The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages 9.3 million hectares of land in Utah and has implemented an Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation (ESR) Program to protect life and property, combat soil erosion, and reduce the invasion of exotic/noxious weeds following wildland fire. In highly vulnerable sites, seeding treatments may be applied to establish an interim landcover to stabilize the soil and competitively exclude weed invasions. Monitoring treatment effectiveness is mandated through ESR guidelines and necessary for the submission of annual Accomplishment Reports for the first three years following fire containment. Ground monitoring has been the traditional approach to fulfilling this ESR monitoring mandate. Ground monitoring of vegetation within a large burn can be complicated or rendered infeasible by the logistical constraints presented by size, topography, and remoteness. The inherent weaknesses of ground monitoring in large remote areas provide the impetus for augmenting these approaches with remotely sensed data. The Rattle Fire Complex (RFC) is a 2002 burn that demonstrates a need and an opportunity to develop a remote sensing-based monitoring tool. This project utilized high spatial resolution Quickbird imagery and ground data to monitor treatment effectiveness and vegetative recovery within the RFC ESR project area and shows that remote sensing and statistical modeling can significantly improve knowledge regarding ESR treatment effectiveness when combined with traditional ground monitoring methods. The image acquisition cost and labor investment may be prohibitive, making this approach feasible only on large, high priority projects. This methodology arguably represents the simplest approach from both a remote sensing and statistical modeling approach and was accomplished using software currently available within the Bureau of Land Management computer network. It is unlikely that current technology can provide a cheaper or simpler alternative. Testing of this methodology on other projects will provide better insight into its utility and transferability.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is developing the Remote Internet Protocol Communication (RIPCom) system, which is a wireless communication system that makes an aircraft look like a network node in the sky. RIPCom provides an Ethernet to Radio Frequency (RF) connection solution for real-time data transmission, and its design allows the end points of the communication system to become nodes on a network with assigned IP addresses. RIPCom’s design is especially suitable for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, and its versatility makes it valuable for many systems that require a high speed, digital wireless network.

"Ideally, peacekeeping operations demonstrate the concern of the international community in situations of instability or conflict arising between or within states. They are conceived to bring about peace and 'ensure the effective promotion and protection of [human] rights'. As a result, peacekeeping operations as well as peacekeepers are expected to comply with standards of human rights and humanitarian law. With respect to the Economic Community of West African States Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), its intervention in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and Côte d'Ivoire have been generally welcomed as a response to barbaric and devastating wars in West Africa. However, the observation of ECOMOG missions reveals several instances of violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. These violations include attacks against civilians, summary executions, rapes, torture, looting, etc. In other words, the saviours have turned into violators of rights. While these violations have provoked concern and indignation, few measures have been taken to address the problem, hold peacekeepers accountable and prevent abuses in the future. ... This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one provides, among other, the background of the study, the statement of the research problem and the significance of the study. Chapter two gives an insight into the creation, structure, mechanisms and evolution of ECOMOG as the peacekeeping organ of ECOWAS. Chapter three examines the basis for the applicability of human rights and international humanitarian law to peacekeepers and shows the violations committed by the ECOMOG peacekeepers since 1990. Chapter four analyses the responses to abuses committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. It discusses the national, regional and universal responses to these abuses. It investigates both prevention and accountability mechanisms existing to address abuses committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. It also explores some potential accountability and prevention mechanisms. Finally, chapter five makes some concluding remarks and suggests specific recommendations for the improvement of the existing responses." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The ability to gather and process information regarding the condition of forest fires is essential to cost-effective, safe, and efficient fire fighting. Advances in sensory and autopilot technology have made miniature unmanned aerial systems (UASs) an important tool in the acquisition of information. This thesis addresses some of the challenges faced when employing UASs for forest-fire perimeter surveillance; namely, perimeter tracking, cooperative perimeter surveillance, and path planning. Solutions to the first two issues are presented and a method for understanding path planning within the context of a forest-fire environment is demonstrated. Both simulation and hardware results are provided for each solution.

