Filiality (xiao) has been a significant concept in Chinese culture. Its significance is shown by the fact that its idea was elevated to a system of philosophy by Confucians in the Zhanguo period (475-221 B.C.E.). The purpose of this study is to clarify why filiality was important and what the philosophy of filiality essentially meant. Filiality was not merely a familial ethic. In the Western Zhou period (the 11th c. to 770 B.C.E.), it meant sacrifices to ancestors. Filiality toward fatherhood was essentially obedience to headship of lineage groups, and it was expressed in ancestor worship. When lineage gradually collapsed in the Chunqiu period (770-475 B.C.E.), its significance must have been restricted. In fact, however, filiality was given a new meaning by Zhanguo Confucians. First, Confucius emphasized the mental aspect of filiality, and then Mencius thought of filiality as the basis from which general ethics were generated. The various ideas of filiality were collected in a book: the Book of Filiality. This book, presenting the dichotomy between love and reverence, argued that a father-son relationship had an element shared by a monarch-retainer relationship and that filiality should be shifted into loyalty. The essential achievement of this philosophy was the recognition of the dualistic nature of human beings; any human relationship was a social relation between two social roles as well as an emotional connection between two characters. The former was the basis for culture and society. It was the aspect of culture inherent in human nature that should be developed to bring about social justice. This dualism was derived from the ambiguity of fatherhood in ancestor worship. As ancestor symbolized the social role of lineage headship, the philosophy of filiality symbolically connected fatherhood to the social role of authority in general. Filiality was identified with devotion to the absolute basis for humans and society that was symbolized by fatherhood. This thesis, analyzing ancient Chinese philosophy of filiality, presents a hypothesis concerning the essential structure of ancestor worship, which can be summarized as the symbolism representing higher levels of authority on the basis of parental authority.

Chinese society has greatly emphasized filial piety and other related societal norms. This thesis explores how Mainland Chinese international students, especially those who are from one-child households, maintain their familial responsibilities while studying in Canada away from home. The research is framed by the family migration strategy literature and empirically adopts a qualitative approach. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews with Mainland Chinese international students are undertaken. The findings show that as with many other types of migration, student migration, in this case, is a familial decision. To a certain extent, obtaining a foreign degree is the foundation for fulfilling familial responsibilities in the future. In addition, a new concept, delay remittances, is introduced as a way of conceptualizing the concrete meaning of familial responsibility for Mainland Chinese international students. The findings also show that the most significant tension for Mainland Chinese international is related to the uncertainty of how and where they will be able to fulfill their familial obligations to their parents.

Filiality (xiao) has been a significant concept in Chinese culture. Its significance is shown by the fact that its idea was elevated to a system of philosophy by Confucians in the Zhanguo period (475-221 B.C.E.). The purpose of this study is to clarify why filiality was important and what the philosophy of filiality essentially meant. Filiality was not merely a familial ethic. In the Western Zhou period (the 11th c. to 770 B.C.E.), it meant sacrifices to ancestors. Filiality toward fatherhood was essentially obedience to headship of lineage groups, and it was expressed in ancestor worship. When lineage gradually collapsed in the Chunqiu period (770-475 B.C.E.), its significance must have been restricted. In fact, however, filiality was given a new meaning by Zhanguo Confucians. First, Confucius emphasized the mental aspect of filiality, and then Mencius thought of filiality as the basis from which general ethics were generated. The various ideas of filiality were collected in a book: the Book of Filiality. This book, presenting the dichotomy between love and reverence, argued that a father-son relationship had an element shared by a monarch-retainer relationship and that filiality should be shifted into loyalty. The essential achievement of this philosophy was the recognition of the dualistic nature of human beings; any human relationship was a social relation between two social roles as well as an emotional connection between two characters. The former was the basis for culture and society. It was the aspect of culture inherent in human nature that should be developed to bring about social justice. This dualism was derived from the ambiguity of fatherhood in ancestor worship. As ancestor symbolized the social role of lineage headship, the philosophy of filiality symbolically connected fatherhood to the social role of authority in general. Filiality was identified with devotion to the absolute basis for humans and society that was symbolized by fatherhood. This thesis, analyzing ancient Chinese philosophy of filiality, presents a hypothesis concerning the essential structure of ancestor worship, which can be summarized as the symbolism representing higher levels of authority on the basis of parental authority. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

