Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMVR.pdf: 2984636 bytes, checksum: 7a4e26302aeada36a4e2b3594d857fdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-06 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / It has been shown that the presence of electrostatic charges in particles affects significantly the performance of a filter, both increasing collection efficiency and reducing pressure drop. The aim of the present work is to verify the influence of the charge level on collection efficiency during the first stages of filtration. A charge classifier was used to measure the charge level of the aerosol as a function of particle diameter. The filtration unit was made of polypropylene with 600 g/m2 weighing, and had a diameter of 0.047 m and a thickness of 0.0026 m. The solid used was a phosphate rock (density 2940 kg/m3 and average Stokes diameter of 3.40 mm). The aerosol was dispersed by a TSI Venturi type generator, model SSPD 3433. The particle charging was achieved by a corona. In all the tests a linear relation between the particles acquired charge and their diameter was observed. A gradual increase of the charge level was observed with an increase of the tension in the corona charger (0, -3, -6 kV). The filtration results indicated that the global collection efficiency of the filter was very sensitive to the variation of the charge level of the particles. Both efficiency and pressure drop increased when the charge level increased. During the tests, the small increase in pressure drop was evidence that the cake had not yet been formed. / A presença de cargas eletrostáticas em partículas a serem removidas tem se mostrado um fator que contribui sensivelmente para o desempenho do meio filtrante, tanto no aumento da eficiência de coleta quanto na diminuição de perda de carga do filtro. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência do nível de cargas eletrostáticas das partículas na eficiência de coleta do filtro durante os estágios iniciais da filtração. Para a medição do nível de cargas, foi utilizado o classificador de cargas eletrostáticas, equipamento capaz de medir o nível de cargas elétricas de um aerossol em função do diâmetro da partícula. A unidade de filtração utilizada apresentava 0,047 m de diâmetro. Como meio filtrante, foi utilizado tecido de polipropileno de 0,0026 m de espessura e gramatura 600 g/m2. O sólido utilizado foi um concentrado fosfático (densidade: 2940 Kg/m3 e diâmetro de Stokes médio de 3,40 mm). O aerossol foi disperso por um gerador tipo venturi marca TSI modelo SSPD 3433, e a eletrização das partículas feita através de um carregamento tipo corona. Em todos os testes de determinação do nível de carga das partículas foi observado comportamento linear entre o nível de carga adquirida pela partícula e o diâmetro. Houve aumento gradativo do nível de carregamento das partículas com o aumento da tensão no carregador tipo corona (0, -3, -6 kV). Os resultados de filtração indicaram que a eficiência global de coleta do filtro apresentou-se muito sensível à variação do nível de cargas das partículas. Houve um aumento da eficiência e um decréscimo da queda de pressão mediante a eletrização das partículas. Durante a realização dos testes houve um aumento muito pequeno da queda de pressão evidenciando a não formação de torta de filtração.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLSM.pdf: 989402 bytes, checksum: e395689272b987229996f5143b06b63d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Previous works have shown that the presence of electrostatic forces in particles significantly affect the performance of a filter, both increasing collection efficiency and reducing pressure drop. Recently, in the Environmental Control research group of the Chemical Engineering Department of UFSCar, Rodrigues (2005) have studied the filtration of electric charged phosphate rock particles in polypropylene filter, observing the influence of the charge acquired by the particles in collection efficiency and pressure drop. The aim of the present work is to analyze the particle trajectory during filtration and the contribution level of each collect mechanism present in the process, in order to theoretically detail the results obtained by Rodrigues (2005) and propose a model for the electrophoretic mechanism of collection that better fit in experimental data. / Trabalhos anteriores evidenciaram que a presença de cargas eletrostáticas em partículas a serem removidas tem se mostrado um fator que contribui sensivelmente para o desempenho do meio filtrante, tanto no aumento da eficiência de coleta quanto na diminuição de perda de carga do filtro. Mais recentemente, no grupo de pesquisa de controle ambiental do Departamento de Engenharia Química da UFSCar, Rodrigues (2005) realizou estudos experimentais envolvendo a filtração, em feltro de polipropileno, de um aerosol contendo partículas de rocha fosfática eletricamente carregadas e verificou a influência deste carregamento na eficiência de coleta e na queda de pressão do processo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo aprofundar o estudo teórico sobre os experimentos desenvolvidos por Rodrigues (2005). Foi analisada a trajetória das partículas durante a filtração, verificando-se o grau de contribuição de cada mecanismo de coleta atuante no processo. Foi proposto um modelo matemático para o cálculo da eficiência de coleta do mecanismo eletroforético que melhor se ajustou aos valores experimentais de penetração da partícula no filtro em função de seu tamanho.