I flera års tid har antalet svåra och okontrollerade skogsbränder ökat i antal. Det finns ett behov av att detektera skogsbränder med hjälp av satelliter som har högre tidsupplösning samt högre geometrisk upplösning än de satelliter som är i bruk idag. I detta examensarbete utfördes dels en studie av bildframställningen hos, och dels designen av omloppsbanan till en mikrosatellitkonstellation, som använder sig av nära-infraröd (NIR) och kortvågig infraröd (SWIR) avbildningsteknik med förstärkt geometrisk upplösning och tidsupplösning för övervakning av skogsbränder. En översikt av den nuvarande tekniken visade olika alternativ för kamera: två kommersiella sensorer med ett spektralområde på 0.7 till 1.7 μm och geometrisk upplösning på 140 m respektive 112 m; en kommersiell sensor med ett spektralområde på upp till 2.2 μm och geometrisk upplösning på 168 m; samt ett förslag till sensor med högre geometrisk upplösning på 20 m eller 50 m, som erhålls genom att öka brännvidden. Flera slutsatser nåddes med hänsyn till avbildningen: lämpligheten hos linserna som hittades till respektive sensor verifierades, och det upptäcktes att förvrängningen till följd av jordens rotation ökade med förlängd exponeringstid, vilket även skedde för förhållandet mellan signal och störningar. Ett förslag till en cirkulär, solsynkron, polär omloppsbana med ett dagligen upprepande mönster lades fram. En förenklad metod för beräkning av halva storaxeln tillämpades, och därmed bestämdes en höjd på 561 km och lutning på 97.64°. I enlighet med detta uppskattades antalet satelliter som krävs för både global och regional (Sverige) täckning för alla avbildningsalternativ. För global täckning beräknades antalet satelliter som krävs för att uppnå en geometrisk upplösning på 140.25 m till 15 stycken, medan en geometrisk upplösning på 50 m krävde 84 stycken satelliter. För regional täckning (Sverige) krävdes å andra sidan endast 6 stycken satelliter för att uppnå en geometrisk upplösning på 140.25 m, och 32 stycken för en geometrisk upplösning på 50 m. Detta examensarbete har visat hur många satelliter som behövs för antingen global eller regional täckning så att skogsbränder kan detekteras med högre geometrisk upplösning samt högre tidsupplösning. / For several years, the occurrence of more severe and uncontrolled wildfires has been increasing. There is a need to detect wildfires with a higher spatial and temporal resolution than the ones currently provided by operational satellites. In this thesis, an imager study and orbital design of a microsatellite constellation using near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) imagers for wildfire monitoring, with enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, was conducted. After a state of the art review, different alternatives of imaging systems were discerned: two commercial sensors with spectral range of 0.7 to 1.7 μm and spatial resolution of 140 m and 112 m, respectively; one commercial sensor with spectral range up to 2.2 μm and spatial resolution of 168 m; and one sensor proposal with higher spatial resolution of 20 m or 50 m, achieved by increasing the focal length. Several conclusions were reached with regards to the imagers: the appropriateness of lenses found for each sensor was confirmed, the Earth rotation distortion was found to increase as the exposure time is extended, as did the signal-to noise ratio. A proposal for a circular sun-synchronous polar orbit with a daily repeating pattern was made. Applying a simplified method to calculate the semi-major axis, an altitude of 561 km and inclination of 97.64° were determined. Accordingly, the number of satellites for both global and regional (Sweden) coverage was estimated for all imager alternatives. For global coverage, the necessary number of satellites to achieve a spatial resolution of 140.25 m was calculated to be 15 satellites, whereas for a spatial resolution of 50 m the number of satellites increased to 84. On the other hand, for regional coverage (Sweden), the number of satellites to achieve a spatial resolution of 140.25 m were 6, and for a spatial resolution of 50 m the number of satellites was 32. This thesis shows how many satellites are required for either global or regional coverage, considering different imager configurations, to detect wildfires with a higher spatial and temporal resolution.