Caçapava é um município paulista com pouco mais de 80 mil habitantes. O café foi o primeiro produto que impulsionou o seu desenvolvimento, no fim do século XIX. Na primeira metade do século XX, a cidade passou por um período de estagnação econômica decorrente da queda do preço do café no mercado internacional e seu desenvolvimento só foi retomado na segunda metade do século, com a industrialização. Pessoas de classe social menos favorecida, desempregados ou de baixa renda, vieram de vários lugares do Brasil e fixaram-se na zona urbana do município, mais próximos às indústrias. A maioria constituiu moradias em lugares não planejados. Em Caçapava, as áreas que margeiam o rio Paraíba do Sul tiveram parte de sua mata ciliar suprimida para dar lugar à moradia. Essa área é legalmente protegida pelo Código Florestal (Lei n. 4.777/65), pela resolução n 303, de 20 de março de 2002, do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente-CONAMA. E também, pelo Artigo 167 do capítulo II da Lei Orgônica do Município. As matas ciliares têm grande importância para os rios. A presente pesquisa identificou a intervenção humana na APP. Primeiro passo foi utilização das imagens do satélite LANDSAT TM 1986 e 2005 digitalizadas no software Spring, que forneceu como produto final um mapa de uso e cobertura vegetal da terra. Constatou-se que 4,94Km2 é a extensão total da APP. Mata ciliar ocupava 60,9% em 1986, e foi reduzida para 27,9% em 2005. Pastagem foi o tipo de ocupação que mais cresceu. Em 1986, ocupava 26,2% e em 2005, ocupava 54,5% da área total da APP. O segundo passo consistiu na aplicação, na população residente, de um questionário sócio-econômico que trouxe resultados que permitiram a caracterização da população. Favelas como habitações, possuem baixos índices escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, alta taxa de natalidade, não possuem acesso aos serviços de saneamento básico, a maioria é imigrante nordestino ou descendente. Diante dos fatos pesquisados, concluiu-se que, os detentores de melhor situação financeira e que possuem atividades lucrativas na APP são os principais agentes no processo de sua destruição, seja pela mineração, pastagem, agricultura ou especulação imobiliária. A população residente, de menor poder aquisitivo, também contribuiu para a devastação da mata ciliar, embora ocupe uma área bem menor comparada àquelas geradoras de renda. / Caçapava is a municipality located in São Paulo State, currently with a little over 80 thousand people. Coffee was the first economic activity to foster its development, by the end of XIX century. In the first half of XX century, this municipality experienced an economic stagnation period caused by low coffee prices in the international market and its development process was reassumed only in the second half of that century, due to industrialization. People from low economic classes, with no jobs, came from many places in Brazil and got settled in the urban zone of town, near to industrial plants. Most of them constructed homes in inappropriate places. In Caçapava, areas along the Paraíba River had part of its riparian forest suppressed to give place to houses. Legally this area is protected by the Brazilian Forest Code (Law 4.777/65) and by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Council) Resolution N 303, of March 20th, 2002. At the municipality level it is regulated by the Caçapava Organic Law, Article n 167, Chapter 11. Riparian forests are recognized for their great importance to rivers. This research analyzed the human intervention in the preservation area (APP) of Caçapava municipality riparian zone. Initially, Landsat TM imagery acquired in 1986 and 2005 were analyzed based on the Image Processing and GIS package known as Spring to generate a land use and land cover map. Results show that 4.94 Km2 correspond to APP area, i.e. area to be preserved. Riparian forest occurred in 60,9% in 1986 and was reduced to 27,9% in 2005 in the APPs. Pasture lands kept growing in area. In 1986, 26,2% of APP was in pasture, while in 2005 it increased to 54,5%. A social economical questionnaire to survey the population that has been living in this riparian zone was applied. Results indicated that most houses are shacks resembling slums. The population has low alphabetization level, low income and high birth rate and has no access to sewage system. Most of the people came from poor parts of Brazilian Northeast region. However, investors who have economic power exploited the APPs for mining, grassing, crop cultivation and real state can be held responsible for most of the riparian forest destruction. But people that live in the area with low access to goods also contributed to the devastation of riparian forest, although they affected a smaller area compared to the investors.

