<p>Inorganic chlorine (Clinorg) is generally considered to be inert and has been used as a tracer for groundwater movements. This assumption is thereby fundamental for current knowledge about soil biogeochemistry. However, recent work showed that Clinorg can be retained, i.e. immobilised, in soil, which contradicts the previous assumptions. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate if the processes that immobilise Clinorg in soil are affected by molecular oxygen (O2), and if the immobilisation occurs in the top soil layer only or also further down were the soil structure is different from the upper soil layer. Two experimental set-ups have been established. In the first experiment regarding the O2 regime (OXANIS), the immobilisation of Clinorg was studied in soil under oxic and anoxic conditions, respectively. In a second incubation study (SOLIS) the immobilisation was studied under oxic conditions in different layers of a coniferous forest soil. To investigate the immobilisation of Clinorg, a method using radiolabelled chloride 36 (36Clinorg) was applied. The use of radiolabelled chloride is an excellent and reliable method for studying transformation processes in soil systems. The results of the laboratory study showed that Clinorg retention rates under oxic conditions were much higher than retention rates under anoxic conditions, indicating an important role of O2. Furthermore, the immobilisation of Clinorg occurred in all soil layers were oxygen is provided, but rates were highest in the top soil layer (organic layer, O-horizon). Clearly, O2 influenced the net Clinorg retention, but additional studies are required to identify the processes behind this result. The calculated immobilisation rates for Clinorg in the three soil horizons correspond to the amount of organic material detected in the different soil horizons indicating a strong connection between the occurrence of organic matter in soil and the immobilisation of Clinorg.</p>

Inorganic chlorine (Clinorg) is generally considered to be inert and has been used as a tracer for groundwater movements. This assumption is thereby fundamental for current knowledge about soil biogeochemistry. However, recent work showed that Clinorg can be retained, i.e. immobilised, in soil, which contradicts the previous assumptions. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate if the processes that immobilise Clinorg in soil are affected by molecular oxygen (O2), and if the immobilisation occurs in the top soil layer only or also further down were the soil structure is different from the upper soil layer. Two experimental set-ups have been established. In the first experiment regarding the O2 regime (OXANIS), the immobilisation of Clinorg was studied in soil under oxic and anoxic conditions, respectively. In a second incubation study (SOLIS) the immobilisation was studied under oxic conditions in different layers of a coniferous forest soil. To investigate the immobilisation of Clinorg, a method using radiolabelled chloride 36 (36Clinorg) was applied. The use of radiolabelled chloride is an excellent and reliable method for studying transformation processes in soil systems. The results of the laboratory study showed that Clinorg retention rates under oxic conditions were much higher than retention rates under anoxic conditions, indicating an important role of O2. Furthermore, the immobilisation of Clinorg occurred in all soil layers were oxygen is provided, but rates were highest in the top soil layer (organic layer, O-horizon). Clearly, O2 influenced the net Clinorg retention, but additional studies are required to identify the processes behind this result. The calculated immobilisation rates for Clinorg in the three soil horizons correspond to the amount of organic material detected in the different soil horizons indicating a strong connection between the occurrence of organic matter in soil and the immobilisation of Clinorg.

