In 1997 the University of Victoria began to develop a vision for a First Peoples House with the objective of constructing a welcoming Coast Salish home on the university campus. This vision was realized in 2009 when the First Peoples House opened to the university community and public. Goals stemming from early discussions of a First Peoples House included a house that would support Indigenous culture, community events, and showcase Indigenous art. The First Peoples House represents a case study of how Indigenous artists and their material culture intersect with new Indigenous architecture. This paper is a supporting document to accompany a documentary film showcasing Indigenous artists and key players who participated in the development of the First Peoples House. The purpose of this paper and film is to document developmental stages of the First Peoples House that includes material culture—“art”—embedded within the architecture of the house. Nine interviews include the artistic vision of six artists whose work is represented in the house, and three individuals who were involved in early developmental and current phases of the First Peoples House. The research is placed in a historical context respecting the relationship between Indigenous architecture, residential schools, space and place and material culture. Film adds another dimension to the scope of this paper. Together, the paper and film form a visual and critical analysis highlighting historical shifts along with contemporary understandings of cultural narratives, material culture, Indigenous culture and architecture as integrated within the First Peoples House at the University of Victoria. / Graduate

Mon mémoire porte sur les représentations des Premiers Peuples dans les manuels scolaires d’histoire francophones, produits et utilisés au Québec entre 1920 et 1960, avec une attention particulière portée à ceux destinés aux jeunes du primaire. Cette recherche est au croisement des études sur le colonialisme québécois, de l’histoire de l’enfance et de l’étude des représentations. Plusieurs théories émanant des études visuelles, de l’altérité et des performances studies sont aussi mobilisées dans mon étude des manuels scolaires d’histoire. En se positionnant à l’intersection de cette mosaïque d’historiographies et d’approches conceptuelles, mon mémoire répond aux questions suivantes : comment sont représentés les Premiers Peuples au Canada dans les manuels d’histoires francophones produits entre les années 1920 et 1960 et dans quelle mesure ces représentations sont en rupture avec la période précédente ? Comment sont mobilisées ces représentations dans l’imaginaire colonial québécois ? De quelle manière est reçue, appropriée et performée l’image coloniale de l’« Indien imaginaire » par les enfants ? Mon étude vient compléter une historiographie qui couvrira, dès lors, toute l’histoire des représentations des Premiers Peuples dans les manuels scolaires d’histoire depuis les débuts de l’instruction publique au Québec. Le premier chapitre explore trois champs historiographiques sur lesquels mon mémoire s’appuie : l’histoire des enfants, le colonialisme d’occupation et les représentations des Premiers Peuples dans la culture populaire nord-américaine. Les chapitres deux et trois sont consacrés, dans l’ordre, à l’analyse des manuels scolaires d’histoire produit entre 1920 et 1950 et ceux entre 1950 et 1960. Je démontre que la figure de l’Indien est mobilisée par les auteurs des manuels des années 1920-1950 pour justifier la dépossession et les violences coloniales du passé, notamment par l’utilisation d’arguments politiques, moraux et généalogiques. Dans la série de manuels des années 1950, nettement plus nationaliste, les auteurs reprennent ces mêmes idées en appuyant toutefois plus fortement sur l’idée de la « mission civilisatrice » au point de nettoyer le récit historique québécois de sa violence originelle. De plus, j’établis que ces manuels montrent la prolongation du colonialisme dans le présent. Les Premiers Peuples ne disparaissent plus du récit après la Conquête, contrairement à ce qui était le cas dans les manuels d’histoire avant 1950, mais ils sont toujours sujets à un discours colonial qui les dénigre, les invisibilise et tente de justifier la dépossession de leurs terres. / My master’s thesis examines the representations of First Peoples in French-language history textbooks produced and used in Quebec between 1920 and 1960, with a particular focus on those intended for elementary school children. This research is at the crossroads of studies on Quebec colonialism, childhood history and the study of representations. Several theories emanating from visual studies, othering and performance studies are also mobilized in my study of history textbooks. By positioning itself at the intersection of this mosaic of historiographies and conceptual approaches, my master’s thesis answers the following questions: how are the First Peoples in Canada represented in French-language history textbooks produced between the 1920s and the 1960s and to what extent are these representations at odds with the previous period? How are these representations mobilized in the Quebec colonial imagination? How is the colonial image of the ‘imaginary Indian’ received, appropriated and performed by children? My study contributes to a historiography exploring history of representations of the First Peoples in history textbooks since the beginning of public education in Quebec. The first chapter explores three historiographical fields on which my dissertation draws: children's history, settler colonialism, and representations of First Peoples in North American popular culture. Chapters two and three are devoted, in order, to the analysis of history textbooks produced between 1920 and 1950 and those between 1950 and 1960. I show that the figure of the Indian is mobilized by the authors of the first period’s textbooks to justify the dispossession and colonial violence of the past, notably through the use of political, moral and genealogical arguments. In the latter period’s, more nationalistic series of textbooks, the authors reiterate these same ideas, but with a stronger emphasis on the idea of the ‘civilizing mission’ to the point of cleansing the Quebec historical narrative of its original violence. Furthermore, I argue that these textbooks show the continuation of colonialism in the present. First Peoples no longer disappear from the narrative after the Conquest, as was the case in history textbooks before 1950, but they are still subject to a colonial discourse that denigrates and invisibilizes them, while attempting to justify the dispossession of their lands.

This thesis is a work of Christian theology. Its purpose is twofold: firstly to develop an adequate understanding of reconciliation at the level of peoples and nations; and secondly to make a practical contribution to resolving the problems in Australia for the welfare of all the peoples, and of the land itself. The history of the relationships between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Australia has left many problems, and no matter what the non-Indigenous people try to do, the Indigenous peoples of Australia continue to experience themselves as being in a state of siege. Trying to understand what is happening, and what can be done to resolve the problems for the peoples of Australia and the land, have been the implicit drivers for the theological development in this thesis. This thesis argues that the present generation in any trans-generational dispute is likely to continue to sin in ways that are shaped by the sins of the past, which explains why Indigenous peoples in Australia find themselves in a stage of siege, even when the non-Indigenous peoples are trying to pursue policies which they believe are for the welfare of all. The only way to resolve this is for the peoples of Australia to seek reconciliation. In particular, the non-Indigenous peoples need to repent, both of their own sins, and the sins of their forebears. Reconciliation processes have become part of the international political landscape. However, there are real concerns about the justice of pursuing reconciliation. An important part of the theological development of this thesis is therefore to show that pursuing reconciliation establishes justice. It is shown that the nature of justice, and of repentance, can only be established by pursuing reconciliation. Reconciliation is possible because God has made it possible, and is working in the world to bring reconciliation. Because land is an essential part of Indigenous identity in Australia, the history of land in court cases and legislation in Australia over the past half century forms an important case study in this work. It is shown that, although there was significant repentance within the non-Indigenous legal system in Australia, the degree of repentance available through that legal system is inherently limited, and so a more radical approach is needed in order to seek reconciliation in Australia. A final chapter considers what the non-Indigenous people of Australia need to do in order to repent.