[pt] Nas redes ópticas que contém EDFAs (amplificadores à fibra dopada com Érbio), a característica variável do tráfego faz com que a potência de entrada do amplificador oscile, causando rápidas flutuações de ganho que podem inviabilizar a transmissão de dados nos canais WDM (multiplexados por divisão de comprimento de onda) co-propagantes. As variações de tráfego podem ser lentas, quando originadas pela adição ou remoção de canais WDM em qualquer nó da rede (roteamento dos canais WDM), ou rápidas, quando causadas pela transmissão aleatória de pacotes ou rajadas de dados através da rede. Logo, para alcançar uma alta qualidade de transmissão é necessário garantir a operação estável do EDFA, independentemente da natureza das variações de sua potência de entrada. Por isto, nós otimizamos o desempenho da técnica da oscilação laser em anel para controlar o ganho do EDFA, empregando dois comprimentos de onda espectralmente opostos, um acima e outro abaixo da banca C. A partir da ótima estabilidade de ganho alcançada com o emprego desta técnica de controle em uma unidade amplificadora, implementamos um sistema de armazenamento de sinais ópticos com ótimo desempenho e mostramos como minimizar as flutuações de ganho acumuladas após muitos EDFAs em cascata, tornando os enlaces ópticos de longo alcance mais eficientes. / [en] In optical networks containing EDFAs (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers), the variable traffic characteristic lead the input power to the amplifier to oscillate and cause fast time-dependent gain fluctuations that can impair the transmission of data on co-propagating WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) channels. Traffic variatons can be slow, when originated by add or drop of WDM channels at any network node (WDM routing), or fast, when come from random transmission of packet/burst data through the network. Consequently, to reach a high quality transmission it is necessary to ensure a stable EDFA operation, regardless the nature of its input power variations. Therefore, we optimized the performance of the ring-laser technique to clamp the EDFA gain, using two spectrally oposite lasing wavelengths, one above and another below the C-band. Based on the excellent gain stability reached with the employment of this gain control technique over one amplifier unit, we assembled a high-performance alloptic buffer memory and showed how to miminize the accumulated gain fluctuations after many cascaded EDFAs, enabling more efficient long distance optical links.

Η ραγδαία αύξηση της κίνησης στο διαδίκτυο έχει δημιουργήσει ολοένα και μεγαλύτερη ζήτηση για ευρυζωνικά δίκτυα. Τα δίκτυα οπτικών ινών είναι μια κατηγορία ευρυζωνικών δικτύων που υπόσχονται ευέλικτες και ικανές να υποστηρίξουν πληθώρα υπηρεσιών, δικτυακές επικοινωνίες με θεωρητικά απεριόριστη χωρητικότητα. Πλέον, τα οπτικά δίκτυα δεν καλύπτουν μόνο το βασικό δίκτυο κορμού, αλλά εκτείνονται μέχρι τον τοπικό βρόχο αλλά και την κατοικία των τελικών χρηστών. Έτσι, τα οπτικά δίκτυα πρόσβασης FTTx και οι διάφορες τεχνολογίες τους όπως PON, AON και Home Run εφαρμόζονται στις δικτυακές υποδομές που αναπτύσσονται από το κεντρικό γραφείο του δικτύου της περιοχής κάλυψης μέχρι το συνδρομητή. Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά τεχνικά θέματα που αφορούν κυρίως το εξωτερικό τμήμα των FTTH δικτύων, δηλαδή των FTTx μέχρι το σπίτι, όπως η υποδομή σωληνώσεων, καλωδίων, τάφρων, φρεατίων, κ.λπ. Τα στοιχεία αυτά προκαλούν τα υψηλότερα κόστη στο δίκτυο πρόσβασης (κόστη CAPEX) και για αυτό το λόγο δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση σε αυτά. Εκτός από αυτά, υπάρχουν και τα OPEX κόστη, που δεν ασχολούμαστε εκτενώς στα πλαίσια της εργασίας. Επίσης, στην εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια μεθοδολογία για την επιχειρησιακή μελέτη σε δίκτυα FTTH, στην οποία παρουσιάζονται τα στάδια για την οικονομική μελέτη ανάπτυξης των δικτύων. Ο βασικός στόχος της εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση ενός μοντέλου που αυτοματοποιεί τη διαδικασία σχεδιασμού των υπόγειων FTTH δικτύων πρόσβασης, που χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία Home Run. Το μοντέλο χρησιμοποιεί στοιχεία από γεωγραφικό σύστημα πληροφοριών GIS για το σχεδιασμό του δικτύου, κάνει τους κατάλληλους υπολογισμούς στοιχείων υποδομών με βάση αλγορίθμους και προδιαγραφές και στο τέλος με είσοδο τους πίνακες