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Against the backdrop of successful family planning in China, the aging of the society’s population is increasing. With the increasing number of older adults, the support of the elderly has become a significant issue for society. Filial piety and respect for the elderly are the fundamentals of Chinese society and its long history. One aspect of filial piety focused on the responsibilities of the family in eldercare. It advocates that the elderly need not only material help but also spiritual comfort and emotional support. This culture of filial piety in a traditional Chinese society illustrates a path for responding to problems of the aging population. However, with the advent of an industrialized society, China’s family structure has undergone fundamental changes. There is an increasing trend of families choosing to send the elders to long-term institutional care rather than home or community care. This has led to conflict between traditional filial piety principles and the new model of aging healthcare. As a result, it is important to understand whether the new institutional care in China will meet the material and spiritual needs of the elderly. This paper aims to examine how Chinese values connect with eldercare treatments nowadays with the interplay of filial piety Confucian familism. More specifically, this paper discusses how Confucian values play in the relationship among eldercare locations, accessibility to care, and how filial piety has been expressed in the senior home before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Also, since the available data on service and quality in nursing homes in China is limited, it is important to understand what administrators and caregivers are experiencing as a first step. This paper examines the following issues during the COVID-19 outbreak. 1. To what extent does Filial-piety Confucian familism play a role in young and elder generation’s attitudes regarding elder health care? 2. What challenges do the nursing homes face before and during the pandemic? 3. How was filial-piety expressed in the nursing home before and during the pandemic? Methodology and Methods This project conducted a total of 15 in-depth interviews with selected interviewees, including both selected administrators and caregivers in five nursing homes in Shanghai, China. As the researcher was born and raised in Shanghai, the insights for this research came partially from the real-life experience and a personal understanding of Chinese culture. The researcher conducted this qualitative study in Shanghai during the time when there were restrictions on travel and interaction due to COVID-19. Regarding the location specialty, the researcher was able to conduct interviews in Shanghainese and observe the cultural rituals inherent in the region. The interviews were conducted to observe examples of experiences that administrators and caregivers observed or participated in. As such, the results are based on examples more so that opinions or attitudes. All interviews were recruited through email exchanges and discussions were over WeChat (a Chinese communication app) and phone calls due to the pandemic restrictions. Key Findings This study found that numerous young people in China chose to place their parents in nursing homes due to busy work schedules, house demolitions, and the need for long-term medical care for their parents. However, senior care institutions are still in the stage of exploration and standardization. Inevitably, there are some problems, including a shortage of professional medical staff and a limited level of medical services that can be provided. It was found that this new and flourishing model of elderly care is also facing a series of problems that are prevalent around the world, such as high bed vacancy rate, endless psychological problems of the elderlies, and increased operating costs of nursing homes. This information has led us to question whether the elders are living well and to try to understand views of nursing homes and filial piety. We found that most elders have gradually changed their traditional concept of filial piety to a more modern one. The administrators and caregivers we interviewed said that “filial piety” is a respect from the heart, a mutual emotional exchange