Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T13:12:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERILÂNEA NEYONARA FAUSTINO LISBOA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 1445004 bytes, checksum: c2f80a5d04e632d9c74d55a966dca898 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T13:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERILÂNEA NEYONARA FAUSTINO LISBOA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 1445004 bytes, checksum: c2f80a5d04e632d9c74d55a966dca898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-28 / CNPq / O quiabo é um vegetal presente o ano inteiro sendo bastante consumido em diversas partes do mundo. Contudo apresenta tempo de prateleira curto gerando perdas pós-colheita. Assim a secagem constitui uma alternativa para minimizar o desperdício. Dentro dessa linha o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da secagem em temperaturas distintas sobre o teor de compostos fenólicos, atividade antioxidante e características físico-químicas do quiabo. Foi usado o secador de leito fixo com as temperaturas de 43ºC e 65ºC e uma velocidade do ar de 0,85 m/s. Todas as análises feitas no quiabo in natura foram realizadas no quiabo desidratado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que houve uma concentração de todos os nutrientes avaliados após o processo de secagem. A aplicação de modelos empíricos resultou que o modelo de Page foi o mais adequado (R2=99,95%, SSE= 0,002 e RMSE= 0,0007) para a temperatura de 43ºC e para a temperatura de 65ºC o modelo Logarítmico forneceu melhor ajuste (R2=99,6%, SSE=0,008 e RMSE=0,020). A aplicação do modelo fenomenológico forneceu um valor de Deff = 9,16x10-8 m2/s (R2=98,5%) para a temperatura de 43ºC e um Deff = 2,16x10-7 m2/s (R2=98,2%) para 65ºC. / The okra is a vegetable present the whole year being quite consumed in several parts of the world. However, it presents short shelf life generating post-harvest losses. Thus drying is an alternative to minimize waste. Within this line the objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of drying at different temperatures on the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and physical and chemical characteristics of okra. The fixed bed drier was used with temperatures of 43ºC and 65°C and an air velocity of 0.85 m/s. All the analyzes made on okra in natura were carried out on dehydrated okra. The results showed that there was a concentration of all nutrients evaluated after the drying process. The application of empirical models showed that the Page model was the most adequate (R2 = 99.95%, SSE = 0.002 and RMSE = 0.0007) for the temperature of 43 ° C and for the temperature of 65 ° C the logarithmic model provided the best fit (R2 = 99.6%, SSE = 0.008 and RMSE = 0.020). The application of the phenomenological model yielded a Deff = 9.16x10-8 m2 / s (R2 = 98.5%) for the temperature of 43ºC and a Deff = 2,16x10-7 m2 / s (R2 = 98.2 %) to 65 ° C.

Les fibres végétales utilisées comme renfort dans les matériaux composites présentent des propriétés mécaniques spécifiques concurrentielles par rapport à celles des fibres de verre. De plus, elles ont l'avantage d'être renouvelables et recyclables. Toutefois, leur principal inconvénient est leur sensibilité à l'humidité, ce qui a pour conséquence d'induire une baisse des propriétés mécaniques ainsi d'une décohésion de l'interface fibre/matrice. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence de l'humidité sur le comportement hygro-mécanique de fibres de lin. La première partie de mes travaux a été consacrée à la caractérisation des propriétés hygroscopiques et mécaniques de la fibre et du composite. Dans la deuxième partie, deux modèles multi-échelles, l'un analytique et l'autre numérique, ont été développés pour l'estimation des propriétés hygro-mécaniques des fibres élémentaires de lin. Ils utilisent en partie pour données d'entrée, les propriétés identifiées dans la première partie. / Natural fibres used as reinforcement in composite materials present specific mechanical properties, which are comparable to glass fibres. In addition, they have the advantage of being renewable and recyclable. But, their main drawback is their inherent susceptibility to moisture expansion, which has the effect of inducing a decrease in mechanical properties, and of debonding and fracturing interface in the composite. The main aim of this thesis is to study the influence of humidity on hygro-mechanical behavior of flax fibres. The first part of my work was deal with the characterization of mechanical and hygroscopic properties of the fibre and the composite. The second part is dedicated to the development of two multiscale models, one analytical and one numerical. They have been developed for the estimation of hygro-mechanical properties of elementary flax fibres. Properties identified in the first part of the work are used as input data.

