published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

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Regular participation in sports is a common practice among the general population. For cardiovascular fitness, the frequency, duration, intensity and mode of the activity must be appropriate for the individual to benefit from the activity. The benefits for cardiovascular fitness are questionable in sports involving high intensity intermittent exercise of short duration. In the past, the procedures for determination of the heart rate and the time-motion characteristics of an activity were cumbersome and time consuming, thus making application to sports an inconvenience. The purpose of this project was to develop a computer based system for matching heart rate data with time-motion characteristics. The system was tested using ice hockey and squash. Subjects were observed during activity. The heart rate data during the activity were collected using a Polar Vantage XL Heart Rate monitor set to record heart rate values in 5-second intervals. The duration and type of activity were entered in the computer in real time using a coding system. Program combined the time-motion analysis with the heart rates that were downloaded from the Polar heart rate monitor. The results were summarized as follows: (1) total time at each intensity level, (2) mean duration at each intensity level, and (3) mean heart rate at each intensity level. Output from the computer program was similar to manual calculations.

In recent years the area of physical fitness has been of special interest. In a number of countries national fitness programmes have been launched to increase the awareness of the importance of physical fitness at all levels. Literature on the testing of physical fitness abounds, particularly in the United States of America. Several books on tests and measurements in physical education are available, and these provide invaluable guidelines to teachers of physical education in the important aspects of evaluating and assessing the physical fitness and progress of pupils. Howeyer, in South Africa, research in this important area is limited, especially in so far as Indian pupils arc concerned. In the present study an attempt is made to establish norms on selected tests of physical fitness for Indian girls. The study is divided into five parts as follows: CHAPTER ONE presents the rationale for the establishment of norms for Indian girls in South Africa. CHAPTER TWO gives a review of the relevant related literature. CHAPTER THREE gives an outline of the method of study. CHAPTER FOUR gives an analysis and presentation of the results. CHAPTER FIVE includes a discussion of the results, a summary and conclusion; and some recommendations for further research. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1975.

The purpose of this study was to compare health-related physical fitness of high school students in two schools that have different physical education programs. Argyle Academy has physical education 6 classes out of 7 days, and Riverside Park Academy has 3 classes out of 7 days. These two high schools are similar (e.g., size, geographical location, common feeder schools, and social economic status) and affiliated with the same school board. Students in the seventh, eighth, and tenth grade physical education classes were selected for testing in each school. Data from 102 students from Argyle Academy and 96 students from Riverside Park Academy were collected during an eight week period. Health-related physical fitness was assessed using the following test battery: sum of five skinfolds, waist to hip ratio, 20 m shuttle run, curl-ups, 90 degree push-ups, back saver sit and reach, and trunk lift. School group, gender, and grade comparisons were performed using a MANOVA procedure. The students from Argyle Academy demonstrated significantly better scores for the 20 m shuttle run and trunk lift, while those from Riverside Park Academy demonstrated significantly better scores for the curl-ups and 90 degree push-ups. There was no significant difference in the sum of five skinfolds, waist to hip ratio, and back saver sit and reach. This preliminary study has described and analyzed health-related physical fitness of students at two high schools. Recommendations for determining fitness levels of high school students are provided.

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The recent American college of Sports Medicine Position Stand concerning the quantity and quality of exercise for developing cardiovascular fitness (1) suggests a need for more information concerning the rate of improvement in aerobic power as a function of age. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to assess whether the change in maximal oxygen uptake (AVO2max) following endurance training varies as a function of age. Subjects were healthy men (N=277) and women (N=161), ranging in age from 20-72 years, who completed an endurance training program (= 3-5 months) between 1972 and 1987. The standard training stimulus consisted of individualized aerobic exercise (walking, walk-jog, or jogging) at about 75-85% maximal heart rate reserve for = 30-60 minutes, 3-4 sessions per week. A description of the %OVO2max expressed in relative and absolute terms, ± SEE are presented below.Variable20-29 yrs30-39 yrs40-49 yrs50-59 yrs60-69 yrsM 9/6AV02max ml•kg-1-min-'17.1 ± 13.220.0 ± 11.817.3 ± 13.319.5 ± 13.719.8 ± 9.1M%%OV02maxLmin-112.6 ± 10.616.0 ± 11.514.7 ± 11.616.6 ± 15.116.2 ± 9.8F °/oA VO2max mlkg''•min-'16.3 ± 9.022.5 ± 13.119.0 ± 10.917.6 ± 13.415.4 ± 6.8F%OV02maxL.min-'15.2±12.321.7±12.716.6±11.515.7±13.411.9±9.8N=Men women)20(17)87(54)112(51)46(30)12(9)A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between age and %OVO2max in both relative and absolute units, after adjusting for other parameters known to effect the training response. After adjusting for pre-training VO2max.(ml-kg-1-min-1) there was a significant negative correlation between OVO2max and age in both men (r = -0.31, p < 0.01) and women(r = -0.37, p < 0.01). When expressed as %OVO2max (L•min-1), the resultsrevealed the same age trend as that observed for the relative unit. Since the AVO2max after =3-5 months of training decreased as a function of age, this study supported the contention that training adaptations may be attenuated with increased age. / School of Physical Education

