This thesis is about simulation of semiconductor X-ray and particledetectors. The simulation of a novel coating for solid state neutrondetectors is discussed as well as the implementation of a simulationframework for hybrid pixel detectors.Today’s most common thermal neutron detectors are proportionalcounters, that use 3He gas in large tubes or multi wire arrays. Globalnuclear disarmament and the increase in use for homeland securityapplications has created a shortage of the gas which poses a problemfor neutron spallation sources that require higher resolution and largersensors. In this thesis a novel material and clean room compatible pro-cess for neutron conversion are discussed. Simulations and fabricationhave been executed and analysed in measurements. It has been proventhat such a device can be fabricated and detect thermal neutrons.Spectral imaging hybrid pixel detectors like the Medipix chipare the most advanced imaging systems currently available. Thesechips are highly sophisticated with several hundreds of transistors perpixel to enable features like multiple thresholds for noise free photoncounting measurements, spectral imaging as well as time of arrivalmeasurements. To analyse and understand the behaviour of differentsensor materials bonded to the chip and to improve development offuture generations of the chip simulations are necessary. Generally, allparts of the detector system are simulated independently. However, itis favourable to have a simulation framework that is able to combineMonte Carlo particle transport, charge transport in the sensor as wellas analogue and digital response of the pixel read-out electronics. Thisthesis aims to develop such a system that has been developed withGeant4 and analytical semiconductor and electronics models. Further-more, it has been verified with data from measurements with severalMedipix and Timepix sensors as well as TCAD simulations.Results show that such a framework is feasible even for imagingsimulations. It shows great promise to be able to be extended withfuture pixel detector designs and semiconductor materials as well asneutron converters to aim for next generation imaging devices.

<p>A finite element model has been developed to simulate the forming of a channel section profile with the roll forming method. The model has been optimized to experimental results with respect to strains at the edge of the sheet and spring back of the sides of the profile. Finite element models with a coarse mesh have been compared to models with a finer mesh. The models with to fine mesh become instable and a model with a rather coarse mesh was finally chosen.</p><p>Both the models with shell elements and the models with solid elements have been used in the simulations. The simulations with shell elements gave very good results both for the geometry shape and the strains at the edge of the sheet. The reaction forces at the tools found in the simulations was only half of the reaction forces fond in the experiments.</p><p>The simulations with the solid element model showed very good results for the reaction forces while the geometry shape of the sheet was really bad. The spring back was much larger in the simulations than in the experiments.</p><p>The shell element model was chosen because of the excessive spring back with the solid element model. The spring back of the sides of the sheet differs only a few percent between the simulation and the experiment results when using the shell element model. The reaction forces at the tools in the simulation are only half of the reaction forces measured in the experiments but the results from the simulations are linearly proportional to the results in the experiments. The model that finally was chosen describe both the spring back and the strains at the edge of the sheet very well. Like in the experiments there were no signs of wrinkles at the sheet in any of the simulations.</p>

A finite element model has been developed to simulate the forming of a channel section profile with the roll forming method. The model has been optimized to experimental results with respect to strains at the edge of the sheet and spring back of the sides of the profile. Finite element models with a coarse mesh have been compared to models with a finer mesh. The models with to fine mesh become instable and a model with a rather coarse mesh was finally chosen. Both the models with shell elements and the models with solid elements have been used in the simulations. The simulations with shell elements gave very good results both for the geometry shape and the strains at the edge of the sheet. The reaction forces at the tools found in the simulations was only half of the reaction forces fond in the experiments. The simulations with the solid element model showed very good results for the reaction forces while the geometry shape of the sheet was really bad. The spring back was much larger in the simulations than in the experiments. The shell element model was chosen because of the excessive spring back with the solid element model. The spring back of the sides of the sheet differs only a few percent between the simulation and the experiment results when using the shell element model. The reaction forces at the tools in the simulation are only half of the reaction forces measured in the experiments but the results from the simulations are linearly proportional to the results in the experiments. The model that finally was chosen describe both the spring back and the strains at the edge of the sheet very well. Like in the experiments there were no signs of wrinkles at the sheet in any of the simulations.