Estimates of production and related parameters (growth rate, density, standing crop) were made for populations of mountain whitefish in altered and "unaltered" areas of the Glacksmith Fork and Logan River, UtJh from spring 1975 through summer 1976. Capture records of marked whitefish were also analyzed to describe fish movement and check on assumptions implicit in the population estimator. Mean weights and instantaneous growth rates of whitefish were similar at all sites for comparable size/age groups. Among sites, differences in production per sampling interval and annual production were due mainly to differences in standing crop and/or age structure. Estimates of mountain whitefish density varied by site and season and ranged from 0 to 3,467 fish/ha, with the highest densities occurring during the fall and winter (spawning season) and the lowest during the summer when streamflows were low. Estimates of standing crops of whitefish followed a pattern similar to density. In the sites where fish remained during the summer most production occurred during the spring and summer. A bulldozed reach of the Logan River (including an "unstable" section) had the highest annual production of mountain whitefish (51.85 kg/ha/yr)--almost double the annual production for the same reach when the unstable section was not included (31.85 kg/ha/yr). The highest annual production of whitefish in sites in the Blacksmith Fork River (51.23 kg/ha/yr) occurred in a reach that had been recently dredged but still contained a riffle and pool structure. Annual production of whitefish was low in a recently bulldozed reach (5.47 kg/ha/yr) and an old bulldozed reach (10.08 kg/ha/yr) of the Blacksmith Fork River where suitable habitat (pools and glides) was lacking, especially during the summer months. Mountain whitefish remained or returned to reaches after channel alterations as long as water depth remained sufficient. This study illustrated the necessity of frequent sampling when attempting to evaluate the effects of perturbations on fish populations or in production studies in general.

Ph.d.-afhandling. Den kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole, 2002. / Haves også i trykt udg.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Pressure is being brought to bear on national resources of air, earth, and water in the growing cities in the arid southwest. Legal questions involved in capturing urban runoff and putting it to a beneficial use are examined. Urbanization of a watershed results in a 3 to 5 fold increase in runoff amounts. Legal aspects include tort liability from floods, water rights to the increased flows, land use restrictions along banks and flood plains, condemnation of land for park development and flowage easements, financing problems, zoning applications, and coordination of governmental bodies responsible for parks, storm drainage and related services. Urban runoff is the most obvious legal problem in the tort liability area. It appears feasible to divert small quantities of water from urban wastes for recreational uses which provide flood control benefits. It appears that municipalities could appropriate increased flows caused by urbanization. The ultimate legal questions remain to be resolved by legislation, litigation or extension of the appropriative system.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Population pressures on the land resources of Arizona have led to the sale and development of areas subject to flooding and because of the inadequacy of land use controls, the area is open to various land speculation schemes and unplanned subdivision growth. A floodplain delineation project was conducted for the planning department of Cochise County, Arizona, in which imagery acquired by earth resources technology satellite (ERT-1) and by high-altitude aircraft was employed. Parameters of the analysis included soils and geomorphology, vegetation, hydrologic calculations, and historical data. Floodplain soils lack developed b horizons, as compared to older, more mature soils not subject to flooding. General soil maps can only be used as guidelines, but a detailed soil survey can add significantly to the accuracy of image interpretations. Erosion-affected soil tones in areas adjacent to active channels proved beneficial in that the heightened contrast served to enhance resolution of vegetation-type boundaries. Hydrologic calculations were done based on valley cross-sections surveyed at two-to-three mile intervals. The historic data input into the system of floodplain delineation is dependent on the location of high-water marks and on obtaining a record of the amount of rainfall which resulted in the high-water mark.