Orientador: Julio Cesar Hadler Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_LucasAntoniassi_M.pdf: 1401742 bytes, checksum: e450c67acc972690e5fca996ffceb006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A medida da atividade de radônio (222Rn) no ar ambiental tem sido feita intensamente nas últimas quatro décadas, pelo fato de ser este o contaminante natural mais importante a que o homem está sujeito. Sabe-se que os filhos do 222Rn são os verdadeiros contaminantes a serem considerados no caso da contaminação de ambientes internos por radônio, no entanto ainda não há uma metodologia robusta para a medida passiva da concentração de atividade dos filhos no ar. Resultados anteriores do Grupo de Cronologia da Unicamp apontam que a utilização de detectores CR-39 de tamanhos reduzidos se apresentam como possível alternativa na investigação da concentração dos produtos de decaimento do 222Rn no ar. Nesse sentido, conjuntos com detectores de traços nucleares CR-39 de diversos tamanhos foram expostos no interior de ambientes fechados e de pouca ventilação, longe de qualquer superfície material. As exposições ocorreram em duas etapas: conjuntos com 6 detectores foram expostos durante cerca de 7 meses em 14 ambientes, e conjuntos com 10 detectores foram novamente expostos durante aproximadamente 5 meses em 3 destes locais. Observou-se que a densidade de traços nos detectores foi tanto maior quanto menor o tamanho do detector. Dados de densidade de traços foram ajustados utilizando-se uma equação deduzida com base no pressuposto de que o comportamento dos átomos dos filhos do radônio no ar pode ser descrito pela Lei de Fick, ou seja, o principal mecanismo de transporte dessas partículas no ar é a difusão. Considerou-se também o fenômeno da deposição (plate-out) dos filhos do radônio (livres ou ligados em aerossóis) em superfícies dos ambientes, incluindo as dos detectores. A atividade de radônio no ar foi determinada de maneira independente pela técnica do monitor NRPB/SSI. A equação resultante para a densidade de traços nos detectores das montagens expostas nos vários ambientes foi ajustada aos resultados experimentais. Observou-se, de fato, que na maioria dos ambientes pouco ventilados vale a lei de Fick, o que significa que radônio e filhos estariam em equilíbrio de atividades. Este resultado, se confirmado com mais dados experimentais, é importante por duas razões: i) porque é raro se fazer medidas conjuntas de radônio e filhos em exposições longas, e ii) porque ambientes de convívio humano pouco ventilados são comumente usados. Porém, a quantificação destes ajustes precisa ser aprimorada, tanto no que diz respeito a testes estatísticos como simulação computacional / Abstract: Radon activity in indoor environments has been intensively studied in the last four decades, probably because it is the main natural contamination to which man is subjected. It is well known that radon daughters are in fact the true contaminants. However, there is not yet a robust and accepted methodology for measuring radon progeny activity in the air passively. Previous results obtained by the Chronology Group of Unicamp show that the use of CR-39 detectors in reduced sizes may be an alternative to investigate the radon progeny concentration in the air. In this sense, sets of CR-39 nuclear track detectors of different sizes were exposed in poor ventilated indoor environments, far from any material surfaces. The exposures occurred in two steps: sets with 6 detectors were exposed during 7 months in 14 environments, and sets with 10 detectors were again exposed during approximately 5 months in 3 of these same places. It was observed that track density was as greater as smaller was the detector¿s size. Alpha particle track densities were fitted against an equation deduced based on the assumption that the behavior of radon progeny in the air was described by Fick¿s Law, i.e., the main transport mechanism of these particles was diffusion. It was also considered the deposition phenomenon (plate-out) of radon progeny (free or attached to aerosols) on environmental surfaces, including the detector themselves. Radon