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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2007. / Thesis directed by Teresa Ghilarducci for the Department of Economics. "November 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-145).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007. / "A dissertation in economics and social science consortium." Advisor: Frederic S. Lee. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-240). Online version of the print edition.

Through quantitative and qualitative methods, this dissertation endeavors to explain why the rate of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the lowest in the world. Using panel data models for fifty-four developing countries over thirty-five years, the first essay suggests that the most likely factor affecting the rate of FLFP negatively in MENA is the institution of patriarchy. Being part of MENA, which is characterized primarily by the institution of patriarchy, is associated with lower than average FLFP. Oil income appears to have a positive effect on FLFP for countries outside MENA but no effect for countries inside MENA. Moreover, Muslim countries outside MENA do not have lower than average FLFP, while Muslim countries in MENA do. Using ten proxies for patriarchy, the second essay quantifies patriarchy in order to compare MENA countries with the rest of the world. Using principle component analysis (PCA), the study measures patriarchy for fifty-nine developing countries over thirty years. The technique creates three main components for patriarchy, namely; the gender gap in education and demography, children’s survival rate, and participation in public spheres. The results show that MENA has the highest level of patriarchy with regard to women’s participation in public spheres, education and demography compared with non MENA countries. The region’s culture and religion seem to be associated with high levels of patriarchy in MENA. The third essay focuses on women’s unpaid work as well as women’s participation in the informal sector in MENA. The results point to a severe undercounting of women’s work. Since women are expected to provide care and produce goods and services for their family at home, women do not participate in the formal labor force in large numbers. Because of the patriarchal culture, patriarchal family laws and labor laws, many women including educated women have to choose to work in the informal sector in MENA. Since women’s unpaid work and their participation in the informal sector are not recorded in labor statistics, the MENA region appears to have a lower rate of FLFP than it does in reality.

This thesis provides a comparative analysis of the gender-differentiated outcomes of three different types of development models implemented in Latin America: industrialization by import substitution, structural adjustment programs, and the agroexport model. In undertaking this thesis, I attempted to answer three related questions: first, were women affected differentially than men were by the implementation of these three models. Second, if women were differentially affected, was their experience also conditioned by other factors, like the sector in which they found employment, their location in rural or urban environments, and their level of education. Finally, given that both of the answer to the former two questions was yes, I attempted to answer the question of why this was happening. In answering this final question, I used the analytical framework provided by feminist economics. Ultimately, I posited that while women’s differential experience was determined in part by certain domestic and individual level factors, like cultural norms and laws preventing women from working in the formal economy, much of their experience has to do with the male bias that inheres in much of classical and neoclassical economic theory.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-206).

This thesis aims at investigating women’s force in development through engagement in informal, small-scale entrepreneurship. During fieldwork in Babati, Tanzania, network analyses and semi-structured interviews have been conducted, capturing responsibilities, challenges and opportunities of informal women entrepreneurs. The theoretical framework centres socio-economic analyses, through development and feminist economics. Two theories, about development through capital accumulation and cumulative processes, are compared and supplemented with a gender and empowerment perspective. The results are presented through narratives, complemented with a general picture. It is concluded that informal female entrepreneurs are important in development of Babati. They face challenges due to economic, social and gender-related conditions such as lack of capital, high interest rates, poverty, lack of education, malfunctioning government, discouraging men, and increased workload from domestic responsibilities. Their complex, informal networks, based on cooperation and solidarity, are seen as a driver in development. Top-down policies that fight gender norms, empower women, and identify informal workers can improve their situation, but for these to trickle down, a bottom-up approach is required. This thesis pushes for recognising that people living in poverty contribute to economic growth and development, and that empowerment of informal women entrepreneurs is essential for a profound, pro-poor development that trickles up.

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[ES] Las organizaciones no son espacios neutrales al género y, por tanto, están reproduciendo múltiples desigualdades y procesos generizantes. Así, el género es entendido dentro de un sistema complejo de opresiones entrecruzadas que da forma a la norma y hegemonía socioeconómica, y que está presente, también, en las organizaciones de Economía Solidaria. Esta investigación se fundamenta en la Economía Feminista, las Teorías Feministas de la Organización y las teorías de Género en el Desarrollo para analizar dos procesos de cambio organizacional feminista en la Red de Economía Alternativa y Solidaria (REAS) del País Valencià y de Euskadi. A través del estudio de casos interpretativos con una metodología de investigación-acción feminista, se analizan los cambios que los procesos de transformación organizacional feminista generan en las entidades, así como los factores que impulsan o limitan esta transformación. Esta tesis contribuye al impulso de procesos de cambio organizacional feminista y a la construcción de conocimiento y propuestas de economía feminista. Además, aporta claves para la construcción de organizaciones habitables. / [CA] Les organitzacions no són espais neutrals al gènere i, per tant, estan reproduint múltiples desigualtats i processos generitzants. El gènere s'entén dins d'un sistema complex d'opressions entrecreuades que dona forma a la norma i hegemonia socioeconòmica, i que està present, també, en les organitzacions d'Economia Solidària. Aquesta investigació es fonamenta en l'Economia Feminista, les Teories Feministes de l'Organització i les teories de Gènere en el Desenvolupament per tal d'analitzar dos processos de canvi organitzacional feminista en la Xarxa d'Economia Alternativa i Solidària del País Valencià i d'Euskadi. A través de l'estudi de casos interpretatius amb una metodologia d'investigació-acció feminista, s'analitzen els canvis que els processos de transformació organitzacional feminista generen en les entitats, així com els factors que impulsen o limiten aquesta transformació. Aquesta tesi contribueix a l'impuls de processos de canvi organitzacional feminista i a la construcció de coneixement i propostes d'economia feminista. A més, aporta claus per a la construcció d'organitzacions habitables. / [EN] Organizations are not gender-neutral spaces and, therefore, are reproducing multiple inequalities and generating processes. In this research, gender is understood within a complex system of intersecting oppressions that shapes the norm and socioeconomic hegemony, and so, it also interacts within the Solidarity Economy organizations. This research is based on Feminist Economics, Feminist Theories of Organization and Gender in Development theories to analyze two processes of feminist organizational change in the Alternative and Solidarity Economy Network (REAS) in Spain, in Valencian region and Euskadi. Through the study of interpretative cases with a feminist action research methodology, we analyze the changes that the processes of feminist organizational transformation generate in the organizations, as well as the factors that boost or limit this change. This thesis contributes to the promotion of processes of feminist organizational change and the construction of knowledge and proposals of feminist economics. In addition, it provides keys for the construction of livable organizations. / Maicas Pérez, M. (2023). Cap a organitzacions habitables. Anàlisi de processos de canvi organitzacional feminista en organitzacions d'Economia Solidària [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194807

