This thesis is mainly focused on FRC (Frame Rate Control) method which can be used for LCD panels, where a new algorithm is proposed to improve the flicker problem. The proposed algorithm can be implemented by simple digital circuits with low power consumption. The proposed design can be applied in both mono- and color- STN panels. It can generate 32768 colors in a panel without any flicker and motion line problems, which can only allow 8 colors originally. The major contribution in this thesis is to add a location number to each pixel of the panel.Notably, the numbers for all the pixels can not be a regular pattern. Otherwise, the flicker problem is resolved at the expense of a serious motion line issue. The consequence is poor display quality. To resolve both the flicker and motion line problem, we propose to employ a PRSG (Pseudo Random Sequence Generator) which generates a non-regular number sequence for all the pixels. Therefore, all the ON pixels can be dispersed on the panel in all frames.

Continuous-time sigma-delta modulators play an important role in the development of biomedical sensors. It is suitable for monitoring of basic human vital functions (i.e., heartbeat and respiration). However, the physiological signal is very weak and it belongs to low-frequency range, the observed signals are strongly inter¬fered by the intrinsic flicker noise form CMOS transistors, which will cause a certain degree of difficulty in the identification. This thesis describes the implementation of loop filter using a differential chopper-stabilized configuration to reduce the influence of flicker noise on sigma-delta modulator within the signal bandwidth. The noise analysis of this sigma-delta modulator is calculated by the time-domain noise simulation. This method can take the noise factors into account when analyzing the overall performance. The proposed sigma-delta modulator is fabricated using TSMC 0.35£gm 2P4M CMOS technology. The chip area is 1.403 x 1.4 mm2. With a sampling rate of 20.8 kHz, the modulator achieves 84.4 dB of the peak SNDR and ENOB is 13.7-bit within signal band¬width of 10Hz. It dissipates 3.46 mW under 3V supply voltage.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas vėjo elektrinių sukeliamas įtampos mirgėjimo reiškinys, įvardijamos jo atsiradimo priežastys. Aptariama vėjo elektrinių sukelta įtaka tinklo įtampos kokybei. Taip pat nustatomas įtampos mirgėjimo poveikis elektriniams įrenginiams, žmogaus sveikatai ir aplinkai. Darbe pateikiama įtampos mirgėjimo skaičiavimo metodika vėjo elektrinės prijungimo taške. Tiriamosios dalies skaičiavimai atlikti pasirinkus Pakruojo rajone esantį 6 MW vėjo elektrinių parką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe paskaičiuotas staigusis įtampos pokytis vėjo elektrinės prijungimo taške, nuolatinis įtampos mirgėjimas, perjungimų ties pradiniu vėjo greičiu sukeltas įtampos mirgėjimas ir perjungimų ties vardiniu vėjo greičiu sukeltas įtampos mirgėjimas. Skaičiavimai atlikti vėjo elektrinių parkui, prijungtam prie 10 ir 35 kV elektros tinklo. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados apie tyrimo rezultatus. / In master‘s thesis analyzed wind – voltage flicker caused by the phenomenon and its causes. In the work discussed the impact of wind power operating for power voltage quality. Also determined an effect of voltage flicker for electrical equipment, humans health and enviroment. The work presents the methodology for calculating the voltage flicker of wind power at the connection point to power grid. Practical calculations of master's thesis have been made in the Pakruojis 6 MW wind power park. In the master‘s thesis calculated voltage change causes the wind power connection point of the constant voltagre flicker, switching at an initial speed of the wind-induces voltage flicker and switching at the rated speed of the wind-induced voltage flicker. The calculation was made in the wind park, connected to 10 and 35 kV power network. The end of work contains conclusions of the investigation results.

The overall aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the physical environment of office workers with special focus on electromagnetic fields and to address the question of whether electromagnetic fields can directly or indirectly contribute to symptoms or discomfort among video display terminal ( VDT) workers. Furthermore, we have measured light modulation from various commonly used light sources in laboratory conditions and, as a second step, used modulated light as stimulus for provocation of neurophysiological responses in persons with perceived “electrical hypersensitivity” (EHS).During the last 20 years work-related illness among office workers has received increased attention. Changes in the physical environment, the introduction of VDTs and other electrical equipment and changes in light conditions have been discussed in this context. The basis for this thesis is the interdisciplinary Office Illness Project in Northern Sweden. Using a questionnaire completed by 4,943 office workers, 150 VDT workers with or without facial skin symptoms were selected for a case referent study of the electromagnetic fields in offices.When the measurements in the offices were performed in 1989, the general level of the 50 Hz magnetic fields in the offices was rather low, but in 5% of the offices the flux density exceeded 0.5 pT. At this level VDT monitors were shown to display detectable instability (jitter). Furthermore, the ability of test subjects (healthy volunteers) to detect jitter was shown to depend on both the amplitude and frequency characteristics of this instability. The study indicates that the instability of computer monitors and thereby the instability of the visual image of the VDT screen might be an increasing problem since it is known that the harmonic content of the general magnetic field in offices is on the rise.VDT monitors contributed to the magnetic field level at VDT workplaces in both extremely low and very low frequency ranges. However, the dominant source of electric fields in rooms was ungrounded electrical equipment, not VDT screens.High electric fields in the extremely low frequency range in the offices were associated with skin symptoms among VDT workers. The causal nature of this association cannot be determined since it may depend on undetected factors related to exposure. No associations were found, however, for any of the VDT-related electromagnetic fields and skin symptoms.Commonly used fluorescent tubes in our office environment have a degree of modulation of the light (flicker) that varies widely from less than 1% (fluorescent tubes with high frequency gear) up to nearly 100%. When persons with perceived EHS were exposed to flickering light, a higher amplitude of brain cortex responses were found at all tested frequencies compared with control subjects. These findings are of considerable interest, but further studies are required in order to establish a possible relationship between flickering light and discomfort/symptoms in persons with perceived EHS. / digitalisering@umu

