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Teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a alteração das características do carvão antracitoso e do carvão betuminoso utilizados em meio filtrante, devido ao efeito abrasivo causado entre os grãos decorrentes de lavagens exclusivamente com água e lavagens independentes com ar e água. Foram estudados dois tipos de carvão antracitoso e um tipo de carvão betuminoso, para os quais foram determinadas suas características químicas e físicas. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma instalação ao piloto montada na escola de engenharia de São Carlos-EESC, USP, na qual foram feitas simulações de lavagens admitindo-se uma lavagem diária durante um ano para cada método, de modo intermitente, em que o meio granular era compactado ao final de cada lavagem, e continuo, sem compactação do meio granular. A velocidade ascensional utilizada para cada simulação de lavagem foi de 0,9 m/min, promovendo expansão no meio granular de 35 a 40%. A taxa de ar utilizada para as simulações de lavagens com aplicação de ar foi de 15 l/sm2. Após o término das 365 lavagens, foram determinados os valores médios do coeficiente de esfericidade e da porosidade do meio granular estratificado e construída a curva de distribuição granulométrica das amostras utilizadas nos ensaios. Conclui-se que o carvão betuminoso apresentou comportamento semelhante ao dos carvões antracitosos e que a metodologia de lavagem continua produz praticamente o mesmo efeito abrasivo comparada a de lavagem intermitente. / This work had the objetive to verify and to compare the alterations on the properties of Anthracite coal and Betuminous coal, due to the abrasive effect caused between the grains resulted from washing exclusively with water and independent washing with air and water. There were studied two types of Anthracite coal and one type of Betuminous coal, their chemical and physical properties were determined. The tests were performed at a pilot instalation setted at the School of Engineering of São Carlos - EESC,USP; where, were done simulations of washing, it was admitted one washing a day during one year (365 washing) for each method, in an intermitent way, in which the granular medium was compacted at the end of each washing, and continous without compactation of the granular medium. The ascending speed used for each simulation of washing was 0,9 m/min, promoting an expansion in the granular medium of 35 to 40%. The rate of air used for the simulations of washing with the aplication of air was 15 I/sm2. After the last of the 365 washing, were determined the average values of the coefficient of sphericity and porosity of the granular estratified medium and was constructed a curve of the granulometric distribution of the samples used during the tests. It was conclued that Betuminous coal shows similar behaviour as Anthracite coaI and the continous method produce the same effect abrasive compared intermitent method.

The aim of this investigation was to use hybrid constructed wetlands to treat the secondary effluents from NSYSU campus sewage treatment plant, which had high phosphate and ammonium nitogen and from a textile industrial wastewater treatment plant, which had high chemical oxygen demand(COD) . The purpose of this study is to design optimum operation, conditions and to select suitable types of filter media through optimum combinations of vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetland systems. The flow regimes for vertical flow operation in this study include continuous flow with filled water, trickling filter type and batch type, while the flow types for horizontal flow operation include high water level and low water level effluents. The experimental of results showed that the best ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency was found in trickling filter type, which was because high oxygen was provided under this flow pattern creating a suitable condition for nitrification , especially in V3 column(39.09%), while the best denitrification effect was fonnd in low water level horizontal operation, especially in H2 bed(42.56%). The experimental results of treating the Everest effluent from the wastewater treatment plant showed that the flow regime in V3 system had best removal of COD in batch type. In trickling filter and low water level type, the optimum hybrid of V3+H3 had the COD removal efficiency eqail to(33.3%)+(49.8%) respectirely .For the experimental results of tolerance of macrophyte, Hedycbium coronarium Koenig live well, but no significant removal efficiencies of nutrient was fund.

Sand has been the main filter media used in rapid gravity filtration since their emergence in the 19th century. This dominance is due to its low cost, availability and extensive experience which has led to dependable and predictable performance. Over recent years multi-media filters have become the typical filter arrangement. Sand still remains the preferred filter medium in the lower layer with typically anthracite used in the upper layer. A limitation to match previous work has been the emphasis on overall performance but mechanistic analysis as to the reasons for the variations compared to sand has been rare. The fundamental effects of particle size and consolidation on filtration performance and headloss are known but were not often accounted for in the reported research. This has limited the academic contribution of previous work and made it more difficult to compare with the data for this thesis. At an average treatment works the highest costs are associated with the use of chemicals (30 %) and power (60 %) required mainly for pumping. Rapid gravity filters are one of the least energy demanding stages in this system, only requiring pumping for backwashing and air scour, assuming gravity feed was incorporated into the design. Energy efficiency of water treatment has become more important and the research was conducted to determine if the use of novel new media could be used to improve the performance of the filters with regards to turbidity and headloss. For example, the result presented within this thesis demonstrates through the use of angular media improved performance to benefit both turbidity and headloss performance. This was obtained from slate having a sphericity of 0.49 compared to sand at 0.88. In addition the use of novel materials with different physical properties has allowed an extension to analysis of performance using fundamental filtration mechanisms. The greater range of properties available from the novel media used in this thesis compared to sand has suggested additions to this theory. The use of surface reactive materials, including limestone, has shown the removal of additional contaminants such as phosphorus, iron, aluminium and manganese not typically associated with rapid gravity filtration. An assessment of the impact these reactions had on typical filter performance criteria, for example turbidity, headloss and life expectancy. The results showed an 97 % removal of Fe in the limestone compared to 13 % for sand. This was brought about by the precipitation of hydroxide, coagulation, a pH change and consequent co-precipitation. In the case of iron and aluminium removal this pH induced change was theorized as the most likely cause of coagulation within the filter bed itself leading to improved turbidity removal performance. Filter media chosen for laboratory and pilot study in this work was firstly assessed using British Standards tests, but additional tests were added that could provide additional characterisation data. The media were selected based on an individual fundamental property that differed from the other media selected whilst retaining the standard RGF size. Filtralite for example offered a high surface area, limestone a more active surface and slate a plate-like particle shape. Glass had a very smooth surface texture and as a recycled material better sustainability. Four of these filter media (Sand (control), Glass, Filtralite and Slate) were then selected for further on-site pilot plant studies, based on results from the laboratory work. Both the laboratory and pilot study suggested that turbidity and headloss performance could be improved by changes in media specification. The results showed that after particle size, angularity of the media was the most important factor affecting turbidity and headloss performance. A greater angularity led to improvements in filter run time with for example a doubling of filter run time with the slate compared to sand for the same turbidity removal in the pilot plant. Previous literature had suggested an improvement in turbidity performance but that head loss would deteriorate but this was not seen in the data from this research, with slate (sphericity of 0.49) offering improved headloss performance. This improvement was attributed to the varied packing of the filter bed and associated porosity variations throughout the filter. The objectives of the pilot study were to provide understanding of scale-up factors and adjust these theories with real variable clarified water. Real water chemistry is too complex to model and enabled experiments more typical of the variation that a rapid gravity filter would encounter. The pilot plant is 0.07 % the plan area of a full scale filter compared to the 0.01 % of the laboratory columns. Results corroborated the laboratory work on the effect of extreme particle shapes on filter performance. The pilot study also highlighted problems from floc carry over with the use of clarified water and quantified the impact it had on filtration performance. In this case floc carryover changed the performance of the pilot plant results significantly. Thus an overall conclusion from the work was that an integrated design approach to filters, to account for the clarifier type the likelihood of floc carryover and raw water anticipated could be further researched. There were also limitations to the current monitoring equipment that could not quantitatively measure the floc carryover because of large particle size.

Aim of the research The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the constructed wetlands of vertical filtration with various fractions of dolomite used as the filter media to remove pollutants from the wastewater under the laboratory and industrial conditions and using experimental methods and after the research to prepare the calculation methodology for the filters with dolomite chippings used as the filter media. Objectives of the research In order to reach the aim of the research it was necessary: 1. To perform the analysis of the scientific experiments on the wastewater treatment efficiency in the constructed wetlands with various materials used as the filter media, to perform the analysis of the results of the industrial experiments and to make the analysis of various calculation methodologies of the parameters of the constructed wetlands. 2. To perform the comparative experiments on the efficiency of the sand and various dolomite fractions to remove the pollutants from the wastewater under the changing hydraulic and pollution load in the laboratory model. 3. To perform the research on the pollutant removal efficiency in the industrial object. 4. To specify the calculation methodology of the parameters of the constructed wetlands. This methodology will enable to calculate the parameters of the filters with the dolomite used as the filter media. / Šio darbo tikslas – analitiniais, laboratoriniais ir eksperimentiniais metodais nustatyti organinių ir biogeninių teršalų šalinimo iš nuotekų efektyvumą vertikalios filtracijos augalų-grunto filtre su dolomito įkrova esant skirtingai frakcinei sudėčiai ir apkrovai teršalais, o taip pat atlikus tyrimus patikslinti augalų-grunto filtrų skaičiavimo metodiką, kuri leistų skaičiuoti filtrus su dolomito įkrova. Darbo uždaviniai Darbo tikslui pasiekti reikėjo: 1. Atlikti nuotekų valymo efektyvumo naudojant įvairias įkrovas mokslinių darbų, gamybinių bandymų rezultatų ir augalų-grunto filtrų skaičiavimo metodikų analizę. 2. Atlikti laboratoriniame modelyje įvairių dolomito frakcijų ir smėlio nuotekų valymo efektyvumo prie įvairių hidraulinių ir taršos apkrovų palyginamuosius bandymus. 3. Atlikti teršalų šalinimo iš nuotekų efektyvumo gamybiniame objekte tyrimus. 4. Patikslinti augalų-grunto filtrų skaičiavimo metodiką, kuri leistų skaičiuoti filtrus su dolomito įkrova.

Teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a alteração das características do carvão antracitoso e do carvão betuminoso utilizados em meio filtrante, devido ao efeito abrasivo causado entre os grãos decorrentes de lavagens exclusivamente com água e lavagens independentes com ar e água. Foram estudados dois tipos de carvão antracitoso e um tipo de carvão betuminoso, para os quais foram determinadas suas características químicas e físicas. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma instalação ao piloto montada na escola de engenharia de São Carlos-EESC, USP, na qual foram feitas simulações de lavagens admitindo-se uma lavagem diária durante um ano para cada método, de modo intermitente, em que o meio granular era compactado ao final de cada lavagem, e continuo, sem compactação do meio granular. A velocidade ascensional utilizada para cada simulação de lavagem foi de 0,9 m/min, promovendo expansão no meio granular de 35 a 40%. A taxa de ar utilizada para as simulações de lavagens com aplicação de ar foi de 15 l/sm2. Após o término das 365 lavagens, foram determinados os valores médios do coeficiente de esfericidade e da porosidade do meio granular estratificado e construída a curva de distribuição granulométrica das amostras utilizadas nos ensaios. Conclui-se que o carvão betuminoso apresentou comportamento semelhante ao dos carvões antracitosos e que a metodologia de lavagem continua produz praticamente o mesmo efeito abrasivo comparada a de lavagem intermitente. / This work had the objetive to verify and to compare the alterations on the properties of Anthracite coal and Betuminous coal, due to the abrasive effect caused between the grains resulted from washing exclusively with water and independent washing with air and water. There were studied two types of Anthracite coal and one type of Betuminous coal, their chemical and physical properties were determined. The tests were performed at a pilot instalation setted at the School of Engineering of São Carlos - EESC,USP; where, were done simulations of washing, it was admitted one washing a day during one year (365 washing) for each method, in an intermitent way, in which the granular medium was compacted at the end of each washing, and continous without compactation of the granular medium. The ascending speed used for each simulation of washing was 0,9 m/min, promoting an expansion in the granular medium of 35 to 40%. The rate of air used for the simulations of washing with the aplication of air was 15 I/sm2. After the last of the 365 washing, were determined the average values of the coefficient of sphericity and porosity of the granular estratified medium and was constructed a curve of the granulometric distribution of the samples used during the tests. It was conclued that Betuminous coal shows similar behaviour as Anthracite coaI and the continous method produce the same effect abrasive compared intermitent method.

Les membranes et les adjuvants de filtration sont très utilisés pour la filtration des vins. Les adjuvants de filtration forment un dépôt filtrant assurant l’efficacité du filtre. Cependant ces particules ne sont pas régénérables. L’objectif de ces travaux est de proposer un media filtrant régénérable et disponible en plusieurs granulométries, afin d’être utilisé lors des différentes étapes de l’élaboration des vins. Les Rilsan® en polyamide 11 biosourcé sont étudiés et caractérisés en tant qu’alternative aux diatomites. Les résultats montrent qu’avec la gamme de Rilsan® existante il est possible d’obtenir les différents grades nécessaires pour la filtration du vin. Les distributions de tailles de particules, la formation des dépôts ainsi que les efficacités de filtration ont été déterminées. Lors de la filtration sur précouche de Rilsan® les mécanismes de rétention suivent une loi de colmatage intermédiaire des pores. Du fait de la structure non poreuse du matériau par rapport aux diatomites, leur régénération est possible et a été étudiée par hydrocyclonage. Les non-tissés ont l’avantage d’avoir de très fortes porosités ; ce qui est un atout pour obtenir des débits de filtration importants. De nouveaux media en polyamide 11 fabriqués par Electrospinning sont testés comme une alternative aux membranes actuelles, de plus faible porosité. Les diamètres de pores obtenus de l’ordre de 1,5 μm sont encore trop élevés pour envisager une stabilisation microbiologique du vin. La faible résistance mécanique des media est un frein à leur développement pour la filtration des liquides. Les perméabilités sont peu dépendantes de la dimension des pores dans la gamme testée et dépendent principalement de l’épaisseur du matériau et d’autres paramètres de fabrication. / Membranes and filter aids are classically used filter media throughout the wine making process. During filtration, filter aids form a precoat inducing the retention efficiency of the filter. However, these particles are not regenerable. The aim of this study is to find a cleanable and reusable alternative to existing filter aids, available in various grain-size distributions, in order to perform the different types of wine filtration. The Rilsan® powder, made of biobased polyamide 11, are characterized and studied as an alternative to diatomaceous earth mainly used for enology applications. Results showed that the range of Rilsan® allowed performing both rough and clarifying filtration. The particle size distribution, the granular bed deposition and the filtration efficiency were determined. During filtration using Rilsan® precoat, the fouling mechanisms follow an intermediate pore blocking law. According to their non-porous structure compared to diatomite, these particles are cleanable. Hydrocyclone process is studied in order to achieve this regeneration. Nonwovens have important porosities which is an asset to have high filtration flow rates. New filter media made by electrospinning process of polyamide 11 are tested as an alternative to currently used filtration membranes. The pore diameters measured of 1.5 μm are still too large to be used for wine microbiological stabilization. Their mechanical weakness is a brake to their use in liquid filtration applications. Water permeability is little influenced by the pore size, in the range of media tested, and depends mainly on the thickness of the media and other fabrication processes.

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