κόστους των στοιχείων δίνει τις δαπάνες για την ανάπτυξη των υποδομών. Πριν από την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου, περιγράφονται απλά θεωρητικά γεωμετρικά μοντέλα που μπορούν να απεικονίσουν ένα υπόγειο και εναέριο FTTH δίκτυο. Το μοντέλο εκτελείται σε τρεις περιοχές της Αττικής, που έχουν διαφορετικές πυκνότητες κτιρίων και νοικοκυριών με σκοπό τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό των τελικών κοστών ανά περιοχή. Επιπλέον, μπορούν να υπολογιστούν τα κόστη ανά νοικοκυριό, κτίριο, μονάδα μήκους των τάφρων και γενικά υπόγειων υποδομών. Η αποτύπωση του εξωτερικού δικτύου των περιοχών, των στοιχείων υποδομών, των εξοπλισμών και των τελικών δαπανών τους γίνεται με πλήρως αυτοματοποιημένο τρόπο. / The rapid growth of Internet traffic has created increasing demand for broadband networks. Fiber optic networks are a category of broadband networks that promise flexible and capable for supporting various services, network communications with limitless capacity. Plus, the optical networks do not only cover the core backbone network, but extend to the local loop and the households of end users. Thus, FTTx optical access networks and their various technologies such as PON, AON, and Home Run are implemented in the network infrastructure, which is developed from the central office of the coverage area network to the subscriber. This diploma thesis examines the technical issues related mainly to the outside plant of FTTH networks (FTTx up to the household), such as infrastructure ducts, cables, trenches, holes, etc. These elements rise to higher costs in the access network (CAPEX costs) and for this reason, special emphasis is placed on them. Apart from these, there are OPEX costs. Also, the thesis presents a methodology for the business study of FTTH networks, which shows the stages to study for the economic development of networks. The main aim of this work is to implement a model that automates the design of underground FTTH access networks, that use Home Run technology. The model uses data from Geographical Information System (GIS) for network design, makes the appropriate calculations, based on data infrastructure algorithms and specifications and in the end returns the total costs for infrastructure development based on material cost tables. Before the development of the model, there are descriptions of simple geometric models that can represent an underground and aerial FTTH network. The model runs on three areas of Attica, that have different densities of buildings and households in order to accurately determine the final cost per area. Moreover, they can calculate the cost per household, building, length unit of trenches and other underground infrastructure. The representation of the external network, elements, data infrastructure, equipment and final expenditure is fully automated.

This work deals with the possibilities of laying and reverse lookup optical routes with the help of modern technology. Hereinafter, there are possibilities for documentation and registration of fiber optic lines. Speaking of thesis, it focuses on optical technology, advantages and disadvantages of this technology. Introduction focuses on fiber optic cable and related theoretical knowledge. Additionally, there are introduced comparisons with metallic lines. Another part is based on different searching methods for optical cables using metallic elements are analyzed in a detail. This section discusses galvanic and inductive methods. Subsequently, the thesis deals with searching for optical paths with the help of EMS (electronic marker system). Moreover, there are described individual types of electronic tags which are used in the installation of different kinds of lines. There are also briefly described seeker EMS markers, made by Dynatel. In addition to my work you can find the description of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology and routing the cable with the help of GPS system. Finally, possibility of documentation and evidence in the ArcGIS from ERSI and in the SPIDER-fiber from Gisoft is given. The overall functions of individual programs and their options are analyzed. The last section presents the implementation of laboratory tasks and programming burial markers, creating navigation in Urwigo and realisation with Openwing in Nokia phone. In the end of the work is map with markers positions.