activity in the air was determined independently by NRPB/SSI monitor technique. The resulting equation for the track density was fitted to the experimental track densities measured on each exposed set of detectors. It was observed, indeed, that in most of the poor ventilated environments the Fick¿s law was valid under ?2 test, which means that radon and its progeny would be in equilibrium of activities. If, confirmed with more experimental data, these results are important for two reasons: i) because results of simultaneous measures of radon and progeny for long term expositions are rare, and ii) because poorly ventilated indoor environments are commonly used all over the world. However, these fittings quantification needs improvement, both regarding statistical tests and computer simulations / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Karst landscapes can serve as carbon sinks when carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which then weathers carbonate rocks. However, CO2 can also move through the subsurface via gas diffusion, a process that is not well-understood in karst systems. This study focused on quantifying CO2 diffusion within a karst sinkhole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify the depth of the zero-flux plane (i.e., depths of local maximum CO2 concentrations), analyze the distributions of concentration gradients, and investigate the validity of a uniform concentration gradient throughout the profile; and 2) assess the influences of vertical position and seasonality on CO2 fluxes within this sinkhole. The study site contained three locations within the sinkhole, including shoulder, backslope, and toeslope locations. Each location had three soil CO2 and three soil water content/temperature sensors placed at 20, 40, and 60 cm depths. Zero-flux planes were seldom detectable during the warm season (April-September) but were frequently found near the surface (20 or 40 cm) during the cool season (October-March). The common assumption of a uniform concentration gradient was often invalid based on relative concentrations between sensor pairs. As for the second objective, CO2 fluxes generally followed a trend of upward fluxes in warmer months that was partially offset by downward fluxes during the cooler months. These study results provide new insight into CO2 dynamics in a karst system, and suggest that subsurface processes such as chemical weathering and cave ventilation affect the direction and magnitude of CO2 fluxes. / Master of Science / Carbon dioxide (CO2) within soils is a larger pool of CO2 than atmospheric CO2. Therefore, the movement of CO2 within soils is important to understand, as soil CO2 may eventually diffuse through the soil and into the atmosphere. Soil CO2 movement is dependent on many factors such as soil water content, porosity, and temperature. Soil CO2 movement may vary between landscapes as well, due to chemical weathering processes being sinks of soil and atmospheric CO2. One type of important landscape is karst, which can be identified by easily soluble rocks, usually in the forms of limestone and dolomite rocks. In order to investigate the influences of karst landscapes on the movement of soil CO2, in this study I identified the depths of CO2 maximum concentrations and CO2 movement over time and by sinkhole slope position. The results from this study were that the depth of maximum CO2 concentration was deeper, > 40 cm, during the warmer months and often shallower, ≤ 40 cm, during the cooler months. The CO2 fluxes generally followed a trend of upward fluxes in warmer months that was partially offset by downward fluxes during the cooler months. The results from this study suggest that due to vertical differences in soil properties, temperature, chemical weathering of the karst rock, and cave ventilation the depth of the maximum CO2 concentration and the CO2 movement vary by season and sinkhole slope location. This study provides new insight to CO2 movement relative to karst landscapes while highlighting the importance of soil and geologic properties as influences that can alter the direction and magnitude of CO2 fluxes.

O presente estudo trata do problema da corrosão de armaduras em estruturas de concreto armado submetidas à penetração de cloretos. É amplamente reconhecido nos meios técnico e científico que, dentre os diversos processos causadores de patologias nas estruturas de concreto armado, destacam-se aqueles que desencadeiam a corrosão das armaduras. O processo de corrosão é iniciado quando a concentração de cloretos na interface armadura/concreto atinge um valor limite, despassivando a camada química protetora ao redor da armadura. A utilização de uma abordagem probabilística é capaz de tratar o problema de forma mais consistente, uma vez que as variáveis envolvidas no fenômeno possuem um alto grau de aleatoriedade associado. A formulação utilizada para a análise não linear mecânica emprega o método dos elementos finitos, utilizando o modelo de dano de Mazars para descrever o comportamento do concreto e o modelo elastoplástico para descrever o comportamento do aço. A lei de Fick é empregada para descrever o mecanismo de difusão dos íons cloretos no interior dos elementos de concreto armado e leis empíricas são utilizadas para representar a penalização das áreas de aço das armaduras bem como a redução de sua tensão de escoamento. A formulação utilizada para a análise probabilística emprega o FORM (First Order Reliability Method), o método de superfície de resposta e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Enfoque especial é dado na análise de estruturas hiperestáticas, com o objetivo de determinar a probabilidade de falha do sistema, sendo esta uma das contribuições desse estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam de que forma os efeitos corrosivos considerados contribuem para a redução da durabilidade estrutural. / This work deals with the problem of reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures subjected to chloride penetration. It is widely recognized in the technical and scientific communities that, among the different processes which cause pathologies in reinforced concrete structures, reinforcement corrosion is one of the most relevant. The corrosion process starts when chloride concentration at the reinforcement/concrete interface reaches a threshold value, causing depassivation of the protecting chemical layer surrounding the armor. A probabilistic approach is capable of dealing with the problem in a more consistent manner, since the variables involved in the phenomenon have a high degree of randomness. The formulation used in the mechanical non-linear analysis utilizes the finite element method, employing Mazars\' damage model to describe the concrete behavior and the elastoplastic model to describe the steel behavior. Fick\'s law is used to describe the diffusion mechanism of chloride ions inside the concrete elements and empirical laws are used to represent the steel area reduction as well as the reduction of steel yield stress. The formulation used for the probabilistic analysis employs the FORM (First Order Reliability Method), the response surface method and the Monte Carlo simulation. A contribution of this study concerns the analysis of hyper-static structures, in order to evaluate the failure probability of the system, giving special attention to this type of problem. The obtained results show how the considered corrosive effects influences the structural durability reduction.

O presente estudo trata do problema da corrosão de armaduras em estruturas de concreto armado submetidas à penetração de cloretos. É amplamente reconhecido nos meios técnico e científico que, dentre os diversos processos causadores de patologias nas estruturas de concreto armado, destacam-se aqueles que desencadeiam a corrosão das armaduras. O processo de corrosão é iniciado quando a concentração de cloretos na interface armadura/concreto atinge um valor limite, despassivando a camada química protetora ao redor da armadura. A utilização de uma abordagem probabilística é capaz de tratar o problema de forma mais consistente, uma vez que as variáveis envolvidas no fenômeno possuem um alto grau de aleatoriedade associado. A formulação utilizada para a análise não linear mecânica emprega o método dos elementos finitos, utilizando o modelo de dano de Mazars para descrever o comportamento do concreto e o modelo elastoplástico para descrever o comportamento do aço. A lei de Fick é empregada para descrever o mecanismo de difusão dos íons cloretos no interior dos elementos de concreto armado e leis empíricas são utilizadas para representar a penalização das áreas de aço das armaduras bem como a redução de sua tensão de escoamento. A formulação utilizada para a análise probabilística emprega o FORM (First Order Reliability Method), o método de superfície de resposta e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Enfoque especial é dado na análise de estruturas hiperestáticas, com o objetivo de determinar a probabilidade de falha do sistema, sendo esta uma das contribuições desse estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam de que forma os efeitos corrosivos considerados contribuem para a redução da durabilidade estrutural. / This work deals with the problem of reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures subjected to chloride penetration. It is widely recognized in the technical and scientific communities that, among the different processes which cause pathologies in reinforced concrete structures, reinforcement corrosion is one of the most relevant. The corrosion process starts when chloride concentration at the reinforcement/concrete interface reaches a threshold value, causing depassivation of the protecting chemical layer surrounding the armor. A probabilistic approach is capable of dealing with the problem in a more consistent manner, since the variables involved in the phenomenon have a high degree of randomness. The formulation used in the mechanical non-linear analysis utilizes the finite element method, employing Mazars\' damage model to describe the concrete behavior and the elastoplastic model to describe the steel behavior. Fick\'s law is used to describe the diffusion mechanism of chloride ions inside the concrete elements and empirical laws are used to represent the steel area reduction as well as the reduction of steel yield stress. The formulation used for the probabilistic analysis employs the FORM (First Order Reliability Method), the response surface method and the Monte Carlo simulation. A contribution of this study concerns the analysis of hyper-static structures, in order to evaluate the failure probability of the system, giving special attention to this type of problem. The obtained results show how the considered corrosive effects influences the structural durability reduction.