La décentralisation implantée en 2004 au Niger, a pour objectif de promouvoir le développement « par le bas » et de diffuser les principes démocratiques dans les milieux locaux, afin d’améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. Les recherches sur le sujet font état d’un écart considérable entre les objectifs et les réalisations de la décentralisation. Les facteurs avancés pour expliquer cet écart sont entre autres, le faible appui technique et financier de l’État envers les collectivités territoriales ou encore la quasi-inexistence d’une fonction publique locale qualifiée et apte à prendre en charge les projets de décentralisation. Toutefois, ces observations s’avèrent insuffisantes pour rendre compte des difficultés rencontrées par les acteurs de la décentralisation au Niger. Nous affirmons que les partis politiques jouent un rôle fondamental dans le processus de décentralisations. Ceux-ci diffusent des stratégies d’influence politique et de patronage dans les arènes locales. Les stratégies des partis politiques entravent les initiatives des acteurs locaux, notamment leur capacité de mobilisation des ressources financières. / Decentralization began in 2004 in Niger, aims to promote development "from below" and spreading democratic principles in local communities, in order to improve the living conditions of populations. Research available shows a considerable gap between goals and achievements of decentralization. Factors presented by researchers to explain this difference are the weak technical and financial support of the State toward local authorities, or the quasi-absence of a qualified local civil service, able to support decentralization projects. However, these arguments are insufficient to explain the difficulties encountered by decentralization actors. Thus, I argue that political parties play a key role in the decentralization process. They disseminate political influence strategies and patronage practices in local arenas. Therefore, their strategies hinder local actors’ actions, especially their ability to mobilize financial resources.

The theme of my diploma thesis is Development Activities of Town of Lomnice nad Lužnicí. The main gain of my thesis is to evaluate activities of the selected period and to elaborate the development activities for the future according the variability of financial resources. I choose the period between 2011- 2018. Conclusions of this diploma thesis can also serve the current management of the town. It could provide them with an overview of the town´s economics situation and its development.

Em meados de 2005, o governo municipal de São Paulo sancionou a Lei nº 13.991 que criou o Programa de Transferência de Recursos Financeiros (PTRF), que consistia em transferir recursos financeiros do orçamento público por meio da Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME) para as Associações de Pais e Mestres (APM). Essa política atendia o princípio, presente na LDB/96, de estabelecer para as escolas progressivo grau de autonomia de gestão financeira como meio para implementação da gestão democrática. O PTRF foi criado com a justificativa de ser um instrumento de ampliação da autonomia, de descentralização da administração e de participação da comunidade escolar nas tomadas de decisão nas escolas. Partindo do questionamento se o programa de fato fomentou a autonomia das escolas e em que medida criou meios para o fortalecimento da gestão democrática, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar o PTRF da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, no período de 2006 a 2010, buscando atingir dois objetivos específicos: 1) analisar se e como o PTRF pode ser uma forma de incentivo à democratização da gestão escolar e quais as repercussões do programa no cotidiano escolar e sua relação com as tomadas de decisão e 2) analisar os usos dos recursos para viabilizar o projeto político pedagógico e a relação do planejamento pedagógico com o planejamento dos gastos dos recursos. Como fundamentação teórica a pesquisa apoiouse em autores que debatem conceitos de democracia e gestão democrática, principalmente Bobbio (2009), Paro (2002), Coutinho (2000) e Benevides (1994). O estudo, de caráter qualitativo, contou com revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas em três escolas da rede municipal de São Paulo uma creche, uma pré-escola e uma escola de ensino fundamental. O estudo permitiu traçar um panorama do Programa dentro da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo e considerações sobre a implementação do mesmo em escolas da rede. Foi possível constatar que, no período estudado, o Programa não teve grande representação dentro do orçamento da Secretaria Municipal de Educação (menor que 1%), sendo a taxa