The objective of this study uses the plasticity theory of the slab method and the numerical analysis of the finite difference method to construct a mathematical model. And a computer program will be developed to evaluate the quality of the tubes formed by hydraulic expansion. Considering sticking and sliding modes, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the forming pressure needed to hydroform a circular tube into square and rectangular cross-sections and the thickness distribution of the product. In the sticking friction mode, it is assumed that the elements after contact with the die do not move or slide. Whereas, in the sliding friction mode, the element in contact with the die will continue to deform with the stress variation in the subsequent forming process. A series of FE simulations on tube expansion by a commercial FE code¡§DEFORM¡¨have been carried out. In addition, the experiment employing aluminum alloy AA 6063 that has been annealed to proceed the hydraulic expansion experiment. The comparisons between analysis and the result of forming pressure, corner radius and thickness distribution by experiment are verified the validity of this mathematical model. The effects of the forming parameters such as the die geometry, the material property of the tube, friction coefficient between the die and tube, etc., upon the expansion results, such as the forming pressure, corner radius, the tube contact distance with the die, thickness distribution after expansion, etc., are systematically discussed.

In the near couple years, the applications of amorphous alloys have attracted great attention due to their characteristics and future potential. This research is intended to synthesis a lighter Mg-based amorphous alloy as the imprinting materials for micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) with a high glass forming ability (GFA) and lower glass transition temperature (Tg). Also, the workability of the Mg-based metallic glasses is examined in terms of several viscous flow behaviors and parameters obtained from the thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The lighter Mg-based metallic glasses exhibit their superior glass forming ability, and can be cast into bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). Based on the thermal analysis of the Mg-Cu-Y glassy materials, the evaluation of the glass forming ability and thermal stability for searching the optimum alloy composition is conducted. By using Mg58Cu31Y11 amorphous alloy with the best composition as the micro-forming specimens, imprinting was made by hot pressing at 150oC with several applied compressive stresses to form the hexagonal micro-lens arrays. Finite element simulation using 3D Deform software is also applied to trace the microforming evolution, and to compare with the experimental observations. The results demonstrate that the imprinting is feasible and promising. On the other hand, the Mg-Cu-Gd BMGs with even better GFA than Mg-Cu-Y are explored in terms of their thermomechanical properties. Extension of this study is performed partially by Cu replacing by Ag or B for the improvement of maximum diameter and thermal stability. And the workability of these Mg-Cu-(Ag, B)-Gd metallic glasses, namely, Mg65Cu25-xAgxGd10 (x = 0, 3, 10 at %) and Mg65Cu22B3Gd10 is evaluated in terming of the thermomechanical parameters, viscous flow behavior, deformability, and the deformation model. It is found the fragility for viscous deformation would increase with the replacement of Ag or B, leading to the negative factors for the micro-forming and nano-imprinting practices. This conclusion is supported by the many extracted parameters. Thus, even the B-additive Mg based BMG has much higher hardness and Ag-additive Mg based BMG has the larger maximum rod diameter, they are more difficult to be formed, appearing as a negative factor in the micro-forming or nano-imprinting industry. The base Mg65Cu25Gd10 alloy stilly appears to be more promising than the Ag or B-containing alloys when the viscous forming is under consideration.

Due to space limitations in urban areas, underground construction has become a common practice worldwide. When using deep excavations, excessive lateral movements are a major concern because they can lead to significant displacements and rotations in adjacent structures. Therefore, accurate predictions of lateral wall deflections and surface settlements are important design criteria in the analysis and design of excavation support systems. This research shows that the current design methods, based on plane strain analyses, are not accurate for designing excavation support systems and that fully three-dimensional (3D) analyses including wall installation effects are needed. A complete 3D finite element simulation of the wall installation at the Chicago and State Street excavation case history is carried out to show the effects of modeling: (i) the installation sequence of the supporting wall, (ii) the excavation method for the wall, and (iii) existing adjacent infrastructure. This model is the starting point of a series of parametric analyses that show the effects of the system stiffness on the resulting excavation-related ground movements. Furthermore, a deformation-based methodology for the analysis and design of excavation support systems is proposed in order to guide the engineer in the different stages of the design. The methodology is condensed in comprehensive flow charts that allow the designer to size the wall and supports, given the allowable soil distortion of adjacent structures or predict ground movements, given data about the soil and support system.