La qualité microbienne de l’air intérieur représente un enjeu sanitaire important, notamment dans le secteur professionnel. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis d’étudier les conditions favorisant le développement des espèces microbiennes collectées sur des médias fibreux utilisés dans des CTA, ainsi que leur réentrainement an aval de la filtration, susceptible de dégrader la qualité de l’air. La première partie de l’étude s’est déroulée en laboratoire à partir de la filtration d’un consortium bactérien – fongique composé de Staphylococcus epidermidis et Penicillium oxalicum. L’influence de trois paramètres a été étudiée sur la croissance microbienne : le taux d’humidité relative (HR) de l’air, la nature du média fibreux, la présence/absence de flux d’air. Les résultats ont révélé notamment que quelles que soient les conditions,S. epidermidis n’arrive pas à croître. En revanche, lorsque l’HR de l’air approche 100%, P. oxalicum se développe sur les filtres et des spores sont relarguées en aval des filtres après une reprise de la filtration. Une seconde partie de l’étude a consisté à travailler avec un aérosol atmosphérique semi urbain. Deux unités de filtration d’air ont fonctionné pendant 5 mois en parallèle. La ventilation d’une des deux unités a été stoppée chaque week-end et redémarrée en début de semaine. Un suivi de la température, de l’humidité de l’air, de la perte de charge des filtres et de la concentration des particules totales dans l’air en amont de la filtration a été assuré tout au long de l’étude. Les concentrations en microorganismes cultivables ont été mesurées chaque semaine en amont et en aval de chaque filtre, notamment au redémarrage de la ventilation. En fonction des variations saisonnières de la concentration des microorganismes, les résultats ont montré en particulier des efficacités de filtration vis-à-vis des particules bactériennes faibles, voire négatives, dans l’unité de filtration fonctionnant en continu. / Microbial indoor air quality is an important issue in particular in the professional sector. This thesis aims to investigate the conditions leading to microbial development on to fibrous filters and to microbial release down stream of filters that could decrease air quality. The first part of the thesis was realized on laboratory and consisted in the filtration of a microbial consortium composed with Staphylococcus epidermidis (bacterium specie) and Penicillium oxalicum (fungi specie). The effects of three parameters on the microbial behavior were studied : the relative humidity (RH) of the air, the filter material, the airflow presence/absence. Whatever conditions, S. epidermidis did not grow up. However, P. oxalicum has demonstrated its ability to develop itself when RH was close to 100% and some P. oxalicumspores were released downstream of filter after growth, when ventilation was restarted. The second part of the thesis consisted in working with a semi-urban outdoor air. Two air handling unit (AHU) have operated during 5 months. The ventilation of one AHU was stopped each week-end and restarted each beginning of week. Temperature and RH of the air, filters pressure drop and total concentration of PM in air before filtration were monitored. Concentration of total cultivable microorganisms upstream and downstream of both filters was also measured each week, in particular at the restart of ventilation for one AHU. According to seasonal variations of microbial concentrations, results have revealed for instance that the filtration efficiency of cultivable bacteria was particularly weak, and sometimes negative, for the AHU operating continuously.