and understanding. It possesses equality and democracy between two generations. Their comments suggest that more elderly people living in nursing homes have low attachment to traditional notions of filial piety. In contrast, more children have a solid attachment to traditional filial piety because they struggled mentally before sending their parents to a nursing home. In addition, the study found that filial piety was expressed differently before and during COVID-19. Prior to the pandemic, the administrators and caregivers suggested that individuals were more inclined to fulfill practical obligations and compassionate reverence needs. Whereas, during the pandemic, filial piety was expressed less practically and more emotionally due to the closure of institutions. Future Research Further studies should expand the sample size by including more nursing homes in various districts of Shanghai. It would be helpful if researchers can interview the caregivers and administrators in person and visit some of the care homes to gather other information on the unique needs of clients and families. Further studies could seek to discover how filial piety plays a role in the nursing home after the pandemic has passed. The challenges of the aging models can be further analyzed and recognized through exploring public policies and the needs of China’s overall society. For example, China's future pension system might need to respond to how filial piety evolves. A comprehensive pension security system based on current filial views could be established where children might play different roles in the older adults' material life, care, and spiritual comfort. This research offers suggestions to consider in future research relating to finding a role for elderly care homes in society in reducing some of the negative perceptions of these homes, developing a model that meets the needs of elderly and children, and training and developing staff. Firstly, research might seek to understand how to address some of the negative perceptions of the nursing homes and, possibly, change the view that nursing homes do not mean an abandonment of the elderly. Rather, research might seek to illustrate ways that nursing homes might implement a modern version of filial piety which provides a way that elderly can live in a care home as well as participating with their children in their family homes. Secondly, the study might get input into a template or model for designing nursing homes to recognize the evolving changes and pressures on traditional views of filial piety. As needs of children and elderly in a society have changed, so have their expectation of filial piety and, given these changes, how do we develop elderly institutions to respond to the economic needs of children and society at large? Thirdly, the research might investigate the response to the concerns raised from administrators about the shortage of trained staff. This might involve identifying needs of qualified care professional and encouraging their training and developing in colleges, vocational and technical colleges, secondary vocational schools, and county vocational education centers. / Graduate

In some species with uniparental care, when the parental individual deserts the offspring or dies, its mate may adopt the parental responsibilities, a behaviour known as flexible compensation of uniparental care. However, for most of the species in which this behavioural response has been reported in the literature, there was no thorough investigation of its effects upon offspring fitness to support it. In the Neotropical harvestman Serracutisoma proximum, a species with female uniparental care, harem-owning males stand on unattended clutches when the egg-tending females desert or die. Here, we investigate if this species constitutes an actual example of flexible compensation of uniparental care by evaluating the effects of ecological (namely climatic conditions and mate availability) and life-history factors (namely male attractiveness, clutch size and filial cannibalism) on males\' behaviour and, ultimately, on offspring survival. We expect unfavourable climatic conditions, as well as low mate availability and male attractiveness, to negatively affect the exhibition of compensatory behaviours, but a positive effect of clutch size. Moreover, we expect an increase in the extent of filial cannibalism to be a strategy that alleviates the costs of compensation. However, males\' behaviour towards unattended offspring has no effect on offspring survival, and other results were inconsistent with our predictions except for climatic conditions affecting the extent of both the presumed behaviour of standing on unattended clutches and filial cannibalism. Our results, therefore, do not support the existence of flexible compensation of uniparental care in S. proximum. Rather than a parental activity, we argue that males’ behaviour corresponds to a mating tactic that increases fertilization and mating success with the returning