In the past various studies were undertaken to establish the fact that there are physical differences between the various races. As there is not much known about the motor ability of especially the Coloured and Indian schoolboys, this study was undertaken to ascertain whether there is any difference in motor ability between the White, Coloured and Indian boys in this age group. After a careful study of the known facts and the various test batteries for the measurement of motor ability, a test battery, consisting of six items was selected. The six items were the 75 yard dash, 220 yards, pull ups on the horizontal bar, shotput, standing long jump and cricket ball throw for distance. The length and weight of the body were also taken. This test battery includes all the components of motor ability and meets the requirements of a good test. The six item test battery was administered to 120 Indian, 140 Coloured and 90 White schoolboys. The selected data was statistically compiled and the achievement of 12 and 13 year old Whites, 12 and 13 year old Indians and 12 and 13 year old Coloureds were compared. Thereafter the results of the 12 and 13 year old Whites were compared with that of the Indian and Coloured boys and the achievement of the Indian boys was compared with that of the Coloured boys. The following results were established: 1. No significant differences were found between the 12 and 13 year old Whites except in the shotput where there was a highly significant difference and a significant difference in the 75 yard dash and pull ups in favour of the 13 year olds. The other two races showed highly significant differences in favour of the 13 year olds in all the test items. 2. The Whites surpassed the other two races highly significantly in all the test items. The Coloureds, although highly significantly shorter and significantly lighter than the Indian boys, surpassed the latter highly significantly in the cricket ball throw for distance, the standing long jump; significantly in the 220 yards and insignificantly in the shotput, 75 yard dash and pull ups, compiled according to McCloy's formulae. 3. A comparison between the Indian Moslem and Hindu boys showed that the Moslem boys surpassed the Hindus highly significantly in all the items except in the shotput. There is no significant difference between the 12 and 13 year old Hindu boys. 4. The physical differences between the three racial groups are inherited and cannot be attributed to environmental factors only. / Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO

In the past various studies were undertaken to establish the fact that there are physical differences between the various races. As there is not much known about the motor ability of especially the Coloured and Indian schoolboys, this study was undertaken to ascertain whether there is any difference in motor ability between the White, Coloured and Indian boys in this age group. After a careful study of the known facts and the various test batteries for the measurement of motor ability, a test battery, consisting of six items was selected. The six items were the 75 yard dash, 220 yards, pull ups on the horizontal bar, shotput, standing long jump and cricket ball throw for distance. The length and weight of the body were also taken. This test battery includes all the components of motor ability and meets the requirements of a good test. The six item test battery was administered to 120 Indian, 140 Coloured and 90 White schoolboys. The selected data was statistically compiled and the achievement of 12 and 13 year old Whites, 12 and 13 year old Indians and 12 and 13 year old Coloureds were compared. Thereafter the results of the 12 and 13 year old Whites were compared with that of the Indian and Coloured boys and the achievement of the Indian boys was compared with that of the Coloured boys. The following results were established: 1. No significant differences were found between the 12 and 13 year old Whites except in the shotput where there was a highly significant difference and a significant difference in the 75 yard dash and pull ups in favour of the 13 year olds. The other two races showed highly significant differences in favour of the 13 year olds in all the test items. 2. The Whites surpassed the other two races highly significantly in all the test items. The Coloureds, although highly significantly shorter and significantly lighter than the Indian boys, surpassed the latter highly significantly in the cricket ball throw for distance, the standing long jump; significantly in the 220 yards and insignificantly in the shotput, 75 yard dash and pull ups, compiled according to McCloy's formulae. 3. A comparison between the Indian Moslem and Hindu boys showed that the Moslem boys surpassed the Hindus highly significantly in all the items except in the shotput. There is no significant difference between the 12 and 13 year old Hindu boys. 4. The physical differences between the three racial groups are inherited and cannot be attributed to environmental factors only. / Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO