The Cone Calorimeter has been used widely for various purposes as a bench - scale apparatus. Originally the retainer frame (edge frame) was designed to reduce unrepresentative edge burning of specimens. In general, the frame has been used in most Cone tests without enough understanding of its effect. It is very important to have one - dimensional (1D) conditions in order to estimate thermal properties of materials. It has been implicitly assumed that the heat conduction in the Cone Calorimeter is 1D using the current specimen preparation. However, the assumption has not been corroborated explicitly to date. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the heat transfer behavior of a Cone specimen by examining its three - dimensional (3D) heat conduction. It is essential to understand the role of wall lining materials when they are exposed to a fire from an ignition source. Full - scale test methods permit an assessment of the performance of a wall lining material. Fire growth models have been developed due to the costly expense associated with full - scale testing. The models require heat flux maps from the ignition burner flame as input data. Work to date was impeded by a lack of detailed spatial characterization of the heat flux maps due to the use of limited instrumentation. To increase the power of fire modeling, accurate and detailed heat flux maps from the ignition burner are essential. High level spatial resolution for surface temperature can be provided from an infrared camera. The second objective of this study was to develop a heat flux mapping procedure for a room test burner flame to a wall configuration with surface temperature information taken from an infrared camera. A prototype experiment is performed using the ISO 9705 test burner to demonstrate the developed heat flux mapping procedure. The results of the experiment allow the heat flux and spatial resolutions of the method to be determined and compared to the methods currently available.

O aumento do consumo da madeira e de seus produtos, como os painéis de madeira, estimula o desenvolvimento de tecnologia de produtos que utilizam os insumos caracterizados como resíduos. Neste aspecto, o país reúne vantagens competitivas, pela extensa área de plantações de eucalipto de alta produtividade, detém a primeira posição na produção de cana-de-açúcar e possui um parque industrial com avançada tecnologia de produção de painéis de fibras e de partículas. Com este contexto, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo a confecção e a caracterização tecnológica de painéis de fibras de madeira de eucalipto, Eucalyptus grandis e de partículas do bagaço do colmo de cana-de-açúcar, Saccharum sp. Os ensaios laboratoriais compreenderam, inicialmente, a caracterização macroscópica das matérias primas e suas misturas, bem como classificação granulométrica do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Em seguida, foram estabelecidas 2 etapas referentes ao processo de confecção dos painéis, denominadas etapa A (0-100% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, com variações de 25%; 14% de resina UF) e etapa B (0-25% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, com variações de 5%; 13 e 16% de resina UF). A caracterização tecnológica dos painéis compreendeu a análise da sua morfologia (microscopia MEV, microtomografia de raios X/microCT), densitometria de raios X, propriedades físicas (densidade, inchamento, absorção e umidade), mecânicas (MOR, MOE, resistências à trações perpendicular e superficial, arrancamento de parafuso); análises óticas por deflectometria, química (espectroscopia NIR, teor de formol livre e sílica) e durabilidade natural (bioensaios de fungos xilófagos e cupins). Os resultados da avaliação morfológica indicaram diferenças da estrutura anatômica das matérias primas e de granulometria das partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. A avaliação morfológica dos painéis evidenciou, através da microCT, a homogeneidade da matriz fibrosa, cuja composição anatômica foi diferenciada através do MEV. Na caracterização das propriedades físico-mecânicas, os perfis de densidade aparente dos painéis, típicos de painéis de fibras, indicaram a influência da matéria prima e sua mistura. Ainda, verificou-se uma redução das propriedades mecânicas, notadamente MOR, MOE e resistência á tração perpendicular, dos painéis confeccionados com mais de 50% de partículas do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; quanto à resina, 16% resultou em melhor desempenho tecnológico em relação à 13%. Os valores de MOE dos painéis foram similares aos obtidos pela aplicação da técnica ótica de deflectometria. O aumento percentual de partículas do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar nos painéis resultou em redução do teor de formol livre e no aumento do teor de sílica. A aplicação da metodologia NIR permitiu a diferenciação das fibras da madeira de eucalipto e das partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e seus percentuais praticados. Nos bioensaios os painéis (etapa B) não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à resistência ao ataque de fungos e cupins. Os resultados permitem concluir que os painéis de fibras de eucalipto e partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, como matéria prima alternativa e em percentuais entre 5-25%, apresentaram propriedades tecnológicas que atendem às normas, indicando o potencial da utilização desta biomassa para produtos de maior valor agregado. / The increased consumption of wood and its products, such as wood panels, stimulates the development of technology for products that use inputs characterized as waste. In this respect, Brazil has competitive advantages regarding the large area of high-yield eucalyptus crops; Brazil is the worlds major sugarcane producer and has an industrial sector with advanced technology for fiberboards and particleboards production. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the manufacture and technological characterization of wood fibers from eucalyptus, Eucalyptus grandis, and stalk particles of sugarcane bagasse, Saccharum sp. Laboratory analyses included, initially, the macroscopic characterization of raw materials and their mixtures as well as sorting granules of crushed sugarcane bagasse. Then, two steps were established for the panel-making process, called phase A (0-100% of sugarcane bagasse, with variations of 25%, 14% UF resin) and phase B (0 - 25% of sugarcane bagasse, with variations of 5%, 13 and 16% UF resin). The technological characterization of the panels comprised the morphology analysis (SEM microscopy, X-ray microtomography / microCT), X-ray densitometry, physical properties (density, swelling in thickness, absorption and moisture content), mechanical (MOR, MOE, internal bond, surface resistance and axial withdrawal of screw); optical analysis by deflectometry, chemical (NIR spectroscopy, free formaldehyde content of sand content) and natural durability (bioassays of fungi and termites). The results indicated morphological differences of anatomical structure of raw materials and particle size of sugarcane bagasse. The morphological evaluation of the panels showed, through the microCT, the homogeneity of the fibrous matrix, whose anatomical composition was different through SEM. In the characterization of physical-mechanical properties, the density profiles of the panels, typical of fiberboards, indicated the influence of raw materials and their mixture. Still, there was a reduction of mechanical properties, notably MOR, MOE and internal bond to the panels made with more than 50% of sugarcane bagasse particles; regarding the resin, 16% resulted in better technological performance compared to 13%. The MOE values of the panels were similar to those obtained by applying the deflectometry technique. The percentage of sugarcane bagasse particles in the panels resulted in reduction of the level of free formaldehyde and increase of the sand content. The use of the NIR methodology allowed the differentiation of eucalyptus wood fibers and particles of sugarcane and their percentage applied. In bioassays, the panels (step B) showed no significant differences in resistance to fungi and termites. The results indicate that the panels of eucalyptus fibers and particles of sugarcane bagasse, as an alternative raw material and at percentages between 5-25% showed technological properties that meet the standards, indicating the potential use of this biomass for products with higher value added.

Master´s thesis is based on the design of energy efficient huts in the mountain resort Čenkovice . The specified property is currently located existing building mountain rescue . Land is the bigger size , medium steep , overgrown with trees higher . The existing building is of timber construction and is already inadequate to the needs of mountain rescue . The concept of the new HS object is to achieve the lowest power consumption of utility power to operate the building and to endeavor the least possible burden on the environment during construction. The new building is designed largely from natural materials , mostly of wood that form the supporting structure and it is well insulated. The house is rectangular in shape , with 2 floors and galleries. The first floor serves HS , second floor stay for ski school instructors . The rooms are oriented to the southwest side . The building uses solar energy to power and ventilation is forced.