Presentación de libro: Fanfiction. Una red social en el espacio de la ficción

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

My research deals with fantasy and the fantastic as genres, as well as with their subgenres. I propose a new genology for fantasy and fantastic literature and their subgenres in which they are part of a continuum, with fantasy standing on one end and mimetic literature standing on the other, the fantastic being their middle ground. Within this continuum, the subgenres – which I call fantasy marvel-fiction and fantastic marvel-fiction, fantasy science-fiction and fantastic science-fiction, fantasy surrealism and fantastic surrealism – are distinguished among themselves according to two axes, namely: a) the inner coherence or incoherence of the world the text presents – their being subjected or not to the laws of that world –; b) the nature, and the appropriate explanation – marvelous or scientific –, of the phenomenon that breaks the natural laws of the reader’s known real world. This relationship between reality and fantasy has been essential to my investigation. More specifically, what I have named “the scientific urban gaze” of reality has been the touch-stone to establish what is fantasy and what is not and to create the consequent genology. The genology I propose must therefore be pragmatic: the reader’s view of reality must be taken into account in the process of placing a text within this continuum and the proper genre and subgenre. Once the genology is fully explained, I compare it to the work of some of the most prominent critics on the field of fantasy and the fantastic in order to see similitudes and differences between their research and mine. For the validity of my genology to be demonstrated, I apply it in the analysis of some Mexican narrative works and show how the genre and subgenre of a text – in interaction with the text’s archetypes and narrative components – can be an effective means to convey ideology or worldview. The genological approach, therefore, integrated with an archetypal and a narratological one, constitutes an efficient tool for a holistic semiotic analysis. Notwithstanding that in my thesis I apply it to literary works, it can also be applied to cinema and theatre.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia. / La utilización de un filme como elemento para esta investigación proviene de mi agrado personal por las creaciones cinematográficas, y en especial el filme en que se basa este trabajo -2001: Una odisea espacial- es uno de mis favoritos. Sin embargo, su elección no se limita sólo a ello, ya que esta realización es considerada una de las obras maestras de la ciencia ficción cinematográfica, pasando a ser (para muchos críticos y aficionados) un filme de culto. Y he aquí que se encuentra en punto importante: si 2001 es una obra realizada en 1968, me parece interesante sondear qué elementos contiene que la hacen trascender su época de creación, y aún más teniendo en cuenta sus características particulares, y siendo aún hoy es referencia obligada a la hora de hablar del género de la ciencia ficción. Considerando esto, me pareció viable aplicar lo aprendido sobre el mito en una expresión cultural como el cine en general, y el filme 2001 en particular.

En el presente trabajo se buscó abordar a la escritura creativa cuando se circunscribe a un medio de comunicación tan importante como la televisión. La creación de ficción televisiva fue el fenómeno investigado para explorar cómo se crearon estructuras narrativas en el modelo comercial peruano en la última década. Y bajo esta premisa, se intentó colocar a la escritura de ficción dentro del marco que ofrece la televisión como un medio que enlaza los símbolos y cultura de una sociedad, con la operación del interés comercial para emitir contenidos atractivos que generen audiencia. La investigación fue descriptiva, con las limitaciones de ser un primer abordaje a un tema todavía no desarrollado exhaustivamente en Perú. Basado en un enfoque cualitativo, utilizó como metodología la entrevista semiestructurada a 5 guionistas que tenían como similitud la experiencia de trabajo desde el año 2001 y con proyectos de ficción emitidos en horario estelar durante el mismo periodo. Se tuvo como guías para el análisis ejes temáticos como la vocación, el inicio de la carrera, la forma de trabajo, las demandas del mercado y la institucionalización del oficio de guionista. Ello tenía por fin encontrar en los testimoniosdatos sobre el estado de la creatividad en ficción y su interrelación con los procesos comerciales de la televisión peruana. En conclusión, se pudo constatar las interacciones de algunos actores decisores en la ficción peruana, una tendencia hacia el facilismo demandado por objetivos comerciales que entraba en tensión con la creatividad, y un proceso cíclico de crecimiento y contracción en la producción de nuevas historias. Dejando como saldo final interrogantes acerca de la audiencia peruana, la calidad de historias que puede consumir, la potencialidad de las nuevas tecnologías y una deuda con la internacionalización de historias, que logre el ansiado despegue de la ficción televisiva peruana que lleve a una edad de oro de la ficción, como en otros mercados, al unir calidad y éxito altísimos. / Tesis

