Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Helmara.pdf: 1239564 bytes, checksum: f5a4e670235603269ce13bb3db2a2938 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Due to the implementation of more restricted environmental regulation laws, the control of pollution agent such as sulfur compounds has provides the development of new analytic methodologies for its quantification on different matrices, including biodiesel fuel. Thus, this work aims to compare three different sensors - film bismuth and mercury film on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode and solid silver amalgam (dental) - for the determination of sulfur in biodiesel, by means of stripping voltammetric cathodic square wave mode (VRC/SW) as supporting electrolyte with a solution of sodium acetate (1,4 mol.Lˉ¹) and acetic acid (0.33 mol.Lˉ¹) in metanol/2-propanol. In general, the mercury film electrode (MFE) has presented the best electrochemical behavior to the definition of peak reduction, being then selected as standard electrode to the measurements. The sulfur quantization on biodiesel samples was performed by adding 70 μL of soybean biodiesel and tallow fatty with TMAH, adding later, aliquots of standard sulfur. The method showed good linearity (0.998), suggesting an average sulfur concentration of 6,870x10ˉ7 (± 6,857x10ˉ⁸) mol.Lˉ¹, within a confidence interval of 95%, to a limit of detection 3,294x10ˉ¹º mol.Lˉ¹ and quantification limit of 1,098x10ˉ9 mol.Lˉ¹. Besides, for the untreated sample, the experimental has provided a LD of 6,54 x 10ˉ9 mol.Lˉ¹. Finally the proposed method has been compared with the results of a collaborative study (ANP 01/2012) of the same sample using the Teste-t de Student, verifying that the proposed method and official methods (EN ISO 20846, EN ISO 20884) are statistically equivalent to a confidence level of 95%, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the method. / O controle da poluição ambiental tem exigido, cada vez mais, a determinação de enxofre em uma variedade de matrizes. Diferentes métodos analíticos têm sido desenvolvidos para determinação deste analito em biodiesel, empregando várias técnicas, que vão desde a análise cromatográfica aos métodos espectroanalíticos. No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados da avaliação de diferentes sensores eletroquímicos para determinação de enxofre em Biodiesel, utilizando a técnica voltamétrica de redissolução catódica no modo onda quadrada (VRC/SW) tendo como eletrólito suporte uma solução de acetato de sódio (1,4 mol.Lˉ¹) e ácido acético (0,33 mol.Lˉ¹), em metanol/2-propanol. Foram avaliados três sensores (filme de bismuto e filme de mercúrio na superfície de carbono vítreo, e eletrodo sólido de amálgama de prata dentária) na determinação de enxofre, sendo observado que o eletrodo de filme de mercúrio (EFM) apresentou os melhores resultados relacionados ao comportamento eletroquímico na definição do pico de redução. Portanto, o EFM foi o sensor escolhido para aplicação na amostra de biodiesel. A determinação do analito em Biodiesel foi realizada adicionando-se 70 μL de Biodiesel de Soja e Sebo (01/2012, interlaboratorial) tratado com TMAH, adicionando, posteriormente, alíquotas de padrão de enxofre. O método apresentou uma boa linearidade (0,998), determinando-se assim uma concentração média de enxofre de 3,687 x 10ˉ7± 6,857 x 10ˉ⁸ mol.Lˉ¹, a um intervalo de confiança de 95%, para um limite de detecção de 3,294 x 10-10 mol.Lˉ¹ e limite de quantificação de 1,098 x 10ˉ9 mol.Lˉ¹, o que demonstra uma boa sensibilidade da técnica. Além disso, avaliou-se o estudo sem tratamento da amostra, na qual obteve-se LD de 6,54 x 10ˉ9 mol.L-1. O presente método foi comparado com os resultados de um estudo interlaboratorial (ANP 01/2012) da mesma amostra, utilizando o Teste-t de Student, verificando que o método proposto e os métodos oficiais (EN ISO 20846; EN ISO 20884) são estatisticamente equivalentes a um nível de confiança de 95%, demonstrando assim a viabilidade do método.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this study multilayer graphene nanosheets was synthesize by oxidizing graphite to graphene oxide using H2SO4 and KMnO4 followed by reduction of graphene oxide to graphene using NaBH4. The graphene nanosheets were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). HRTEM images showed that the multilayer graphene were obtained. The graphene was immobilized directly onto a glassy carbon electrode using the drop coating technique followed by the in situ deposition of mercury, bismuth or antimony thin films to afford graphene modified glassy carbon metal film electrodes (Gr-GC-MEs). The experimental parameters (deposition potential, deposition time, rotation speed, frequency and amplitude) were optimized, and the applicability of the modified electrode was investigated towards the individual and simultaneous determination of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ at the low concentration levels (μg L-1) in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The detection limits values for the Gr-GC-HgE was 0.08, 0.05 and 0.14 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The Gr-GC-BiE the detection limits for was 0.12, 0.22 and 0.28 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ while the detection limits for the Gr-GC-SbE was 0.1, 0.3 and 0.3 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. A Gr-GCE prepared without any binding agents or metal film had detection limits for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ of 3.9, 0.8 and 0.2 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+. Real sample analysis of which was laboratory tap water was performed using the Gr-GCMEs. Only Gr-GC-HgE was sensitive enough to detect metal ions in the tap water samples at the 3ppb level whereas, the GC-BiE and GC-SbE detected the metal ions at the 10 μg L-1 to 30 μg L-1 level.