A evolução da planície costeira do Estado de São Paulo foi influenciada por eventos de transgressões e regressões do mar durante o Quaternário e suas características resultam da interação da dinâmica dos processos geológicogeomorfológicos que agiram continuamente durante esses eventos. Os solos de maior ocorrência nesse ambiente, genericamente chamado de restinga, são os Espodossolos, caracterizados pela presença de horizonte espódico (Bh ou Bhm). São poucos os estudos científicos relacionadas à gênese destes solos em regiões tropicais, assim como há poucos estudos detalhados avaliando as características e a composição química da matéria orgânica (MO) presente nestes solos, bem como as suas relações com a transcorrência do tempo e as condições de drenagem. Os municípios paulistas de Cananéia e Bertioga foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa devido à presença de diferentes unidades sedimentares e de vegetação remanescente. A caracterização dos ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos dos horizontes dos diferentes perfis de Espodossolos com o emprego de técnicas espectroscópicas como Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 13C, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Fluorescência, bem como o fracionamento quantitativo das substâncias húmicas (SH), foram realizadas com o objetivo de se conseguir um maior detalhamento da matéria orgânica (MO) presente nesses solos e, a partir daí, relacionar os resultados com a estabilidade do carbono e o tempo de residência médio (TRM) da MO. A principal hipótese testada foi a de que os perfis com a MO com maior TRM teriam os maiores conteúdos de compostos mais recalcitrantes e as condições de drenagem dos perfis poderia interferir nas concentrações e características desses compostos. Neste âmbito, os principais resultados relacionados com os objetivos foram: (a) independente do perfil, os espectros de RMN de 13C dos AH apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição das porcentagens de alquil C e O-alifáticos e aumento de aromáticos, carboxílicos e carbonílicos em profundidade; (b) os perfis mais antigos foram os que apresentaram as maiores concentrações de compostos mais recalcitrantes, principalmente nos horizontes subsuperficiais (Bh e Bhm), essa inferência pode indicar que com a transcorrência do tempo a MO presente tende a sofrer alterações na sua composição e se tornar mais recalcitrante; (c) as condições de drenagem e a presença ou não de horizonte cimentado (Bhm) pode, de certa forma, estabelecer uma diferenciação na distribuição das frações húmicas ao longo dos perfis. / The evolution of the coastal plain of São Paulo State was influenced by transgressions and regressions events of the sea during the Quaternary and their characteristics result from the interaction of the dynamics of geologicalgeomorphological processes that acted continuously during these events. The soils of higher occurrence in this environment, generically called restinga, are Espodossolos, have characterized by the presence of spodic horizon (Bh or Bhm). Few scientific studies related to the genesis of these soils in tropical regions, as there are few detailed studies assessing the characteristics and chemical composition of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and their relations with the transcurrent time and conditions drainage. The municipalities of Cananéia and Bertioga were selected for this research due to the presence of different sedimentary units and the remaining vegetation. The characterization of humic acids (HA) extracted from different horizons of Espodossolos profiles with the use of spectroscopic techniques as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 13C spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fluorescence, as well as the quantitative fractionation humic substance (HS) were conducted with the aim of achieving a greater detail of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and, thereafter, to relate the results with the stable carbon and the mean residence time (MRT) of OM. The main hypothesis tested was that the profiles with the OM with higher MRT would have the higher content of recalcitrant compounds and the drainage of the profiles could influence the concentrations and characteristics of these compounds. In this context, the main results related to the aims were: (a) regardless of the profile, the 13C NMR spectra of the HA showed a tendency to decrease the percentage of alkyl C and O-aliphatic and increased aromatic, carboxyl and carbonyl in depth; (b) older profiles showed the highest concentrations of the more recalcitrant compounds, especially in the subsurface horizons (Bh and Bhm), this inference may indicate that with the transcurrent time the OM tends to change in its composition and becomes more recalcitrant; (c) the drainage and the presence or absence of cemented horizon (Bhm) can somehow make a difference in the distribution of humic fractions along the profiles.