de crescimento dos recursos financeiros destinados para o programa inferior à taxa de crescimento dos recursos para a educação no município. As análises documentais das escolas e as entrevistas com seus profissionais demonstraram que os recursos descentralizados ajudam no desenvolvimento de suas atividades, mas são insuficientes para atender suas necessidades. Destaca-se ainda que os tramites burocráticos e a insuficiência do quadro de profissionais das escolas são dificultadores para utilização dos recursos. / In the middle of 2005, the city hall of São Paulo signed law 13,991 that established the Transfer Program of Financial Resources (PTRF). This program was to transfer funds from the public budget by the Municipal Secretariat Education to the Parent-Teacher Associations and served the principle present in Education Law (LDB/96), to establish schools for progressive degree of autonomy of financial management as a way to implement democratic management. The PTRF was created as a justification to be an instrument of expansion of autonomy, decentralization of administration and school community participation in decision making in schools. Thus, this research questioned: the program actually promoted the autonomy of schools? And to what extent has created means for strengthening the democratic management? The overall objective was to analyze PTRF of Sao Paulo in the period 2006 to 2010 to examine two specific goals: 1) as the PTRF can be a way to encourage the democratization of school management, its impact and its relationship to decisions in everyday school 2) the uses of resources to enable the teaching plan and its relation with the planning of the expenditures of funds. To achieve these objectives this research consisted of a literature review, document analysis and semi-structured interviews in three public schools in the city of São Paulo (a daycare, a preschool and an elementary school) and relied on authors mainly Bobbio (2009), Paro (2002), Coutinho (2000) and Benevides (1994) as theoretical debate on the concepts of democracy and democratic management. Therefore this research drew a picture of the PTRF City Department of Education of Sao Paulo and made considerations about the scope of PTRF in municipal schools. It was found that in the period studied, the PTRF not had great representation in the budget of the Municipal Education (less than 1%), and the rate of growth of financial resources earmarked for the program was less than the growth rate of financial resources for education in the county and the result of the analysis of school documents and interviews with its employees demonstrated that decentralized financial help in the development of their daily activities, but they are insufficient to meet their needs. In conclusion still stands that bureaucratic procedures and lack of professional staff in schools are obstacles to the use of financial resources.

Em meados de 2005, o governo municipal de São Paulo sancionou a Lei nº 13.991 que criou o Programa de Transferência de Recursos Financeiros (PTRF), que consistia em transferir recursos financeiros do orçamento público por meio da Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME) para as Associações de Pais e Mestres (APM). Essa política atendia o princípio, presente na LDB/96, de estabelecer para as escolas progressivo grau de autonomia de gestão financeira como meio para implementação da gestão democrática. O PTRF foi criado com a justificativa de ser um instrumento de ampliação da autonomia, de descentralização da administração e de participação da comunidade escolar nas tomadas de decisão nas escolas. Partindo do questionamento se o programa de fato fomentou a autonomia das escolas e em que medida criou meios para o fortalecimento da gestão democrática, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar o PTRF da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, no período de 2006 a 2010, buscando atingir dois objetivos específicos: 1) analisar se e como o PTRF pode ser uma forma de incentivo à democratização da gestão escolar e quais as repercussões do programa no cotidiano escolar e sua relação com as tomadas de decisão e 2) analisar os usos dos recursos para viabilizar o projeto político pedagógico e a relação do planejamento pedagógico com o planejamento dos gastos dos recursos. Como fundamentação teórica a pesquisa apoiouse em autores que debatem conceitos de democracia e gestão democrática, principalmente Bobbio (2009), Paro (2002), Coutinho (2000) e Benevides (1994). O estudo, de caráter qualitativo, contou com revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas em três escolas da rede municipal de São Paulo uma creche, uma pré-escola e uma escola de ensino fundamental. O estudo permitiu traçar