Superplastic forming (SPF) is a near net-shape forming process which offers many advantages over conventional forming operations including low forming pressure due to low flow stress, low die cost, greater design flexibility, and the ability to shape hard metals and form complex shapes. However, low production rate due to slow forming process and limited predictive capabilities due to lack of accurate constitutive models for superplastic deformation, are the main obstacles to the widespread use of SPF. Recent advancements in finite element tools have helped in the analysis of complex superplastic forming operations. These tools can be utilized successfully in order to develop optimized superplastic forming techniques. In this work, an optimum variable strain rate scheme developed using a combined micromacro stability criterion is integrated with ABAQUS for the optimization of superplastic forming process. Finite element simulations of superplastic forming of Ti-6Al-4V sheet into a hemisphere and a box are carried out using two different forming approaches. The first approach is based on a constant strain rate scheme. The second one is based on the optimum variable strain rate scheme. It is shown that the forming time can be significantly reduced without compromising the uniformity of thickness distribution when using the proposed optimum approach. Further analysis is carried out to study the effects of strain rate, microstructural evolution and friction on the formed product. Finally the constitutive equations and stability criterion mentioned above are used to analyze the forming of dental implant superstructure, a modern industrial application of superplastic forming.

Le domaine de la fusion par confinement magnétique et la technologie des tokamaks privilégient l'utilisation de câbles supraconducteurs pour la circulation de haute densité de courant (typiquement 70kA). Ces conducteurs se composent de milliers brins câblés sur plusieurs étages, insérés en conduite et refroidis à température cryogénique. Les chargements extrêmes d’origine thermique et électromagnétique appliqués sont susceptibles d’engendrer des déformations locales dégradant les qualités conductrices de ces câbles. Ces dégradations d'origine mécanique sont observées mais peu de modèles en décrivent le comportement. Dans le cadre de la modélisation des conducteurs de type câble-en-conduit (CICCs), nous proposons l’utilisation et l’adaptation d’un code élément fini de calcul de structures dédié aux milieux entremêlés: Multifil. Le problème du comportement mécanique global et local des câbles est posé sous la forme de la recherche d’équilibre d’un assemblage de poutres en grande déformation et en interaction de contact frottement sous différents chargements. Le développement de cette méthode numérique s’appuie sur un modèle de poutre à cinématique enrichie, intégrant notamment des déformations de sections et sur une résolution algorithmique implicite de type Newton-Raphson. Cette modélisation est largement basée sur les travaux déjà réalisés quant à l’étude de la mécanique interne de câble métallique et de textile où le traitement des contacts et primordiale. Pour ce qui est de l’application de Multifil aux modèles de CICCs, les adaptations et nouveaux développements du code de calcul ont été introduits lors de cette thèse.En premier lieu, la géométrie des câbles formés étant a priori inconnue, nous proposons une simulation du processus de mise en forme des conducteurs. Celle-ci consiste en une compaction d’une configuration théorique de câblage initiale au moyen d’outils rigides. Une partie importante de cette thèse a été dédiée au développement de conditions aux limites, dites pseudopériodiques, pertinentes face aux problématiques liées à la modélisation des câbles. Dans un deuxième temps et dans un effort de validation des modèles de câbles formés, nous présentons les résultats obtenus lors d’essais de traction/compression longitudinale et de compression transverse de câbles formés. Les comportements mécaniques des câbles en sollicitation axiale et transversale prédits par les modèles ont montré un bon accord avec les données expérimentales disponibles. Cela a été rendu possible grâce à l’identification des lois de comportements des brins sur des essais de traction cycliques et de pincement effectués au cours de cette thèse. L’observation au Microscope Electronique à Balayage de coupe de brins sollicités a permis de caractériser un critère de ruptures pour les micro-filaments Nb3Sn des brins. Des simulations complètes des conducteurs ITER en condition opératoire ont été réalisées avec succès pour différentes configurations de câbles. L’analyse des données fournies par le code de calculs a permis de mettre en lumière l’importante hétérogénéité des déformations axiales dans les conducteurs ainsi que la présence de déformations, dites critiques, susceptibles de pouvoir expliquer en partie les dégradations des propriétés supraconductrices des conducteurs d’ITER. Enfin les données fournies par Multifil ont été utilisées par deux codes de calculs électromagnétiques, CARMEN et JackPot, dans le but de décrire les propriétés électriques des conducteurs en fonction des déformations prédites par les modèles mécaniques. / The ITER Cable-In-Conduit Conductors (CICC) are composed of an assembly of pure copper wires and composite superconducting strands (with embedded brittle Nb3Sn microfilaments) cabled together and inserted in a stainless steel jacket. If the current carrying capacities of individual ITER strand are clearly identified, by a dependence of the critical current on the applied strain and by a statistical quantification of possible microfilaments breakage, the characterization of cable-in-conduit is not yet fully achieved. What are the local strain values of the strands inside CICCs under operating conditions is still an open question. A deeper understanding of how local strains develop and where critical strains appear in complex cabled structures could help to optimize CICCs designs in term of the losses of conductivity.The present work aims at providing for a finite element model of conductors, able to predict local strains, especially the bending strain, at the scale of individual strands. The finite element software, Multifil, initially developed to model various kinds of entangled media, has been adapted to consider the specific issues related to the conductors. The Multifil’s main feature is basically to handle the evolution of contact-friction interactions between wires. In this study, the initial conductors’ geometry (trajectories of all individual wires), a priori unknown, is determined by a simulation of the shaping process by means of moving rigid tools. Starting from formed cables, both the thermal restraint and the transverse Lorentz loads are simulated through successive applications of proper loading. An important part of this thesis is dedicated to the implementation in the code of proper transverse boundary conditions that are relevant to the cable modelling. Moreover, the numerical work is supported by experiments performed at ECP regarding the characterization of the axial and transverse material constitutive law of the strands of the cable. The, experimental and numerical “Force/Displacements” curves, obtained on cables under standard axial and transverse loading, show good agreement. At last, the results of the full conductor simulations (from initial shaping to magnetic loading) are presented for various conductors design. Relevant information at the scale of strands (axial strains across and along the strands of the cable) can be retrieved from these simulations. The careful analysis of these data have led to highlight the high non-uniformity of the axial strains in loaded conductor with occurrence of localized critical strains that could explain the conductivity loss observed in ITER conductors. At last, the mechanical information provided by the Multifil have been put to good use by two different electromagnetic codes, CARMEN and JackPot in order to predict the superconducting properties of the conductor according to the axial strains measured along and across the strand.

