and natives encounter in labor markets, such as skill mismatch or overskilling.

Education constantly promotes equality and diversity, however, if the literature we read our students is not doing so, is education doing its job? This question extends as far as females versus males and in fact, this thesis further pursued this issue by taking a look into common fairy tales that have been popularized in modern society that contain stereotypical gender roles and qualities of females that we try to steer away from yet have not. After doing research into fairy tales and then analyzing Little Snow White, Little Briar Rose, and Cinderella by The Brothers Grimm, I was able to find common stereotypes and compare them to modern fairy tale characterizations of females and thus plead the case for stronger females in the fairy tale genre of texts. My research revealed that fairy tales were an influence in the lives of children and that females were regarded as only needing to be beautiful, naive, and lack assertiveness. This showed that females felt the need to be this way in order to find the happily ever after and in society both men and women have been impacted through this literature. The thesis provides a re-envisioned fairy tale of my own showing the combined research in a short story of how females can be strong and be feminine as well. A lesson plan has also been constructed to help point out characteristics in the story, “The Paper Bag Princess” which is one of the modern tales analyzed as well in this thesis. So, I leave you with the notion that it is most definitely not just a man’s world. This world is shared with the opposite gender and its time in education that we do as we preach by providing those experiences to children through literature.

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<p> During exercise in a hot climate, it has been reported that children respond with a greater shift in blood volume from the central to the peripheral circulation, compared with adults. This can lead to inadequate central circulation, and early cessation of activity in children. No studies have considered if a transition in this hemodynamic response occurs during puberty in females. This study measured hemodynamic responses in pre/early (PEP), mid- (MP), and late- (LP) pubertal girls. Twenty-seven 9- to 16- year-old healthy girls (n=9, each group) cycled in a climatic chamber set at 35 ± 1°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for two 20-min bouts (10-min rest in between and a 10-min rest at the end). Cardiac output was measured upon chamber entry, in the middle and at the end of each exercise bout. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured upon chamber entry, 3 minutes after exercise bout 1 (E1) and bout 2 (E2) and at the end of rest 1 (R1) and rest 2 (R2). Overall, there was no significant group difference in the central hemodynamic (e.g. cardiac index, stroke volume index) responses to exercise in the heat. However, FBF among the three groups at R1 was almost significantly different (p=0.06), such that it was lower in LP than in PEP and MP. FBF in LP also tended to decrease from E1 to R1 (7.91±1.06 to 6.1±0.83 ml•100ml-1•min-1) and from E2 to R2 (9.47±1.47 to 8.26±1.20 ml•100ml-1•min-1). In contrast, PEP and MP showed little change in FBF at all time points. These findings strengthen the notion that there is a maturity-related decrease in forearm blood flow from pre- to late-puberty. In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, there were very few differences in the hemodynamic responses of pre-, mid- and late- pubertal girls. It is possible that the transition to an adult-like hemodynamic response does not occur until later in a girl's physical development.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)