En esta Tesis de Maestría se presenta la investigación y el estudio detallado del comportamiento de los hornos de arco eléctrico como carga perturbadora en las redes eléctricas y los diferentes tipos de compensadores utilizados para la compensación del Flicker producido por dichos hornos. Como producto de dicho estudio se realiza el desarrollo completo de un modelo de compensador de Flicker tipo STATCOM en el programa SIMULINK de MATLAB. Se realizan mediciones en una Planta Industrial de producción de acero equipada con dichos hornos y se obtienen todas las perturbaciones introducidas en la red. Con los registros tomados en campo se verifica el efecto del compensador de Flicker diseñado. Se concluye que la rápida compensación de potencia provista por el STATCOM lo hace ideal para compensar el Flicker producido por los hornos de arco eléctrico.

Wind turbines connected to the distribution network can be the cause of voltage fluctuations and resulting fluctuations in the light intensity emitted by light bulbs. These fluctuations may cause people disturbance. A model has been developed to obtain a flicker prediction which is useful in the design process of a wind farm. The model is based exclusively in the frequency domain (FD). This new approach allows very fast and efficient evaluation. The impact of individual parameters is often easier to recognise and evaluate in a FD-representation. The following factors leading to flicker disturbances from a wind farm have been considered in detail: The wind spectrum: Effects of terrain and wind farm wakes on the wind turbulence spectrum have been considered and existing models have been expanded. The wind coherence: A new coherence model for large separation distances has been derived for use within a wind farm. Effects of the terrain on the coherence of power produced by turbines within a wind farm have been considered. The wind turbine: A simplified dynamic wind turbine model allows the prediction of turbine specific contributions to flicker for a variety of wind turbines using a minimal set of parameters. The flickermeter: Flicker measurements are found to sometimes neglect the impact of low frequency voltage variations. These are found to be very important for the correct flicker prediction. A new FD-flickermeter has been developed. The model has been validated against experimental data and a sensitivity analysis shows which parameters are most likely to influence the voltage flicker and which are best altered to minimise the flicker.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-75).

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Julio Carlos Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016. / As turbinas eólicas de velocidade fixa são a tecnologia mais tradicional, robusta e de baixo custo para conversão de energia eólica em eletricidade, em especial para potências abaixo do MW. No entanto, nestes geradores a variação da velocidade do vento é refletida como uma mudança na potência de saída do gerador de energia eólica. Esta característica tem duas grandes desvantagens: a baixa eficiência na operação do gerador fora do ponto máximo de energia e o alto nível da cintilação na rede de distribuição de energia. O uso de transmissão continuamente variável (CVT) no gerador de energia eólica permite a dissociação entre a variação da velocidade do vento e da potência de saída do gerador. O objetivo do presente projeto é desenvolver um sistema de controle capaz de usar esta característica de desacoplamento, a fim de aumentar a eficiência do gerador de energia eólica e diminuir os níveis de cintilação na rede de energia. O controle proposto foi verificado em um modelo de gerador, CVT e a rede elétrica de distribuição. Os resultados mostram que o sistema de controle proposto pode aumentar a energia eólica convertida com um baixo efeito de cintilação no sistema de energia. / The fixed speed wind turbines are the most traditional, robust and low cost technology for wind energy conversion into electricity, particularly for power rating below MW. However, in these generators the wind speed variation is reflected as a change in the power output of the wind generator. This characteristic has two major disadvantages: the low efficiency at generator operation outside the maximum energy point, and the high level of the flicker in the power distribution grid. The use of continuously variable transmission (CVT) in the wind generator allows decoupling between the wind speed variation and the output power of the generator. The aim of this project is to develop a control system able to use this decoupling characteristic in order to increase the efficiency of the wind generator and decrease the flicker levels in the power grid. The proposed control was verified in a model of generator, CVT and the distribution power grid. The results show that the proposed control system can increase the wind energy converted with a low flicker effect in the power system.

Submitted by João Arthur Martins (joao.arthur@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-09T14:11:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Eduardo_Rev14.pdf: 4205021 bytes, checksum: 33a4ef891471908a0056d506c346fdff (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-09T14:11:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Eduardo_Rev14.pdf: 4205021 bytes, checksum: 33a4ef891471908a0056d506c346fdff (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo identificar os principais parâmetros de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica em Turbinas Eólicas e os seus impactos quando agregados em grandes Centrais Eólicas. Adicionalmente, nesta Dissertação são apresentados impactos reais da Conexão de Centrais Eólicas sobre a Qualidade de Energia no Sistema Elétrico. Um dos objetivos da Dissertação é apresentar a metodologia para avaliação do impacto proposto pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS através da realização de Campanhas de Medição de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica, e comparar com os procedimentos propostos pela IEC 61400-21. A Dissertação apresenta recomendações para os procedimentos de medição assim como identificação de parâmetros agrupados para caracterização da Qualidade de Energia Elétrica em Centrais Eólicas com base nas normas atualmente em vigor.