A evolução da planície costeira do Estado de São Paulo foi influenciada por eventos de transgressões e regressões do mar durante o Quaternário e suas características resultam da interação da dinâmica dos processos geológicogeomorfológicos que agiram continuamente durante esses eventos. Os solos de maior ocorrência nesse ambiente, genericamente chamado de restinga, são os Espodossolos, caracterizados pela presença de horizonte espódico (Bh ou Bhm). São poucos os estudos científicos relacionadas à gênese destes solos em regiões tropicais, assim como há poucos estudos detalhados avaliando as características e a composição química da matéria orgânica (MO) presente nestes solos, bem como as suas relações com a transcorrência do tempo e as condições de drenagem. Os municípios paulistas de Cananéia e Bertioga foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa devido à presença de diferentes unidades sedimentares e de vegetação remanescente. A caracterização dos ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos dos horizontes dos diferentes perfis de Espodossolos com o emprego de técnicas espectroscópicas como Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 13C, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Fluorescência, bem como o fracionamento quantitativo das substâncias húmicas (SH), foram realizadas com o objetivo de se conseguir um maior detalhamento da matéria orgânica (MO) presente nesses solos e, a partir daí, relacionar os resultados com a estabilidade do carbono e o tempo de residência médio (TRM) da MO. A principal hipótese testada foi a de que os perfis com a MO com maior TRM teriam os maiores conteúdos de compostos mais recalcitrantes e as condições de drenagem dos perfis poderia interferir nas concentrações e características desses compostos. Neste âmbito, os principais resultados relacionados com os objetivos foram: (a) independente do perfil, os espectros de RMN de 13C dos AH apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição das porcentagens de alquil C e O-alifáticos e aumento de aromáticos, carboxílicos e carbonílicos em profundidade; (b) os perfis mais antigos foram os que apresentaram as maiores concentrações de compostos mais recalcitrantes, principalmente nos horizontes subsuperficiais (Bh e Bhm), essa inferência pode indicar que com a transcorrência do tempo a MO presente tende a sofrer alterações na sua composição e se tornar mais recalcitrante; (c) as condições de drenagem e a presença ou não de horizonte cimentado (Bhm) pode, de certa forma, estabelecer uma diferenciação na distribuição das frações húmicas ao longo dos perfis. / The evolution of the coastal plain of São Paulo State was influenced by transgressions and regressions events of the sea during the Quaternary and their characteristics result from the interaction of the dynamics of geologicalgeomorphological processes that acted continuously during these events. The soils of higher occurrence in this environment, generically called restinga, are Espodossolos, have characterized by the presence of spodic horizon (Bh or Bhm). Few scientific studies related to the genesis of these soils in tropical regions, as there are few detailed studies assessing the characteristics and chemical composition of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and their relations with the transcurrent time and conditions drainage. The municipalities of Cananéia and Bertioga were selected for this research due to the presence of different sedimentary units and the remaining vegetation. The characterization of humic acids (HA) extracted from different horizons of Espodossolos profiles with the use of spectroscopic techniques as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 13C spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fluorescence, as well as the quantitative fractionation humic substance (HS) were conducted with the aim of achieving a greater detail of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and, thereafter, to relate the results with the stable carbon and the mean residence time (MRT) of OM. The main hypothesis tested was that the profiles with the OM with higher MRT would have the higher content of recalcitrant compounds and the drainage of the profiles could influence the concentrations and characteristics of these compounds. In this context, the main results related to the aims were: (a) regardless of the profile, the 13C NMR spectra of the HA showed a tendency to decrease the percentage of alkyl C and O-aliphatic and increased aromatic, carboxyl and carbonyl in depth; (b) older profiles showed the highest concentrations of the more recalcitrant compounds, especially in the subsurface horizons (Bh and Bhm), this inference may indicate that with the transcurrent time the OM tends to change in its composition and becomes more recalcitrant; (c) the drainage and the presence or absence of cemented horizon (Bhm) can somehow make a difference in the distribution of humic fractions along the profiles.

The aim of the thesis was to analyze soil microbial communities of three ecologically different locations, about 25 years old, forestry reclaimed dumps in the Republic of Poland, namely dumps of brown coal mine Bełchatów and sand mines Piaseczno and Szczakowa. I evaluated the degree of dependence of structure and composition of these communities on various substrate grain sizes and the influence of the dominant tree species. These were stands of birch (Betula pendula), pine (Pinus silvestris), oak (Quercus robur) and alder (Alnus glutinosa). Analysis of soil microbial communities was made by evaluating specific phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of microorganisms. It is the most appropriate way to implement the relatively rapid analysis of large numbers of samples, since PLFA are easily extractable and act as biomarkers indicating the presence of a number of different microorganisms (fungi, G- and G + bacteria, Actinobacteria, etc.) and thus allowing a qualitative and quantitative assessment of whole microbial communities. PLFA analysis enables to detect a total concentration of PLFA only in living soil microbial biomass. I analyzed 66 soil samples, 33 from an Oe layer and 33 from an A layer, every in three replications, i.e. three replications were collected at each location below each tree...

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Population pressures on the land resources of Arizona have led to the sale and development of areas subject to flooding and because of the inadequacy of land use controls, the area is open to various land speculation schemes and unplanned subdivision growth. A floodplain delineation project was conducted for the planning department of Cochise County, Arizona, in which imagery acquired by earth resources technology satellite (ERT-1) and by high-altitude aircraft was employed. Parameters of the analysis included soils and geomorphology, vegetation, hydrologic calculations, and historical data. Floodplain soils lack developed b horizons, as compared to older, more mature soils not subject to flooding. General soil maps can only be used as guidelines, but a detailed soil survey can add significantly to the accuracy of image interpretations. Erosion-affected soil tones in areas adjacent to active channels proved beneficial in that the heightened contrast served to enhance resolution of vegetation-type boundaries. Hydrologic calculations were done based on valley cross-sections surveyed at two-to-three mile intervals. The historic data input into the system of floodplain delineation is dependent on the location of high-water marks and on obtaining a record of the amount of rainfall which resulted in the high-water mark.