No description available.

<p>This thesis presents the methods to extract modal parameters of semiconductor laser diodes based on a general zero-dimensional rate equation model. Three experiments, namely: the steady-state power versus injection current, small signal intensity modulation response and measurement of small signal response through dispersive optical fiber have been introduced, performed and analyzed under a sample space of 20 Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) Distributed feedback (DFB) laser of the same specification and from the same manufacturer. Testing software has been developed to perform the experiments , collect and analyze the data. The test results display an interesting Gaussian distributions that can be used to enhance further extraction process.</p> <p>An new method to extract the line-width enhancement factor has been purposed, which introduce a new way to extract rate equation parameters for laser lasing at the wave length for zero dispersion in optical fiber (1310nm). The new method circumvent the difficulty for measurement of small signal response through dispersive optical fiber method will not work due to the low fiber dispersion around this wavelength. This method has been validated and published at OSA conference.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Optical sensor systems that integrate Long-Period-Gratings (LPG) as the detection arm have been proven to be highly sensitive and reliable in many applications. With increasing public recognition of threats from bacteria-induced diseases and their potential outbreak among densely populated communities, an intrinsic, low-cost biosensor device that can perform quick and precise identification of the infection type is in high demand to respond to such challenging situations and control the damage those diseases could possibly cause. This dissertation describes the development of a biosensor platform that utilizes polymer thin films, known as ionic self-assembled multilayer (ISAM) films, to be the sensitivity- enhancing medium between an LPG fiber and specific, recognition layer. With the aid of cross- linking reactions, monoclonal antibodies (IgG) or DNA probes are immobilized onto the surface of the ISAM-coated fiber, which form the core component of the biosensor. By immersing such biosensor fiber into a sample suspension, the immobilized antibody molecules will bind the specific antigen and capture the target cells or cell fragments onto the surface of the fiber sensor, resulting in increasing the average thickness of the fiber cladding and changing the refractive index of the cladding. This change occurring at the surface of the fiber results in a decrease of optical power emerging from the LPG section of the fiber. By comparing the transmitted optical power before and after applying the sample suspension, we are able to determine whether or not certain bacterial species have attached to the surface of the fiber, and as a consequence, we are able to determine whether or not the solution contains the targeted bacteria. This platform has the potential for detection of a wide range of bacteria types. In our study, we have primarily investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the biosensor to methicillin- resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA). The data we obtained have shown a sensitive threshold at as low as 102 cfu/ml with pure culture samples. A typical MRSA antibody-based biosensor assay with MRSA sample at this concentration has shown optical power reduction of 21.78%. In a detailed study involving twenty-six bacterial strains possessing the PBP2a protein that enables antibiotic resistance and sixteen strains that do not, the biosensor system was able to correctly identify every sample in pure culture samples at concentration of 104 cfu/ml. Further studies have also been conducted on infected mouse tissues and clinical swab samples from human ears, noses, and skin, and in each case, the system was in full agreement with the results of standard culture tests. However, the system is not yet able to correctly distinguish MRSA and non-MRSA infections in clinical swab samples taken from infected patient wounds. It is proposed that nonspecific binding due to insufficient blocking methods is the key issue. Other bacterial strains, such as Brucella and Francisella tularensis have also been studied using a similar biosensor platform with DNA probes and antibodies, respectively, and the outcomes are also promising. The Brucella DNA biosensor is able to reflect the existence of 3 Brucella strains at 100 cfu/ml with an average of 12.2% signal reduction, while negative control samples at 106cfu/ml generate an average signal reduction of -2.1%. Similarly, the F. tularensis antibodies biosensor has shown a 25.6% signal reduction to LVS strain samples at 100 cfu/ml, while for negative control samples at the same concentration, it only produces a signal reduction of 0.05%. In general, this biosensor platform has demonstrated the potential of detecting a wide range of bacteria in a rapid and relatively inexpensive manner. / Ph. D.