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The objectives of this research were to evaluate breed differences for heat-stress resistance using age at first calving and first calving interval, and to assess breed by region interactions for seven regions of the United States for survival-related traits up to five years of age in Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey cows. Age at first calving and first calving interval were studied in farms with two breeds, with Holstein and Brown Swiss or Holstein and Jersey cows. The survival-related traits were analyzed in farms with one or two breeds. Seven regions within the United States were defined: Northeast, Northwest, Central north, Central, Central south, Southwest and Southeast. The fertility traits were also analyzed in seven individual states: Wisconsin, Ohio, Oregon, California, Arizona, Florida, and Texas. Brown Swiss were older than Holsteins at first calving (833 ± 2.4 d vs. 806 ± 2.0 d in regions, and 830 ± 3.1 d vs. 803 ± 2.4 d in states), but Holsteins and Brown Swiss did not differ for first calving interval. Jerseys were younger than Holsteins at first calving and had shorter first calving intervals (P < 0.01). In data from individual states, Holsteins housed with Brown Swiss were older at first calving than Holsteins housed with Jerseys (800 ± 2.7 d vs. 780 ± 2.5 d). Holsteins housed with Jerseys had slightly shorter first calving intervals than Holsteins housed with Brown Swiss, and the interaction of "type of Holstein: with season of the first calving was highly significant (P < 0.01). Region and season effects were smaller for Jerseys than for Holsteins, thus, Jerseys showed evidence of heat-stress resistance with respect to Holsteins. Management modified age at first calving in Holsteins, depending on the type of herd they were located in. Longer calving intervals might have been partly due to voluntary waiting period to breed the cows. The survival-related traits were evaluated up to five years of age. They consisted of stayability, number of completed lactations, days lived, herd-life, and total days in milk. For herds with one breed, the order for stayability to five years of age, from longer to shorter-lived breed was: Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein, but for the ratio of days in milk to herd-life the order was: Holstein, Jersey and Brown Swiss, and for the ratio of days in milk to days lived, it was: Jersey, and Holstein and Brown Swiss tied. This last ordering was the same for number of lactations completed by five years of age. The results for two-breed herds were similar since Brown Swiss and Jerseys had larger (Chi-square P < 0.01) probabilities of living past five years of age than Holsteins, and for days in milk and number of lactations completed, Jerseys had higher values than Holsteins (P < 0.01), but Holsteins and Brown Swiss tied in some analyses. Breed by region interaction was always significant. If all other conditions were assumed equal, Jerseys would give fastest returns by five years of age. The overall conclusion is that Jerseys performed better for the traits analyzed, all of them highly influenced by environmental conditions. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is to show the need for placing the teaching of accident prevention and first-aid into the curricula of all public schools of the State of Texas on a compulsory basis and to prescribe definite criteria for the work.

Yes / Purpose: First contact practitioner (FCP) roles have been developed to supplement the primary care workforce in managing the burden of musculoskeletal conditions. In order to quality assure and standardise capability of these clinicians an educational framework was developed by NHS England. The Roadmap to Practice (2020) was the curriculum designed to support and develop capability for FCP roles. This secondary analysis of a broader research project aimed to understand the factors affecting the supervisory experience from both a supervisor and supervisee perspective. Methods: A qualitative design using group interviews and an online survey was utilised to examine the experiences of these clinicians on their journey navigating and supporting the Roadmap to Practice portfolio process. Findings: Three principal themes were identified that affected the supervisory process; preparation of both supervisors and supervisee; the person (supervisor) and the practicalities associated with supervision. Conclusion: There were numerous factors influencing the quality of clinical supervision. Adequate preparation of the supervisor and supervisee is critical to success. The attributes of the supervisor were important in the enhancing the quality of supervisory process. Time afforded to undertake supervision and access to appropriate supervisors need to be adequate and accounted for in workforce planning. A paradigm shift in workplace culture is required so clinical supervision is seen as an integral component in maintaining quality and assuring patient safety. / The original project was funded by NHS England formerly Health Education England.