um panorama do Programa dentro da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo e considerações sobre a implementação do mesmo em escolas da rede. Foi possível constatar que, no período estudado, o Programa não teve grande representação dentro do orçamento da Secretaria Municipal de Educação (menor que 1%), sendo a taxa de crescimento dos recursos financeiros destinados para o programa inferior à taxa de crescimento dos recursos para a educação no município. As análises documentais das escolas e as entrevistas com seus profissionais demonstraram que os recursos descentralizados ajudam no desenvolvimento de suas atividades, mas são insuficientes para atender suas necessidades. Destaca-se ainda que os tramites burocráticos e a insuficiência do quadro de profissionais das escolas são dificultadores para utilização dos recursos. / In the middle of 2005, the city hall of São Paulo signed law 13,991 that established the Transfer Program of Financial Resources (PTRF). This program was to transfer funds from the public budget by the Municipal Secretariat Education to the Parent-Teacher Associations and served the principle present in Education Law (LDB/96), to establish schools for progressive degree of autonomy of financial management as a way to implement democratic management. The PTRF was created as a justification to be an instrument of expansion of autonomy, decentralization of administration and school community participation in decision making in schools. Thus, this research questioned: the program actually promoted the autonomy of schools? And to what extent has created means for strengthening the democratic management? The overall objective was to analyze PTRF of Sao Paulo in the period 2006 to 2010 to examine two specific goals: 1) as the PTRF can be a way to encourage the democratization of school management, its impact and its relationship to decisions in everyday school 2) the uses of resources to enable the teaching plan and its relation with the planning of the expenditures of funds. To achieve these objectives this research consisted of a literature review, document analysis and semi-structured interviews in three public schools in the city of São Paulo (a daycare, a preschool and an elementary school) and relied on authors mainly Bobbio (2009), Paro (2002), Coutinho (2000) and Benevides (1994) as theoretical debate on the concepts of democracy and democratic management. Therefore this research drew a picture of the PTRF City Department of Education of Sao Paulo and made considerations about the scope of PTRF in municipal schools. It was found that in the period studied, the PTRF not had great representation in the budget of the Municipal Education (less than 1%), and the rate of growth of financial resources earmarked for the program was less than the growth rate of financial resources for education in the county and the result of the analysis of school documents and interviews with its employees demonstrated that decentralized financial help in the development of their daily activities, but they are insufficient to meet their needs. In conclusion still stands that bureaucratic procedures and lack of professional staff in schools are obstacles to the use of financial resources.

The thesis is focused on the specifics of the management of non-profit organizations, development opportunities and the analysis of acquisition of financial resources in the non-profit sector, specifically within unincorporated associations. The practical part of the thesis is based on the model of the unincorporated association that is active in social services and whose main activity is the provision of personal assistance services. The thesis is concluded by the discussion of the analyzed problems and contains a project proposal of the development of the association which consists of the sub-project components that focus on individual areas of management and on the analyzed problems.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de livrer des éclaircissements sur la contribution que les diasporas apportent au développement de leurs pays d'origine et par conséquent à une meilleure intégration dans l'économie mondiale. Nous avons fait comme hypothèse principale, que toutes les diasporas peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans le processus de développement des pays de départ en raison des diverses ressources qu'elles envoient vers les territoires d'origine. Cette problématique est le fil conducteur du travail de recherche que nous avons réalisé pour trouver des réponses aux questions portant sur la définition du terme « diaspora » (Sheffer, 1986 ; Safran, 1991 ; Cohen, 1997 ; Ma Mung, 1992), sur les éléments constitutifs du groupe diasporique (Massey et al.,1993 ; Prévélakis, 2005 ; Bruneau, 2004), sur les mécanismes de production des effets positifs (Saxenian, 1999), sur les ressources générées par la communauté diasporique et leur impact sur le pays de départ (Meyer, 2002 ; Kapur et McHale, 2005 ; Orozco, 2005 ; Kuznetsov, 2006), sur les déterminants de l'ampleur de l'impact produit par la diaspora sur le pays de départ. Les études existantes sur les diasporas sont peu nombreuses dans la littérature économique et les effets qu'elles produisent sur les pays de départ restent peu développés étant limités généralement à l'analyse de l'impact des remises de fonds sur les ménages bénéficiaires. Les rares travaux portant sur les ressources non financières sont le plus souvent des études de cas. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes proposés d'aller plus loin, en participant à la construction d'une théorie générale et en tenant à mettre en évidence les ressources non financières d'une diaspora. Nous montrons que la diaspora n'est pas uniquement un fournisseur de ressources financières pour le pays d'origine avec des effets positifs à court terme mais elle est aussi le pourvoyeur d'autres ressources qui sont susceptibles de produire des effets bénéfiques plus durables et générer des changements plus profonds. Par le biais d'une grille de lecture des ressources de la diaspora, on fait d'une part, un état des lieux des effets engendrés par les envois de fonds et d'autre part, on analyse les effets produits par la diffusion de cinq types de ressources non financières (cognitives, relationnelles, institutionnelles, organisationnelles et symboliques) générées par la diaspora. L'introduction de la notion d'intentionnalité nous permet de montrer que les effets induits sur le pays de départ par la diaspora à travers l'envoi de différentes ressources sont plus complexes et dépassent largement le cadre des effets recherchés. La problématique des diasporas traitée dans cette thèse, est analysée selon trois axes principaux. Le premier est défini par la nécessité d'une conceptualisation générale de la diaspora dans le contexte de la globalisation, comme ressource de convergence économique entre pays, et comme ressource d'intégration dans l'économie mondiale. Le deuxième axe de notre étude présente l'importance des groupes diasporiques à l'heure de l'économie de la connaissance comme porteurs de ressources non financières qui peuvent être mobilisées en faveur des pays d'origine. Enfin, le dernier axe d'analyse de la problématique renvoie à la nécessité de vérifier, empiriquement, le rôle de la diaspora dans le développement du pays d'origine, notamment à travers les effets des ressources non financières (RNF). Cet objectif nous a conduit à choisir trois diasporas émergentes post-communistes : la diaspora roumaine, la diaspora moldave et la diaspora kirghize comme terrain propice d'étude de ces effets. Notre choix s'explique par le fait que ces diasporas sont essentiellement composées de personnes qualifiées ayant un haut niveau d'éducation. Malgré leur existence récente, ces groupes nationaux se caractérisent par un activisme diasporique très favorable aux effets des RNF qui nous a permis de répondre aux questions posées au cours de cette thèse. Les questions soulevées durant ce travail couvrent trois domaines : l'existence et la nature des diasporas, la diaspora et le développement économique du pays d'origine et les déterminants de l'impact des ressources non financières des diasporas sur les pays de départ. Les réponses à ces questions nous ont permis de montrer le rôle des diasporas dans le développement de leurs pays d'origine à travers les ressources qu'elles procurent aux territoires de départ, notamment les ressources non financières qui ont un effet accélérateur plus important en matière de rattrapage économique que les transferts de fonds. Cette thèse aide à comprendre le fonctionnement des diasporas comme vecteurs de développement, d'une part, à travers les caractéristiques générales qui permettent la distinction d'autres groupes de migrants et d'autre part, à travers les spécificités de chaque diaspora qui expliquent l'émergence des phénomènes particuliers comme dans le cas de la diaspora chinoise ou les diasporas post-soviétiques. / The objective of this thesis is to underline the contribution of Diasporas to the development of origin countries and to their integration into the world economy. The central hypothesis points out that all Diasporas can play a valuable role in the development process of source countries through the wide range of resources they send to homelands. The thesis investigates: the clarification of the concept of Diaspora (Sheffer, 1986 ; Safran, 1991 ; Cohen, 1997 ; Ma Mung, 1992), the infrastructure of diasporic communities (Massey et al.,1993 ; Prévélakis, 2005 ; Bruneau, 2004), the mechanisms of positive effects induced by Diaspora on origin society (Saxenian, 1999), the types of resources created by expatriates and their impact on the country of origin (Meyer, 2002 ; Kapur and McHale, 2005 ; Orozco, 2005 ; Kuznetsov, 2006), as well as the determinants of the impacts of Diasporas on their home countries. In the current economic literature, the studies on Diasporas are rare and the analysis of their effects on countries of origin is limited to the role of financial resources (remittances). This work goes much beyond by participating in the elaboration of a general theory which focuses on the importance of non financial resources generated by a Diaspora. The expatriates settled abroad are not merely purveyors of financial resources for countries of origin producing only positive effects in a short term perspective but they generate other resources which are likely to produce more profound and durable positive effects. In this thesis we identify five non financial resources created by a Diaspora: cognitive, relational, institutional, organizational and symbolic resources. The use of the concept of intentionality helps emphasizing the complex effects of resources transfers from migrants showing their intentional and non-intentional sides. The research problem of this dissertation is organized around three main issues. The first one is related to the need of a Diaspora general conceptualization in the era of globalization as resource of economic convergence between sending and receiving countries, and as resource of integration into the world economy. The second direction of our argumentation is guided by the Diasporas' place in the context of knowledge economy as generator of non financial resources which can be mobilized in favour of countries of origin. Finally, the last element of the research problem is the empirical verification of the Diaspora's role in the development of the homeland, namely through the effects of non financial resources (NFR). This objective determined the selection of three emerging post-Communist Diasporas: Romanian, Moldovan and Kyrgyz Diaspora as a very interesting ground of investigation of these effects. Our choice is explained by the composition of these diasporic groups characterized by a strong presence of skilled migrants with a high level of education. Despite their recent creation, these Diasporas defined by an important “diasporic activism” which spurs the production of NFR positive effects helped answering the questions that arose during this work. These questions covered three domains: Diasporas existence and their nature, Diaspora and economic development of country of origin and the determinants of the non financial resources impact on the source country.

This study investigated the attitudes and perceptions of nurse managers regarding cost containment issues in selected public hospitals in the Port Elizabeth metropole of the Eastern Cape. Four hospitals participated in the study, and 211 nurse managers completed questionnaires. The results obtained from the participants’ responses indicated that: ✦ Nurse managers are ill-prepared for many responsibilities regarding cost containment, and need appropriate orientation and preparation both during their initial formal, and during their nurse management and in service training in order to fulfil their “financial” or cost containment role more effectively. ✦ Nurse managers perceived the relationship between the productivity of staff and cost containment positively, but were reportedly unable to • prevent nurses from leaving their points of duty • curb the rate of absenteeism among nurses • reduce the number of resignations ✦ Nurse managers suggested that more effective hospital cost containment efforts should ensure that • effective security checks are performed to curb losses of stock and equipment • more public telephones are installed in hospitals • stricter controls regarding wheelchairs are implemented The rationalisation of staff and services, as well as specialised equipment among the four public hospitals could enhance these hospitals’ cost containment results. However, this would necessitate reorganising these hospitals’ services at provincial level. The nurse managers required more knowledge about hospitals’ financial management and cost containment issues. Guidelines for such a course were developed addressing: analysis of monthly variance reports; budgeting for manpower; balance statement; calculations for the supplies and expenses budget; income statements; the hospital’s budgetary cycle; break-even analysis; analysis of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. / ADVANCED NURSING SCIENCES / D.Litt. et Phil.

Interactive version of the thesis is filed with the printed copy in the UNISA archives / The study investigated and described public hospitals in terms of management processes with reference to financial planning, organizing, leading and control in order to identify deficiencies in the financial management of public hospitals. The aim was to identify gaps in the management of financial processes and to provide guidelines and strategies to improve these. The purpose of the research was addressed within a quantitative approach applying exploratory and descriptive designs. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data that fit the objectives of the research. The study population compassed all 27 public hospitals as study units in a specific geographic area, namely Mpumalanga Province with the following inclusion criteria: active patient capacity of 100 beds and more, which employ personnel such as (1) medical, (2) paramedical and (3) administrative and a working application of the BAS as financial accounting system since its interception in the year 2000. Nine public hospitals were randomly selected as the sample hospitals. Within the nine hospitals, four groups of staff were selected by means of stratified random sampling, namely management, health professionals, and financial and administrative staff. The number of staff selected within each hospital differed, from 15 to 50, amounting to a sample size of three hundred (n=300). A response rate of 66.66% v (n=182) was achieved. The sample consisted of 4 (2.27%) chief executive officers, 3 (1.70%) financial managers, 84 (47.72%) unit managers and 91 (50.00%) subordinates. The response rate of 66.66% in this study was an indication of the unavailability of the health care professionals (which include management, health professionals and financial and administrative staff) within the nine public hospitals. The major inferences drawn from this study are that the different health care professions have a poor perception of the scope of financial management in terms of financial needs, utilization of resources, the scope and function of leading and delegation, and applying appropriate financial control methods. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Services Management)

This diploma thesis deals mainly with the Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness and its area of support number 3.2 ? Support for the offer of further education, namely in the South Bohemian region. Currently, the support for the offer of further education in this region is realized particularly through letters of intents from the first round of the call for this area of support which have been approved for future fruition. The fruition of the projects drafted in these letters of intents will have a primary impact especially on target groups of factual projects. The letters of intents from the second round of the call are now being evaluated. Letters of intents from this second round approved for fruition will be officially announced after the meeting of the South Bohemian Regional Council, which will be held in June this year. In the fourth quarter of 2011, the third round of the call in the South Bohemian region will be announced. The effect of the money invested in the offer of further education will manifest itself no sooner than after the year 2013, in which the programming period will be ended and utilization of financial resources from the European Union funds will be dramatically limited. The representatives of the South Bohemian Region are well aware of the importance of supporting this issue and there is evident endeavour to fill up educational blanks of the people living on its territory, which are caused mainly by the changes in the employment market structure in this region. For the current programming period and for the support for the offer of further education in the South Bohemian region, the allocation of 196 000 000 CZK has been detached from the European Union funds. After the first call, 13% of this allocation were spent. It is difficult to foresee how the financial resources utilization within this area of support will be continued till the year 2013.

Funding of Relief Services for Handicapped Children in the Liberec Region The theoretical part, divided into eight chapters, defines the following concepts: family of a handicapped child and society, relief services, domestic public sources to fund relief services, care subsidy, European sources to fund the relief service projects in 2007{--}2013, funding relief services by corporate sponsors, funding relief services through foundations and foundation funds, other sources to fund relief services. The objective of the thesis is to summarize the system, possibilities and forms of funding of relief services for handicapped children in the Liberec Region. Within my research, I applied the combination of semi-controlled interviews with the relief service providers and semi-controlled interviews with handicapped children{\crq}s parents. I also performed content analysis of documents. The semi-controlled interviews with the relief service providers showed that the current status of funding of the organizations providing relief services is not systematic. The results of the semi-controlled interviews with handicapped children{\crq}s parents indicate that the parents taking care of handicapped children in the Liberec Region barely use relief services. The interviewed parents do not distinguish between relief services and the other types of social services, do not know the organizations providing relief services in the Liberec Region and do not have even a vague idea of service costs. The research results lead to three hypotheses: the relief service providers in the Liberec Region must learn to utilize strategically both domestic and foreign financial resources. The relief service providers in the Liberec Region have the opportunity to start a long-term cooperation with corporate and individual sponsors. Handicapped children{\crq}s parents do not distinguish between relief services and the other types of social services. Keywords: relief services, social service providers, family, handicapped, handicapped child, Liberec Region, funding, financial resources.