The purpose of the thesis was to analyze and evaluate the head injuries due to a striking in a boxing match by LS-DYNA. A simplified arm model was built up and was equipped with three segments which were linked with two spherical joints. The strain-stress curves of the boxing glove foam and glove leather were measured in the Neuronic Lab in School of Technology and Health, KTH. The dimension and weight of the model was also set as adjustable to fulfill various requirements in different cases. Then a method was developed to facilitate the simulation. Finally, 39 video clips from the database were processed and the 13 cases were chosen to test the method and to perform the simulations. Additionally, the reliability of the model was assessed by comparing the outcome of the simulations with the results of the visual analysis from a previous study. The outcome showed that the model was able to restore the scenario from the videos both quantitatively and qualitatively, but it also suggest a high sensitivity of the model to the data artifacts from the video analysis. Interpretations and suggestions for the future work were also discussed.

In product development there is still potential to decrease lead times with faster and more accurate simulations. The objective of this thesis was to study whether Finite Element (FE) simulations using explicit LS-DYNA to extract reaction forces from sheet metal forming tools during forming, could be used to improve existing FE models in sheet metal forming software AutoForm.To begin with, the solid CAD-model of the stamping dies were meshed with tetrahedral elements in CATIA and imported into LS-DYNA. In combination with sheet mesh and milling surface meshes from AutoForm, an explicit model was realized. Contacts between sheet mesh and milling surface meshes used the so-called sheet forming contact. The resulting reaction forces were extracted and used in a simulation using the AutoForm software. Resulting simulation was compared to a scan of the physical sheet metal after forming.The direct transfer of reaction forces from LS-DYNA to AutoForm did however not result in the same pressure distribution in AutoForm. The AutoForm simulations using results from LS-DYNA were slightly worse than standard AutoForm simulations.Further work is needed to try and perhaps implement an implicit solution after an initial explicit solution. / Inom produktutveckling finns möjligheter att förkorta ledtider genom snabbare och mera korrekta simuleringar. Syftet med detta arbetet var att undersöka huruvida resultat från explicit LS-DYNA kunde användas för att förbättra nuvarande plåtformningssimuleringar i AutoForm.Den solida CAD-modellen av verktyget meshades med tetraediska element i CATIA och importerades till LS-PrePost, tillsammans med fräsytsmeshar och plåtmesh från AutoForm. Kontakter etablerades mellan plåt och fräsytsmeshar med så kallad sheet forming contact. Modellen löstes sedan explicit. Resulterande reaktionskrafter på plåthållare exporterades till AutoForm och implementerades där. Resulterande simulering jämfördes mot en inskannad fysisk plåt efter plåtformning.Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter på plåthållaren i AutoForm gav resultat som avvek mer mot inskannad plåt än nuvarande simuleringsstrategi. Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter gav heller inte en tryckfördelning som liknade den som rapporterades av LS-DYNA.Mer arbete krävs för att om möjligt implementera en implicit lösning efter en initial explicit lösning.