This paper explores private investments in public equity (PIPE) deals as a means of alternative firm financing. Poorly performing companies often look towards PIPEs to quickly raise capital when traditional means of financing are limited. This study provides an analysis on both the discount and premia that PIPEs are issued at, as well as the performance of firms after the deal announcement. Overall, this study finds that successful PIPEs from the investor’s perspective are issued at a discount of close to 17%, and unsuccessful PIPEs are issued at an average of a 15% premium. I find substantial cumulative abnormal returns of 9% over a three-day period due to positive information shocks. Overall, this thesis corroborates past research in the field.

1998下半年，上市公司的交叉持股行為引發台灣自發的金融危機。知名企業接連跳票，資本市場發生違約交割，一時之間，股市投資人售出地雷公司股票唯恐不及，金融機構因握有地雷公司債權而損失慘重。 交叉持股所引發的公司財務危機迥異於過往。危機爆發之前，公司營運狀況與一般公司無異，唯公司的業外投資活動異常活躍，特別是權益證券的投資。具決策經營權的大股東熱衷於運用高財務槓桿進行交叉持股，並且隱藏資金用途，傳統的財務分析方式與財務危機警示指標因而失效。債權人、投資人因而措手不及，蒙受重大損失。 本研究主要在研究上市公司交叉持股行為之特性。先探討交叉持股的行為特質及經濟意涵；再由上市公司的財務報表資料，篩選出代表交叉持股公司與非交叉持股公司母體的樣本，以實證的方式驗證兩組公司的財務性質。除了可以更加確定交叉持股公司的財務性質以作為財務分析的依據之外，對於有意針對這一類財務危機發展警示制度的研究當具有其參考價值。

This volume consists of four papers, which in principle could be read in any order. The common denominator is that they deal with contingent claims models of a firm's securities or related derivatives. A Framework for Valuing Corporate Securities Early applications of contingent claims analysis to the pricing of corporate liabilities tend to restrict themselves to situations where debt is perpetual or where financial distress can only occur at debt maturity. This paper relaxes these restrictions and provides an exposition of how most corporate liabilities can be valued as packages of two fundamental barrier contingent claims: a down-and-out call and a binary option. Furthermore, it is shown how the comparative statics of the resulting pricing formulae can be derived.A New Compound Option Pricing ModelThis paper extends the Geske (1979) compound option pricing model to the case where the security on which the option is written is a down-and-out call as opposed to a standard Black and Scholes call. Furthermore, we develop a general and flexible framework for valuing options on more complex packages of contingent claims - any claim that can be valued using the ideas in chapter 1. This allows us to study the interaction between the detailed characteristics of a firm's capital structure and the prices of for example stock options.Implementing Firm Value Based ModelsThis paper evaluates an implementation procedure for contingent claims models suggested by Duan (1994). Duan's idea is to use time series data of traded securities such as shares of common stock in order to estimate the dynamics of the firm's asset value. Furthermore, we provide an argument which allows us to relax the (common) assumption that the firm's assets may be continuously traded. It is sufficient to assume that the firm's assets are traded at one particular point in time.Asset Substitution, Debt Pricing, Optimal Leverage and MaturityChapters 1-3 have focused on the problem of pricing corporate securities.They have thus abstracted strategic aspects of corporate finance theory. This paper is an attempt to combine the contingent claims literature with the non-dynamic corporate finance literature. I allow the management of the firm to alter its investment policy strategically. This yields a model which allows us to examine the relationship between bond prices, agency costs, optimal leverage and maturity. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Abstract There are many factors, such as long-term depression and industrial moving, to induce Taiwanese corporations into financial distress since the Asian Financial Crisis erupted in 1997. In research of financial distress, it¡¦s difficult to distinguish the exact factors that whether financial aspect or other aspect cause financial distress. Management normally will take improvement actions in operation or financial respects when it perceives certain aspects getting worse. In practice, organization reforming and changing top management team may be the most popular and effective solutions. But, the effects for adopting such actions are uncertain. Therefore, those financial-distress corporations after taking successful improvements in change management are worth the research of its improvement procedures and methodologies. Many researchers evaluate corporation performance using certain financial ratio such as earnings per share (EPS), return on equity (ROE), and return on investment (ROI). According to the earning calculation as required in Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP), some expenditures which will make corporation benefit from a long-term respect are expensed currently. This result may understate current period and overstate future period earning and assets. Management may reduce this kind of expenditures when EPS is the only indicator for performance evaluation. Economic Value Added (EVA), one valuation method based upon residual income, will improve above-mentioned shortcomings of traditional performance evaluation. The major concept of EVA is that adjustment of accounting accounts is necessary to get real value of corporation and corporation needs to earn profit exceeding return of costs of capital to create value of shareholder. The case in my research, Y company, expanded its investment in Compact Integrated Steel Mill project which was announced in 1992. However, after Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Y company¡¦s operation was getting worse and was unable to repay its bank loans. Y company then became a financial-distress corporation. The top management was changed after the majority shareholdings of Y company were transferred to C company. Since ownership change, Y company made organization reforming with ¡§Theory E¡¨ first and ¡§Theory O¡¨ second. We adopt EVA as the vehicle to assess the performance of new management¡¦s improvement. In our research, EVA of Y company was turnaround after C company¡¦s acquisition of Y company¡¦s shareholdings and its top management was totally changed. Keywords: Financial distress, Change management, Theory E, Theory O, Economic Value Added, EVA, Residual income.