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung der CARS -Mikroskopie (CARS, (Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering)) zur Lokalisierung von Wirkstoffen in Zellen. Aufgrund einer C-Deuterierung dieser Wirkstoffe werden diese intrinsisch markiert und lassen sich nicht-invasiv mit Hilfe Raman-basierter Mikrospektroskopietechniken von Zellbestandteilen unterscheiden. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der für biomedizinische Anwendungen zu geringen Sensitivität und zu hohen Komplexität des experimentellen Aufbaus für CARS-Mikroskopie. Auf der Anwendungsseite wurdenzunächst mittels quantitativer Raman- und CARS- Mikroskopie die Detektionsgrenzen C-deuterierter Stoffe bestimmt. Anhand von mit deuterierter Fettsäure inkubierter Makrophagen wurde chemischer Kontrast in Zellen qualitativ gezeigt. Die Weiterentwicklung des experimentellen Aufbaus erfolgte durch den Einsatz von Impulsformern. Diese können das Anregungslicht in Amplitude und Phase formen und somit den Schwingungskontrast optimieren und den experimentellen Aufbau vereinfachen. Verwendet wurden dabei sowohl ein spatial light modulator (SLM) als auch ein akustooptischer Modulator (AOM), die in dieser Arbeit miteinander verglichen werden. Mit Hilfe einer photonischen Kristallfaser als spektral breite Lichtquelle und des AOM als spektraler Filter konnte der Aufbau vereinfacht und ein Schema zur Implementierung von Quasi-Multiplex CARS-Mikroskopie aufgebaut werden, welches ein schnelles Schalten zwischen verschiedenen bildgebenden Raman-Banden erlaubt. Die automatisierte Optimierung des Schwingungskontrasts erfolgte schließlich durch den Einsatz des SLM, der mit Hilfe eines selbstlernenden Algorithmus den Schwingungskontrast von CARS-Bildern um bis zu 160 % verbessern konnte.

In astronomy, interferometry by ground-based telescopes offers the greatest angular resolution. However, the Earth´s atmosphere distorts the incident wavefront from a celestial object, leading to blurring and signal loss. It also restricts the transmission of specific wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum. Space-based interferometers would mitigate atmospheric obstruction and potentially enable even higher angular resolutions. The main challenge of implementing space-based interferometry is the necessity of matching the light´s optical path differences at the telescopes within the coherence length of the light utilizing physical delay lines. This thesis explores the potential realization of digital delay lines via heterodyne interferometry. The technique generates a heterodyne beat note at the frequency difference between the incident stellar light and a reference laser in the radio regime, permitting digitization of the delay line while preserving the phase information for image reconstruction. The primary objective of the thesis is to advance the field of astronomy by constructing a testbed environment for investigating future space-based heterodyne interferometry in the NIR light range. It requires the achievement of two main tasks. Firstly, a laboratory starlight simulator is developed to simulate a distant star´s wavefront appearance as it reaches telescopes on or around Earth. The consequent starlight simulator contains an optical assembly that manifests a point source in NIR light, aligned with a mirror collimator’s focal point, transforming the wavefront from spherical to planar. Secondly, a fiber optical circuit with interference capability is constructed, consisting of a free-space optical delay line and a polarization-controlled custom-sized fiber. The delay line matches the optical paths within the light's coherence length, while the polarization controller optimizes interference visibility. The completion of the tasks establishes the foundation to investigate space-based heterodyne interferometry in the NIR light with the potential implementation of delay line digitization.