Memoria para optar al título de Periodista / El autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / Ejercicio general del cuerpo de bomberos, es el nombre de la primera película chilena realizada de la que se tiene registro. El sitio cinechile.cl data su filmación el día 20 de abril de 1902 en Valparaíso. Esta se exhibe el 27 de mayo de 1903 en el teatro Odeón de la misma ciudad, y de su duración de tres minutos, solo se conservan 27 segundos. La suerte que corrió esta cinta no es muy distinta al resto del registro cinematográfico nacional. Es escaso, y gran parte de este está perdido. Nadie consideró la importancia de la conservación de este material para la memoria de nuestro país. En nuestra búsqueda intentamos indagar en películas que no estaban en el archivo público (Cineteca Nacional, Memoria Chilena, Cineteca U. Chile) La respuesta fue siempre la misma: sólo lo que circula en los sitios de internet es lo que existe, el resto está perdido. No obtuvimos mayor información de lo que ocurrió en el periodo entre la creación de estas cintas y nuestros días. No indagamos en ello porque no comprendía a nuestra búsqueda. Tenemos certeza de que hubo un hito, años más tarde, que significó un apagón irrevocable. Cuando las herramientas tecnológicas llegaron de manera más accesible a los realizadores chilenos y el cine estaba empezando a levantar historias, reivindicar personajes y mostrarnos el pasado, el gobierno de Salvador Allende tiene su trágica fractura el 11 de Septiembre de 1973. Con esto la creación artística nacional se extingue durante varios años. La influencia extranjera empezó a llenar este espacio y a generar esta ausencia, esta falta de imaginario histórico local. Conscientes de que cada individuo se enfrenta a sus raíces cuando va teniendo conciencia de quien es y a preguntarse lo que hace en este lugar, empiezan a aparecer las inquietudes por identificarse, ejercicio que también es parte de una construcción cultural. De esta forma nos vamos afirmando de 4 historias, relatos, fotos, revistas, diarios del pasado, música, dibujos, dentro de otras cosas. Pero siguen habitando en ese éter incorpóreo. Afortunadamente existe el cine, que es el arte que permite agrupar todo esto en una misma pieza, cuya interpretación posibilita generar el propio espacio de sentido de nuestra historia. Este acto puede levantar numerosos sentimientos, emociones, sensaciones, reflexiones. Es ahí donde habita su riqueza. Pasaron los años, llegó la ―democracia‖ y con ello la libertad de expresión. Ahora podía contarse cualquier historia. Aparecen, a su vez, cintas del pasado que vivieron lejos de su casa durante muchos años, registros documentales que vuelven y se posicionan como reliquias. Pero el ímpetu artístico también quiere adentrarse en esta corriente y re-construir esta parte de la historia que no existía visible y materialmente. Los constantes abusos, desigualdad e injusticia presentes a lo largo de la historia de Chile empiezan a ver la luz en la creación cinematográfica de hace dos décadas, el cine empieza a salir de la oscuridad como la eclosión de una crisálida. Un país que no conoce su pasado difícilmente podrá tener certezas para tomar las decisiones óptimas que construirán su futuro. Los caminos para llegar a la historia, propiamente tal, son diversos y coexisten en distintos micro universos interpretativos. Elegir los elementos que la reconstruirán es una decisión difícil. Ahora miramos hacia el pasado y vemos que Chile es un país joven, que apenas está tomando las riendas de su identidad. Nace entonces nuestra propia búsqueda de los procesos, técnicas y testimonios que hay detrás de cada una de las películas que abordan nuestra historia. De esta forma fuimos a golpear las puertas de sus realizadores para 5 aprender de sus experiencias y conocer los móviles que hay tras estos relatos, las sensibilidades subjetivas que hay tras el trabajo que presenciamos cuando nos enfrentamos a una película, lo real, lo humano.