egg-tending females or newcomer mates foraging on the unattended offspring. This study demonstrates that for presumed cases of flexible compensation of uniparental care it is necessary to evaluate the effects on offspring fitness since not always an apparent parental behaviour is what it seems to be / Em algumas espécies com cuidado uniparental, quando o individuo parental deserta a prole ou morre, seu parceiro pode adotar as responsabilidades parentais, um comportamento conhecido como compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental. No entanto, para a maioria das espécies em que esta resposta comportamental tem sido relatada na literatura, não houve uma investigação completa de seus efeitos sobre a aptidão da prole para apoiá-lo. No opilião Neotropical Serracutisoma proximum, uma espécie com cuidado uniparental da fêmea, os machos donos de harem ficam sobre desovas desatendidas quando as fêmeas que deveriam cuidar dos ovos desertam ou morrem. Aqui, investigamos se esta espécie constitui um exemplo real de compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental, avaliando os efeitos de fatores ecológicos (condições climáticas e disponibilidade de parceiras) e de história de vida (atratividade do macho, tamanho da desova e canibalismo filial) sobre o comportamento dos machos e, em última instância, sobre a sobrevivência da prole. Esperamos que condições climáticas desfavoráveis, assim como baixa disponibilidade de parceiras e atratividade do macho, afetem negativamente a exibição de comportamentos compensatórios, mas que o tamanho da desova tenha um efeito positivo. Além disso, esperamos que um aumento na intensidade do canibalismo filial seja uma estratégia que alivie os custos da compensação. Entretanto, o comportamento dos machos em relação à prole desatendida não tem efeito sobre a sobrevivência da prole, e os outros resultados foram inconsistentes com nossas previsões, exceto pelas condições climáticas que afetam tanto a intensidade do comportamento dos machos sobre as desovas quanto o canibalismo filial. Nossos resultados, portanto, não apoiam a existência de compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental em S. proximum. Ao invés de uma atividade parental, argumentamos que o comportamento dos machos corresponde a uma tática de acasalamento que aumenta o sucesso de fertilização e de acasalamento com as fêmeas que retornam às suas desovas ou com novas fêmeas que se alimentam dos ovos desprotegidos. Este estudo demonstra que, para os casos em que se pressupõe compensação flexível de cuidado uniparental, é necessário avaliar os efeitos sobre a aptidão prole, uma vez que nem sempre um aparente comportamento parental é o que parece ser

In some species with uniparental care, when the parental individual deserts the offspring or dies, its mate may adopt the parental responsibilities, a behaviour known as flexible compensation of uniparental care. However, for most of the species in which this behavioural response has been reported in the literature, there was no thorough investigation of its effects upon offspring fitness to support it. In the Neotropical harvestman Serracutisoma proximum, a species with female uniparental care, harem-owning males stand on unattended clutches when the egg-tending females desert or die. Here, we investigate if this species constitutes an actual example of flexible compensation of uniparental care by evaluating the effects of ecological (namely climatic conditions and mate availability) and life-history factors (namely male attractiveness, clutch size and filial cannibalism) on males\' behaviour and, ultimately, on offspring survival. We expect unfavourable climatic conditions, as well as low mate availability and male attractiveness, to negatively affect the exhibition of compensatory behaviours, but a positive effect of clutch size. Moreover, we expect an increase in the extent of filial cannibalism to be a strategy that alleviates the costs of compensation. However, males\' behaviour towards unattended offspring has no effect on offspring survival, and other results were inconsistent with our predictions except for climatic conditions affecting the extent of both the presumed behaviour of standing on unattended clutches and filial cannibalism. Our results, therefore, do not support the existence of flexible compensation of uniparental care in S. proximum. Rather than a parental activity, we argue that males’ behaviour corresponds to a mating tactic that increases fertilization and mating success with the returning egg-tending females or newcomer mates foraging on the unattended offspring. This study demonstrates that for presumed cases of flexible compensation of uniparental care it is necessary to evaluate the effects on offspring fitness since not always an apparent parental behaviour is what it seems to be / Em algumas espécies com cuidado uniparental, quando o individuo parental deserta a prole ou morre, seu parceiro pode adotar as responsabilidades parentais, um comportamento conhecido como compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental. No entanto, para a maioria das espécies em que esta resposta comportamental tem sido relatada na literatura, não houve uma investigação completa de seus efeitos sobre a aptidão da prole para apoiá-lo. No opilião Neotropical Serracutisoma proximum, uma espécie com cuidado uniparental da fêmea, os machos donos de harem ficam sobre desovas desatendidas quando as fêmeas que deveriam cuidar dos ovos desertam ou morrem. Aqui, investigamos se esta espécie constitui um exemplo real de compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental, avaliando os efeitos de fatores ecológicos (condições climáticas e disponibilidade de parceiras) e de história de vida (atratividade do macho, tamanho da desova e canibalismo filial) sobre o comportamento dos machos e, em última instância, sobre a sobrevivência da prole. Esperamos que condições climáticas desfavoráveis, assim como baixa disponibilidade de parceiras e atratividade do macho, afetem negativamente a exibição de comportamentos compensatórios, mas que o tamanho da desova tenha um efeito positivo. Além disso, esperamos que um aumento na intensidade do canibalismo filial seja uma estratégia que alivie os custos da compensação. Entretanto, o comportamento dos machos em relação à prole desatendida não tem efeito sobre a sobrevivência da prole, e os outros resultados foram inconsistentes com nossas previsões, exceto pelas condições climáticas que afetam tanto a intensidade do comportamento dos machos sobre as desovas quanto o canibalismo filial. Nossos resultados, portanto, não apoiam a existência de compensação flexível do cuidado uniparental em S. proximum. Ao invés de uma atividade parental, argumentamos que o comportamento dos machos corresponde a uma tática de acasalamento que aumenta o sucesso de fertilização e de acasalamento com as fêmeas que retornam às suas desovas ou com novas fêmeas que se alimentam dos ovos desprotegidos. Este estudo demonstra que, para os casos em que se pressupõe compensação flexível de cuidado uniparental, é necessário avaliar os efeitos sobre a aptidão prole, uma vez que nem sempre um aparente comportamento parental é o que parece ser

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_manuela_zardin_de_pellegrini.pdf: 867365 bytes, checksum: 0d6793294ffa9bf2c92471e5c33514d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / The research evaluated the incidence of mastitis sheep and its relation to pain and behavioral variables in Corriedale herd, handled on native pasture in Rio Grande do Sul. The results were collected in two reviews. The first stage was conducted in December 2010 to determine the incidence of mastitis in multiparous ewes after weaning their lambs. The sheep were submittedto clinical examination and palpation of the udder and classified as scale change in consistency of the udder. No cases of clinical mastitis, but 25% of the herd had chronic mastitis. In the second stage, held in September 2011, was observed behavioral variables in two environments: pen and paddock. Two sheep were evaluated postpartum, which showing udderalteredconsistencyandnormal, respectively.The sheep with udderalteredconsistencyshowed alert behavior pen and paddock. The sheep with normal udder showed higher gregarious behavior and vocalised more often for her lamb. The presence ofnodulesin the udderalteredmaternal-filial behavior the sheep.The indicators of pain were not observed. The clinical mastitis is not a problem in the extensive breeding of sheep, but the presence of chronic mastitis indicates trauma or inflammation without prior treatment. / A pesquisa avaliou a incidência da mastite ovina e sua relação com variáveis de dor e comportamentais, em rebanho Corriedale, manejado em campo nativo no Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados foram coletados em duas avaliações. A primeira etapa foi realizada em dezembro de 2010, para verificar a incidência da mastite em ovelhas multíparas após o desmame dos seus cordeiros. As ovelhas foram submetidas ao exame clínico e palpação do úbere e classificadas conforme escala de alteração da consistência do úbere. Não houve casos de mastite clínica, porém 25% do rebanho apresentou mastite crônica. Na segunda etapa, realizada em setembro de 2011, foi observado as variáveis comportamentais em dois ambientes: mangueira (curral) e piquete. Duas ovelhas foram avaliadas no pós-parto, as quaisapresentaram consistência de úbere alterado e úbere normal, respectivamente. A ovelha com alteração no úbere mostrou comportamento alerta no curral e piquete. A ovelha com úbere normal apresentou maior comportamento gregário e vocalizou mais vezes para seu cordeiro. A presença de nodulações no úbere alterou o comportamento materno-filial. Os indicadores de dor não foram observados. A mastite clínica não é um problema na criação extensiva de ovinos, contudo a presença de mastite crônica indica trauma ou inflamação prévia sem tratamento.

