none

The research is to study how the difference of economic development between cities is from by observing the change in investment. The different main bodies of investment will make different investment decisions in different stage of life cycle of urban industries. The state-owned units are policy tools, and will invest in urban infrastructure, which is not for profit. In contrast, the only goal of non-state owned enterprises is to maximize the profit, but evade the risk, so they will invest in any profitable items. Finally, the non-state investment will exceed the state investment, and to be more and more important in a city. I select fifty big cities in china to empirically analyze the proposition, and the result indicate that the fixed-investment of non-state sector have exceeded the fixed-investment of the state sector in coastal cities, and the fixed-investment of the state sector is still more than the fixed-investment of non-state sector in inland cities. Under the condition that the goal of government policy is to raise the standard of the infrastructure of inland cities, and that the most industries of coastal cities are staying in industrial growth period, the cities with higher level of economic development grow fast more.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a validade da hipótese da restrição financeira ao investimento fixo em uma amostra de empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto, listadas em bolsa de valores, entre 1995 e 2003. O estudo pretende contribuir para o debate dos motivos da reduzida participação do crédito no financiamento ao investimento fixo no Brasil. A teoria da restrição financeira ao investimento postula que, quando existem imperfeições no mercado de capitais, a estrutura de capital é relevante para as decisões empresariais e as decisões de investimento dependem da disponibilidade de recursos internos. A intensidade das restrições financeiras depende do grau de assimetria informacional e das condições financeiras das empresas. Por conseguinte, a sensibilidade do investimento à disponibilidade de recursos internos varia de acordo com as características das empresas. Procurou-se, então, analisar a intensidade das restrições financeiras em função de tamanho, rentabilidade, distribuição de dividendos, liquidez, endividamento e controle de capital. A amostra foi formada por 160 empresas. Foram adotados o modelo de investimento baseado em Fazzari e Petersen (1993), a metodologia empírica desenvolvida por Fazzari, Hubbard e Petersen (1988) e o método de regressão em painel. Os resultados permitiram concluir que as empresas brasileiras listadas em bolsa de valores enfrentaram restrições financeiras aos seus investimentos fixos durante o período estudado. / [en] The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis of financial restriction on fixed investment in a sample of Brazilian non-financial public companies, between 1995 and 2003. The study intends to contribute to the debate concerning the reasons for the low share of credit in the financing of fixed investment in Brazil. The theory of financial restriction on investment presupposes that when there are market capital imperfections, the capital structure is important for business decisions and that the investment decisions depend on the availability of cash flow. The intensity of financial restrictions depends on the degree of informational asymmetry and the financial conditions of companies. Consequently the sensitivity of investment to the availability of cash flow varies according to corporate characteristics. Thus an attempt was made to relate the intensity of financial restrictions to size, profitability, dividend pay out, liquidity, indebtedness, and control. 160 corporations were included in the sample. The study adopted an investment model based on Fazzari and Petersen (1993), an empirical methodology developed by Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) and a panel regression method. It can be concluded from the results that Brazilian public companies indeed faced financial restrictions on their fixed investments between 1995 and 2003.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study investigated the relationship between economic complexity and the three mac-roeconomic variables in a comparative setting between selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) and BRICS countries. Economic complexity as a development index reveals how sophisticated a country is as shown by its exports structure through the Product Com-plexity Index (PCI) and Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The three macroeconomic var-iables are gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita), current account and fixed investment (gross fixed capita formation) for the period 1994 to 2018.The first three set study objectives were investigated on whether there exists a short and long-run relation-ship through a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL). The the fourth objective was to test for causality through a standard Granger causality, and fifth, to forecast the macroeconomic variables for the foreseeable future utilising the Impulse Response Func-tion (IRF) and the variance decomposition techniques, these are complementary tech-niques. The last two objectives were to draw a comparative analysis upon the findings, and to relate on the product complexities and economic landscape in the selected SSA and BRICS. Reporting on the ECI-GDP per capita nexus, the PARDL estimates revealed a positive and significant association between ECI and GDP per capita in both the se-lected SSA and BRICS in the long-run. There was no Granger causal effect between ECI and GDP per capita for both set of countries. The concern was in relation to forecasting GDP per capita due to a shock in ECI. The selected SSA GDP per capita response to a shock in ECI was neutral when adopting the IRF technique, and the variance decompo-sition also revealed small estimates in both the short and long-run, below 1%. In the BRICS economies, there was a meaningful positive reaction from a shock in ECI when deploying the IRF technique, while the variance decomposition had a 3% response in the long run when seen through the variance decomposition. On the current account-ECI relationship, the PARDL estimates exposed that there was a positive and significant impact from ECI on the current account in both the groups in the long-run significant while short-run results were insignificant. Granger causality could not detect any causal effect between ECI and current account in the selected SSA, while in the BRICS countries there was a unidirectional causal effect from ECI to current account. When forecasting the current account, the selected SSA reacted negatively to a shock in v ECI seen through the IRF, and the variance decomposition also revealed a small reaction in any period. In the BRICS case, current account’s response was a positive and explo-sive reaction from a shock in ECI when applying the IRF technique. The VD revealed a higher change in current account was explained by a shock in ECI. On the ECI-Fixed Investment, the PARDL estimates showed that there was a long-run positive and signifi-cant effect between ECI and fixed investment in bothgroups. However, the Granger causal results revealed no presence of causality in the selected SSA, while there was causal unidirectional effect from ECI to fixed investment. The IRF technique revealed a negative fixed investment reaction from a shock in ECI, and the variance decomposition results revealed a small reaction in fixed investment in the selected SSA. In the BRICS case, there was a positive and explosive fixed investment emanating from a shock in ECI. Utilising the variance decomposition fixed investment in BRICS was explained by inno-vative shocks in ECI in the long run. On the last two objectives, comparatively the selected SSA countries are disadvantaged as they are concentrated in negative ECI as seen in the descriptive statistics, reflecting that they are still much less developed. This tells us that they are less industrialised as compared to the BRICS nations who are better off. These selected SSA economies are not developed enough as compared to the BRICS nations. The SSA region needs to learn from the leading BRICS countries by creating a conducive environment for a better de-velopment of innovation that improves the domestic value chain that produces knowledge-based products for the export market. The rest of the selected SSA region should form part of economic integrations with the more developed countries that offer mutual beneficiation like South Africa to fast track the developmental of their states. There is a need to modernise the agricultural and agro-industries. The region should harness the full potential of its agricultural sector. This will create a large global market share and perhaps increase the current account outlook through trade with more efficient agro-pro-cessed products. Africa needs to scale up investment in many fronts from government to private investment to improve infrastructure, more so that the scale of needs is so much in the continent.