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This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth, and remittances, financial development, and globalization after controlling for different levels of international financial distress. We study four of the major remittances recipient countries individually over the period of 1976 to 2012 using an autoregressive distributed lag method (ARDL). The results show that in Mexico, Bangladesh, and India remittances work as a stabilizing factor on their economies. Significant results of a positive long run correlation between remittances and GDP levels are also found in the results of Bangladesh and Mexico. High levels of financial distress have a negative impact on GDP in Mexico. We conclude that the level of financial integration between economies affect how financial distress in one economy spills over to another. This paper also finds that in the short run when globalization increases, uncompetitive businesses are outrivaled in Mexico and in Bangladesh, due to big neighbors like the United States or China and India. For Bangladesh, the financial development is destabilizing in the short run, and in the long run it correlates negatively with GDP. For India, this study finds that higher levels of both financial development and globalization promote long term economic growth. For China, few conclusions are drawn.

This thesis aims to study whether cash flow ratios can predict corporate financial distress in Sweden by employing multiple discriminant analysis. It was inspired by the Altman Z-score, which was adjusted for this aim. This study adopted a positivist epistemology and objectivist ontology. The research approach taken was a deductive one which employed quantitative methods in testing the hypotheses developed. The hypotheses were tested through means of accuracy and the Independent Samples Test. In order to identify financial distress a proxyratio was adopted. This proxy was the operating cash flow ratio. The sample consisted of 227 firms in total within the retail- and service industries. The time period covered 2000-2013. It was found that the proxy was unable to separate firms into distressed and nondistressedgroups, but rather classified all firms as distressed. Furthermore, the other ratios also failed to do any classification. Therefore, what the question that this study set out to answer came to the conclusion; cash flow ratios cannot predict corporate financial distress for retail and service companies in Sweden.

Ce travail de recherche examine la relation entre la gouvernance d’entreprise au Liban et les performances des entreprises en situation de détresse économico-financière. Selon la littérature financière, la dette est perçue comme étant un mécanisme disciplinaire permettant de résoudre les conflits nés de l’asymétrie informationnelle. Elle se présenterait ainsi en tant que créatrice de valeur. Toutefois, l’excès de cette dernière pourrait être aussi à l’origine de difficultés financières et dans le pire des cas, génératrice de faillite, voire même destructrice de valeur. Ceci aurait donc un impact significatif sur la sérénité et pérennité de l’entité ainsi que sur la conjoncture économique du pays en question. Or, un rôle majeur du système de gouvernance contribuerait selon certaines études à la détresse organisationnelle. Dans une telle situation, un des premiers réflexes consiste à focaliser l’attention sur les caractéristiques et compositions de la gouvernance d’entreprise, lorsque les performances de celles-ci sont en plein déclin et que ces dernières se retrouvent en détresse financière. / This research examines the relationship between corporate governance in Lebanon and performance in financially economically distressed companies. Working under the auspices of agency theory assumption that decline is a situation where deteriorating performance exemplifies the deviation in managerial efforts to satisfy the shareholders’ interests. Firms enter economic and financial distress as the result of economic distress, declines in their performance and poor management. The first research question focuses on the influence of declining performance on changes in the corporate governance mechanism. Relationships between corporate governance characteristics and financial distress status are examined within a sample of Lebanese firms that leads to a conclusion stating that the board of director’s characteristics explain financial distress, beyond an exclusive reliance on financial indicators.

The aim of the doctoral thesis is to screen possibilities of multivariate classification methods used for the prediction of a financial distress of agricultural enterprises. Application of the thesis was based on a definition of an enterprise threatened by financial distress defined according to relevant literature review. The reliability of current classification models was verified first as a part of the solution process. The ability of each indicator and their combinations in terms of reliability classification were assessed as well. The main part consisted in the construction of models using classification methods (linear and quadratic discriminant analysis and robust variants, the methods of nearest neighbours and prototypes, logistic regression, probit regression, multilayer perceptron networks, classification trees and forests).

The theoretical part of this master thesis deals with creation and solution of financial distress and analysing classification models. In the practical part I defined own methods for financial distress prediction of company using discriminant analysis and logistic regression.