Cette étude s'est concentrée sur la performance d'un filtre antimicrobien en fibres de polypropylène contenant de la pyrithione de zinc (PP/ZPT) au laboratoire et comparée à celle d'un filtre similaire (PP) avec la même classification F7 (EN779:2002). La performance de filtration à l'échelle du laboratoire des 2 filtres testés pendant le colmatage avec des particules PM10 a été quantifiée dans un dispositif expérimental avec mesure de la perte de charge du filtre et comptage des particules en amont et en aval des filtres. La croissance microbienne sur des filtres neufs et usagés, tous deux contaminés par aérosolisation avec un consortium microbien composé de deux bactéries (Staphylococcus epidermidis Gram positif, Serratia marcescens Gram négatif et spores fongiques (Penicillium chrysogenum). L'influence de trois paramètres sur la survie microbienne sur les filtres a été examinée : l'humidité relative de l'air, la présence ou l'absence de pyrithione de zinc (ZPT) en tant que substances antimicrobiennes et la présence de particules organiques. Des analyses quantitatives par unité formant colonies ont été utilisées pour déterminer la survie après 8 jours du consortium bactéries-champignons collecté par le filtre. Les deux filtres ont présenté des performances de filtration similaires en termes de variation de perte de charge et d'efficacité de collecte des particules pendant leur colmatage avec des particules PM10, ce qui signifie que le traitement antimicrobien n'a pas dégradé les performances de filtration du filtre. A faible valeur d'humidité de conditionnement (50% RH), avec des filtres neufs ou usagés, avec ou sans traitement antimicrobien, la population microbienne sur les filtres diminue et éventuellement ne survivra pas (Serratia). Lorsque l'humidité relative du conditionnement est élevée (90% RH), les bactéries ne se développent pas sur les filtres neufs, et seuls les champignons ont pu se développer. L'effet du traitement antimicrobien avec la pyrithione de zinc est confirmé pour les filtres neufs, en particulier en ce qui concerne les champignons Penicillium. Pour les filtres usagés, les résultats indiquent que le traitement antimicrobien n'est pas plus efficace avec une croissance significative du Penicillium, l'espèce endémique des particules de riz micronisées (PM10) collectées par les filtres ; les deux populations de bactéries diminuent significativement avec ou sans traitement antimicrobien.Dans une deuxième étape, les performances de filtration des 2 filtres testés précédemment ont été étudiées dans des conditions réalistes avec un air extérieur semi-urbain sur une période de 7 mois. Le comportement des microorganismes extérieurs sur les filtres (croissance/mortalité) a été observé. Deux unités de filtration fonctionnaient à IMT Atlantique, l'une contenant le filtre PP/ZPT et l'autre le filtre PP. Chaque unité filtrait le même air semi-urbain. Les deux unités de filtration ont fonctionné en continu et plusieurs paramètres ont été surveillés tout au long de la période d'exploitation : température, humidité relative, chute de pression du filtre, efficacité de collecte des particules du filtre, concentration massique des particules à l'entrée et concentrations microbiennes ; en outre, la concentration microbienne sur les filtres a été quantifiée 3 fois (tous les 2 mois) à partir d'une méthodologie innovante basée sur des coupons de média. Les performances de filtration des deux filtres testés en termes de changement de perte de charges et d'efficacité de collecte de particules étaient différentes de celles obtenues à l'échelle du laboratoire. La méthodologie des coupons a permis d'étudier le comportement des micro-organismes tout au long de l'étude. L'effet antimicrobien de la pyrithione de zinc a été confirmé concernant l'inhibition des champignons sans influence du niveau d'encrassement du filtre (dépôt de masse de particules). / This study focused on the performance of a marketed antimicrobial polypropylene fibers filter containing zinc pyrithione (PP/ZPT) at the laboratory and compared to those of a similar filter (PP) with same classification F7 (EN779:2002). The filtration performance at laboratory scale of the 2 tested filters during clogging with PM10 particles was quantified in an experimental set-up with filter pressure drop measurement and particle counting up and downstream of the filters. The microbial growth onto new and used filters, both contaminated by aerosolization with a microbial consortium composed of two bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis Gram positive, Serratia marcescens Gram negative and fungal spores (Penicillium chrysogenum). The influence of three parameters on the microbial survival onto filters was examined: the air relative humidity, the presence or absence of Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) as antimicrobial substances and the presence of organic particles. Quantitative analyses by colony forming unit were used to determine the survival after 8 days of the bacteria–fungi consortium collected by the filter. The two filters revealed similar filtration performance in terms of change in pressure drop and particle collection efficiency during their clogging with PM10 particles, meaning that the antimicrobial treatment did not degrade the filtration performance of the filter. At low humidity value of conditioning (50% RH), with new or used filters, with or without antimicrobial treatment, the microbial population onto the filters decreases and possibly will not survive (Serratia). At high humidity value of conditioning (90% RH), the bacteria do not grow onto the new filters, and only the fungi was able to develop. The effect of the antimicrobial treatment with zinc