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Feminist international relations theories stress that global solutions to environmental, social and economic dilemmas will not be accurately diagnosed nor corrected until hierarchal social relations, including gender relations, intrinsic to the global economic and political framework are recognized and altered. How does a feminist interpretation of international relations aid in the adoption of global taxes to benefit women? This study explores the ways a mechanism such as global taxation could be utilized to create a more equitable global political economy. The study is exploratory making use of a qualitative methodology employing secondary data from industries such as tourism, toy production, and textiles. Feminist perspectives on environmental, social, and economic security, rational actor behavior and collectivism facilitate the dialogue which is essential for global tax implementation. The adoption of global taxes has the capability to better the lived experiences of women globally by minimizing poverty and strengthening the working conditions of women worldwide. Proposed carbon taxes and global commons taxes work to redefine environmental security by placing appropriate price indicators on the use of globally used resources. Proposed email taxes, world trade taxes, and currency exchange fee taxes grant the fiscal resources necessary to create greater economic and social security. Chapter One is an analysis of the global political economy. Chapter Two explains the controversial and progressive idea of a global tax administered by the United Nations to deal with the inequity of globalization. Chapter Three focuses on the linkages between the introduction of a global tax and the feminist perspective on the global political economy. Chapter Four summarizes the structural inadequacies of the current economic framework to address the economic and social grievances that global taxes combat. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Feministiese teorieë oor internasionale verhoudinge benadruk die feit dat wêreldwye oplossings vir omgewings-, maatskaplike en ekonomiese probleme nóg akkuraat gediagnoseer nóg reggestel kan word tensy hiërargiese sosiale verhoudinge (waaronder genderverhoudinge), wat onlosmaaklik deel van die wêreldwye ekonomiese en politieke raamwerk is, as sulks erken en verander word. Hoe dra die feministiese interpretasie van internasionale verhoudinge by tot die instelling van wêreldwye belasting wat vroue tot voordeel strek? Hierdie studie ondersoek maniere waarop 'n meganisme soos wêreldwye belasting benut kan word om 'n billiker wêreldwye politieke ekonomie daar te stel. Die studie is ondersoekend van aard en maak gebruik van kwalitatiewe metodes wat sekondêre data uit bedrywe soos toerisme, speelgoedproduksie en die tekstielbedryf gebruik. Feministiese standpunte oor omgewings-, maatskaplike en ekonomiese sekuriteit, rasionele optrede en kollektivisme dra by tot dialoog wat noodsaaklik is vir die instelling van wêreldwye belasting. Danksy die instelling van wêreldwye belasting kan die lewenservaring van vroue wêreldwyd verbeter word deur armoede te beperk en werkstoestande van vroue wêreldwyd te verbeter. Die voorgestelde koolstofbelasting en wêreldmeent-belasting sal bydra tot 'n nuwe benadering in omgewingsbeveiliging deurdat toepaslike prysaanwysers aan die gebruik van wêreldwyd benutte hulpbronne gekoppel word. Die voorgestelde e-posbelasting, wêreldhandelbelasting en belasting op valutagelde sal nodige fiskale middele bied vir die daarstelling van beter ekonomiese en maatskaplike sekuriteit. Hoofstuk 1 is 'n analise van die wêreldwye politieke ekonomie. Hoofstuk 2 is 'n uiteensetting wêreldwye belasting as kontroversiële en progressiewe konsep, wat deur die Verenigde Nasies geadministreer sou word om die wanbalans in globalisasie die hoof te bied. Hoofstuk 3 handel oor die raakpunte tussen die instelling van 'n wêreldwye belasting en die feministiese beskouing van die wêreldwye politieke ekonomie. Hoofstuk 4 bied 'n oorsig oor die strukturele ontoereikendheid van die huidige ekonomiese raamwerk met betrekking tot die ekonomiese en maatskaplike griewe wat wêreldwye belasting sou bekamp.