There is evidence that industrialization and urbanization has led to an increase of immigration to urban areas for employment and has led to a change of family structure and connection between parents and adult children in Chinese societies. However, little research has compared different Chinese societies, as well as rural and non-rural regions. This study compared the adult children’s current level of filial piety, between non-rural and rural regions, and between males and females using data from an international study of countries in East Asia. Overall, China reported higher level of filial piety as compared to Taiwan. Moreover, for the regional differences, the China rural group also showed higher levels of filial piety than the China non-rural group. The gender differences between these two regions further explain this phenomenon. Both male and female non-rural groups and the female rural group reported similar amount of caregiving. However, the male rural China group reported significantly lower levels of caregiving than the female rural China group as well as both male and female non-rural groups. These results help fill the literature gap in contemporary filial piety between societies in East Asia.

Cavidades naturais constituem um recurso reprodutivo monopolizável, cuja disponibilidade determina a intensidade da competição macho-macho que, por sua vez, pode influenciar os custos do cuidado paternal, pois quanto maior o risco de perda do recurso, menor deve ser a freqüência de forrageio dos machos. Fêmeas do opilião Magnispina neptunus utilizam cavidades naturais como sítios de nidificação, que são monopolizados por machos em um sistema de poliginia por defesa de recursos. Após a oviposição, as fêmeas abandonam os ninhos e todo o cuidado parental é exercido pelos machos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de ninhos sobre a competição intrassexual e os custos do cuidado paternal em M. neptunus. Dois grupos experimentais foram estabelecidos em laboratório: alta (8 ninhos) e baixa (4 ninhos) disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos. Cada grupo era composto por sete terrários contendo 12 machos e 12 fêmeas. Apesar da redução dos sítios de nidificação ter reduzido o número de machos detentores de ninhos, o tamanho dos indivíduos não exerceu nenhum efeito sobre o sucesso de monopolização de ninhos. Aparentemente, o pequeno diâmetro de entrada dos ninhos experimentais reduz a importância do tamanho dos machos sobre sua probabilidade de monopolizar um sítio de nidificação. Apenas a residência prévia parece determinar o resultado das disputas entre machos e, portanto, os custos de abandonar os ninhos devem ser altos. De fato, machos guardiões permanecem quase todo o tempo dentro dos seus ninhos em ambos os grupos experimentais, o que aumenta os custos do cuidado. Como conseqüência, o canibalismo filial é freqüente, pois os custos em termos de redução no tamanho da desova são menores do que os benefícios de manter a posse do ninho e dos ovos, que sabidamente aumentam a atratividade dos machos e suas chances de obterem novas desovas / Natural cavities are a reproductive resource that can be monopolized, and their availability determines the intensity of male-male competition, which in turn may influence the costs of paternal care since the higher the risk of loosing the resource, the low should be male foraging frequency. Females of the harvestman Magnispina neptunus use natural cavities as nest site, which are monopolized by males in typical resource defense polygyny mating system. After oviposition, females leave the nests and all parental activities are in charge of males. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of nest site availability on the intrasexual competition and the costs of paternal care in M. neptunus. Two experimental groups were established in the laboratory: high (8 nests) and low (4 nests) nest site availability. Each group was composed of seven terraria containing 12 males and 12 females. Although the reduction of in the number of nests sites has indeed reduced the number of males holding nests, male size did not influence the probability of acquiring and maintaining a nest. Apparently, the small diameter of entrance in the experimental nests reduces the importance of male size on their resource holding power. Only previous residence seems to influence the output of agonistic interactions between two males and, therefore, the costs of leaving the nest to forage are likely to be high. In fact, guarding males remain almost all the time inside their nests, which increases the costs of paternal care. As a consequence, filial cannibalism is frequent in both experimental groups because the costs in terms of reduction in clutch size are likely to lower than the benefits of holding a nest containing eggs, which is known to increase male attractiveness and his chance of acquiring additional eggs