pyrithione is confirmed for new filters in particular regarding the fungi Penicillium. For used filters, the results indicate that the antimicrobial treatment is no more efficient with a significant growth of the Penicillium, the endemic species of the micronized rice particles (PM10) collected by the filters; the two populations of bacteria significantly decrease with or without antimicrobial treatment. In a second step, the filtration performances of the 2 filters tested previously was investigated in realistic conditions with a semi-urban outdoor air over a 7 months period. The behavior of the outdoor microorganisms onto the filters (growth/mortality) was observed. Two filtration units were operating at IMT Atlantique location, one containing the PP/ZPT filter and the second the PP filter. Each unit filtered the same semi-urban air. Both filtration units operated continuously and several parameters were monitored throughout the operating period: temperature, relative humidity, filter pressure drop, filter particle collection efficiency, inlet particle mass concentration, and microbial concentrations; in addition, the microbial concentration onto the filters was quantified for 3 times (every 2 months) from an innovative methodology based on media coupons. The filtration performances of the two tested filters in terms of changes in pressure drop and particle collection efficiency were different than those obtained in the Laboratory scale. The methodology of coupons permitted to study the behavior of the microorganisms throughout the study. The antimicrobial effect of the zinc pyrithione was confirmed regarding the inhibition of the fungi cultivated on the DRBC agar with no influence of the level of clogging of the filter (mass of particles deposit).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6695.pdf: 5587762 bytes, checksum: 18422df241d7678995fda12c8a8bf70f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-23 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Human exposure to nanoparticles is increasingly becoming a concern, including in the workplace, due to urban and industrial development and the increasing use of motor vehicles. Filtration using fibrous filters is among the various options that can be used to provide efficient elimination of particles. It is known that there has been little research concerning the removal of nanoparticles using these filtration media. The aim of this study was to characterize, evaluate the efficiency and analyze the influence of filtration area on the efficiencies of the filter media HEPA (high efficiency particulate air), glass, micro-quartz, and polyester (300 g/m2) for the removal of nanoparticles. The filtration area was analyzed because is not possible in general to do the experimental testes in laboratory with large filtration area. The evaluation of the filter media depend on the structure of the filters (fiber diameter, thickness, and permeability), the operating conditions (superficial velocity and filtration area), and the characteristics of the filtered aerosols (density and size distribution). The characterization was used to evaluate the filter media and explain some results. Thickness, fiber diameter and permeability are examples of characterization parameters. The experimental setup was used in experimental tests of permeability and efficiency for the 5.3 and 40.7 cm2 filtration areas. A solution of 5 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl) was used to generate the nanoparticles in the filtration tests and a constant superficial velocity of 0.05 m/s. Particles were counted before and after passing through the filter media at the beginning of filtration using the electrical mobility technique. At the end of the filtration (one hour), the particles were again counted before and after the filters (in triplicate). The permeability constants of the HEPA, glass, and micro-quartz filters were the lower and they are influenced by the filtration area, while a much higher value was obtained for the polyester filter and showed no significant variation using different filtration area. Altogether, all the filter media were highly efficient in removing nanoparticles during approximately 2 hours of filtration, with the exception of the polyester filter, for which the efficiency decreased with increasing particle diameter. / Há uma grande preocupação com a exposição de pessoas às partículas nanométricas presentes no ar, até mesmo no ambiente de trabalho. Isto se deve ao desenvolvimento urbano, industrial e o crescente uso de veículos motorizados. Uma das soluções que vem sendo muito utilizadas ultimamente é o processo de filtração utilizando filtros fibrosos. Como há poucas pesquisas sobre o comportamento desses filtros na remoção de nanopartículas, o objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar, avaliar a eficiência e verificar se o tamanho da área de filtração influencia no desempenho de meios filtrantes HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter), de Vidro, de Micro Quartzo e de Poliéster na remoção de nanopartículas. A área de filtração foi avaliada uma vez que em testes laboratoriais nem sempre são possíveis grandes áreas de filtração para avaliação do desempenho de meios filtrantes. O desempenho de um meio filtrante depende da estrutura dos filtros (espessura, porosidade, diâmetro das fibras), das condições operacionais (velocidade de filtração e área de filtração) e das características do material particulado (densidade, tamanho da partícula e distribuição). A caracterização foi utilizada para avaliar os meios filtrantes e justificar possíveis resultados, entre ela está a espessura, o diâmetro das fibras e a permeabilidade. O sistema experimental foi utilizado tanto para a realização de experimentos de permeabilidade como para experimentos de eficiência com áreas de filtração iguais a 5,3cm2 e 40,7 cm2. Nos testes de eficiência foram utilizados uma solução de 5 g/L de cloreto de sódio para geração de partículas e velocidade constante de 5 cm/s. A contagem das partículas antes e após a passagem pelo meio filtrante era feita em triplicata no tempo zero e também depois de uma hora de filtração utilizando a técnica de mobilidade elétrica. Os meios filtrantes HEPA, de Vidro e de Quartzo apresentaram as menores constantes de permeabilidade e os valores foram ligeiramente influenciados pela área de filtração. Já o filtro de Poliéster foi o mais permeável e não apresentou variação significativa com a área de filtração. De uma forma geral, todos os meios filtrantes foram muito eficientes na remoção de nanopartículas durante duas horas de filtração aproximadamente, com exceção do filtro de Poliéster para o qual a eficiência decaiu com o aumento do tamanho das partículas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2373.pdf: 7764902 bytes, checksum: 711e8da93c1f36cc76df511c9897a671 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The interest of studies on the development of techniques for removal of particles in the nanosized scale was promoted by concern about air quality and human health, in addition to restrictions on the control of ultrafine particles, wich are more intransigent by environmental laws. Additionally, the increasing application of nanoparticles in various areas of science and technology has stimulated the development of studies on the subject. Amongst the several equipments capable to operate with efficiency on the particle removal, the fibrous filters are distinguished. Such filters are, in principle, capable to act in sub-micrometer scale, but there is little information about its performance in the nano-sized scale. In this work the performance of a polyester filter, of a HEPA cellulose filter, of a quartz microfiber filter and also of cylindrical filtering membrane, provided by Pam-Membranas Seletivas Ltda, were evaluated. The experimental system was able to simulate a contamination of nanometric particles in a stream of ultrapure air, with the aim of investigating the efficiency of filter media in the removal of nanoparticles. The test aerosol was constituted by NaCl polydisperse nanoparticles, ranging from 6.15 to 245.1 nm. The performance of the filter was evaluated through the analysis of the efficiency of removal of nanoparticles, for the counting of particles before and after to cross the filtering media, using the electric mobility technique. This procedure was performed using the TSI Scannig Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), model 3936, which provides the particles concentration, in size range. The results, in general, have showed that the filter media loses efficiency with the increasing filtration velocity and increasing particle size, in the ranged studied, indicating the typical behavior of difusional mechanism. The filtering membranes have showed better performance in the removal of particles unlike the others filters analysed there was no tendency to increase the penetration of particles with increasing the velocity of filtration or particle diameter. / O interesse de estudos acerca do desenvolvimento de técnicas de remoção de materiais particulados na escala nanométrica foi impulsionado pela preocupação com a qualidade do ar e da saúde humana, somada às restrições do controle de particulados ultrafinos, cada vez mais intolerantes pelas leis ambientais. Adicionalmente, a crescente aplicação de partículas nanométricas em diversas áreas da ciência e tecnologia estimulou o aprofundamento de estudos sobre o assunto. Dentre os vários equipamentos capazes de operar com eficiência na remoção de partículas ultrafinas, destacam-se os filtros fibrosos. Tais filtros são, em princípio, capazes de atuar em escala submicrométrica, mas as informações referentes ao seu desempenho em escala nanométrica ainda são pouco conhecidas. No presente trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de filtros de poliéster, de celulose HEPA, de microfibras de quartzo e, também, de membranas filtrantes cilíndricas, fornecidas pela empresa Pam-Membranas Seletivas Ltda. O sistema experimental disponível era capaz de simular uma contaminação de partículas nanométricas em uma corrente de ar ultrapuro, a fim de que, posteriormente, fosse possível investigar a eficiência dos meios filtrantes na operação de remoção das mesmas. O aerossol de teste era constituído por nanopartículas polidispersas de NaCl, produzidas na faixa de diâmetros de 6,15 a 245,1 nm. O desempenho do filtro foi avaliado através da análise da eficiência de remoção das partículas nanométricas, pela contagem das partículas antes e após a passagem pelo meio filtrante, utilizando a técnica de mobilidade elétrica. Tal procedimento foi realizado por meio de um equipamento da TSI, o Scannig Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), modelo 3936, que fornece o número de partículas por faixa de tamanho. Os resultados, em geral, mostraram que a eficiência dos meios filtrantes diminui com o aumento da velocidade de filtração e com aumento do diâmetro, na faixa em estudo, indicando o comportamento típico do mecanismo difusional. As membranas apresentaram um melhor desempenho na remoção das partículas, visto que, diferentemente dos demais meios filtrantes analisados, não se observou tendência para o aumento da penetração de partículas, com o aumento da velocidade de filtração ou diâmetros das partículas, sendo que, em relação à faixa de tamanho, a penetração ocorreu de forma aleatória.