A new Maximum Likelihood Criterion (MLE) suitable for data which are recorded at unequal time intervals and contain auto-correlated errors is developed. Validation of the new MLE criterion has been carried out both on a simple two - parameter reservoir model using synthetical data and on a more complicated hillslope model using real data from the Pukeiti Catchment in New Zealand. Comparison between the new MLE criterion and the Simple Least Squares (SLS) criterion reveals the superiority of the former over the latter. Comparison made between the new MLE and the MLE for auto-correlated case proposed by Sorooshian in 1978 has shown that both criteria would yield results with no practical difference if equal time interval data were used. However, the new MLE can work on variable time interval data which provide more information than equal time interval data, and therefore produces better visual results in hydrologic simulations.

对于《创世记》6 章至9 章的洪水叙述解读和研究，先前学者们长久以来的讨论的焦点主要集中在三处：一是洪水叙述中交织的两个不同的文本问题；二是洪水发生的原因；第三，则是在洪水之前，6 章1 至4 节中关于“神的儿子们与“人的女儿们通婚的经文以及洪水过后9 章20 至27 中挪亚醉酒的意义。这三个讨论点往往被区分对待，而本文则试图将这三点结合起来，由《创世记》6章至9 章写作的历史处境为切入点，尝试以整体的角度全面探究《创世记》洪水叙述中的文本疑点。 / 为了解答上述疑点，本文为研究《创世记》洪水叙述引入了一个新的文本，即汉籍经典《淮南子》。由于写作历史背景比《创世记》更为清晰，《淮南子》很好的展现出在新的朝代建立、急需统一的并有别于以往的政治哲学体系时，不同学派如何借助前朝流传的洪水叙述进行改写与重述、求同存异，表达各自关于混乱与新秩序的观点。尽管多数学者试图将洪水叙述中的雅威典放入一个较早的、被掳前的年代，而本文则将雅威典放入与祭司典相同的被掳流亡时期，洪水叙述并非经由一个写作群体对另一个写作群体进行编修的产物，而是雅威作者和祭司作者在被掳流亡时期对于当时历史处境的共同回应。洪水叙述作为在古代近东广为流传的神话之一，“希伯来圣经对其最大的改动就在于洪水发生的原因以及洪水发生后的叙述。具体而言，雅威典中的洪水发生的前后，人类的状态都未发生过改变，改变的只是上帝的内心，借此表达出雅威作者对于上帝与以色列之间不确定关系的隐忧。而祭司典则将洪水置入“创造-灭-再创造的宏大框架内，先破后立，被掳事件被视为是以色列民族成长的重要环节，展现出祭司作者对回归的信心。 / 而在洪水过后，通过对挪亚醉酒的重新解读，可以将这段经文视为雅威作者将视角进一步缩小，把洪水英雄与以色列民族的先祖联系起来，为接下来的族长叙述做出铺垫。作为在洪水叙述中与雅威典始终平行的祭司典，在洪水过后的记载也并非如表面上般嘎然而止，在本研究的观点中，《创世记》6 章1 至4 节不应作为雅威典的洪水序言，相反，它更为恰当的位置是作为祭司作者在洪水叙述之后，描述人类重新在地上繁衍的经文，从而再次构成与雅威典的平行，二者共同对繁衍的关注也显示出被掳时期以色列群体对回归的共同盼望。 / 在动荡不安、漂泊不定的被掳时期，尽管雅威作者和祭司作者各自所代表异，借由为人民所耳熟能详的洪水叙述，通过描述这一代表着混乱、无序和灭的远古事件，做出各自对当下历史处境的回应。 / The previous studies on the flood narrative in Genesis 6 to 9 mainly focus on three points: The first is the interaction and relationship between the Yahwist and the Priestly Writer in this same text; the second deals with the reason of the deluge and the third concerns the meanings of the beginning and ending of the passage in Genesis 6:1-4 and Genesis 9:20-27 respectively. However, the importance of the historical background of the flood narrative in Genesis was largely neglected by scholars while answering these three questions separately. This thesis will concentrate on the exilic background and explore the three issues together by taking the flood narrative as a whole in Genesis. / In light of the Chinese Classic Huainanzi which has a much clearer historical background than Genesis, it shows how various groups rewrite the ancient flood myths in diverse versions and try to express their perspectives on chaos and order during a specific historical moment when a meaningful belief and relevant theology is urgently needed. Taking the textual perspective of Huainanzi in the reading of Genesis it is believed that the former will shed light on the more or less similar community dynamics and historical circumstances of Genesis 6-9. Although some scholars try to put the Yahwist in the pre-exilic period, this thesis will regard both J and P as texts of the exile, they are reflections on the same historical event. The flood narratives in the Hebrew Bible are distinguished from the Ancient Near East ones in terms of the reason for the origin of the flood and its narrative order. For J, the humanity has never changed before and after the flood while God changed God’s mind, such contrast shows how the Yahwist worried about the uncertain relationship between God and human beings during the flood and this also applies to and reflects the situation of the exile. On the other hand, P portrays and structures the flood in thecreation-chaos-recreation scheme, everything was under God’s control and the Priestly writer had a deep faith of God even in the face of the exile. / The ending passage of the drunkenness of Noah in Genesis 9:20-27 then can be read as an etiology narrative, explaning how humanity multiplies after the flood. The author also tries to relate the flood hero to the forefathers of Israel from the perspective of the Yahwist. In this thesis it is further argued that instead of being the prologue of the Yahwist flood, the beginning section in Genesis 6:1-4 should be taken as another etiology narrative about human multiplication after the flood by the Priestly writer. The two parallel etiologies of J and P reveal the same concern for continuation and multiplication of the threathened community of Israel during the exile. In the crucial moment that Israel may lose their identity during the exile, retelling the ancient flood story which symbolizes social chaos and disordered reality, both J and P have their own reflections of the exile through narrating the flood story in Genesis. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 趙若云. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-169) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhao Ruoyun. / 论文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / 致谢 --- p.v / 缩写词对照表 --- p.viii / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究目的 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究路径 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究意义 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- 研究步骤 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二章 --- 洪水叙述之历史处境 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- 《创世记》1 至11 章：神话或历史？ --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- 古代近东神话概述 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 《阿特拉哈西斯》（Atrahasis）中的洪水神话 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 《吉尔伽美什史诗》（Gilgamesh Epic）中的洪水神话 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 其他古代近东洪水神话 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- 《创世记》中的洪水叙述 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 《创世记》6 章至9 章之叙事结构 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 《创世记》洪水叙述中的雅威典与祭司典 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 雅威典与祭司典的独特之处 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- 《创世记》洪水叙述之历史处境 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 被掳流亡事件之讨论 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 祭司典洪水叙述与被掳处境 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 雅威典洪水叙述与被掳处境 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- 本章小结 --- p.46 / Chapter 第三章 --- 汉籍古典洪水神话与《创世记》洪水叙述 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- 引论 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- 神话人物与汉籍古代洪水神话 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 女娲与洪水 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 禹与洪水 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 共工与洪水 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- 《淮南子》中的洪水神话 --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 《淮南子》中与女娲相关的洪水神话 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 《淮南子》中与禹相关的洪水神话 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 《淮南子》中与共工相关的洪水神话 --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 《淮南子》中洪水神话之小结 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4 --- 汉籍古典神话与“希伯来圣经中的“水 --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 洪水作为宇宙秩序混乱的象征 --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 洪水作为叛乱的象征 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- 小结：将洪水叙述作为不同观点之表达 --- p.86 / Chapter 第四章 --- 在被掳处境中探讨《创世记》中洪水发生的原因 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- 研究回顾 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 在“罪与罚的框架下解释洪水发生的原因 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 在“创造-灭-再创造的框架下解释洪水发生的原因 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2 --- 地上满了强暴 --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 强暴与“希伯来圣经 --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 强暴与流血 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 强暴与土地及上帝 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3 --- 洪水前的上帝，洪水后的上帝 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 雅威典中洪水发生的原因 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 《以赛亚书》与洪水叙述 --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- 人的女儿们与神的儿子们 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- “神的儿子们作为该隐/赛特的后代 --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- “神的儿子们作为统治者 --- p.112 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- “神的儿子们作为“非人的存在 --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- 六章3 节的讨论 --- p.117 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《创世记》洪水过后 --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1 --- 挪亚醉酒 --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 关于挪亚 --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- “看见父亲赤身及其严重后果 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- 关于含 --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- 关于迦南 --- p.128 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- 挪亚醉酒之主题 --- p.130 / Chapter 5.2 --- 重置6 章1 至4 节在《创世记》洪水叙述中的位置 --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 《创世记》6 章1 至4 节之主题 --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 神人通婚（6：1-4）、挪亚醉酒（9：20-27）与被掳处境 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 《创世记》6 章1 至4 节之叙述结构 --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 《创世记》6 章1 至4 节作为祭司典 --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 重置后重新解读《创世记》洪水叙述 --- p.140 / Chapter 5.3 --- 被掳时期洪水叙述所表达的不同主题 --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 《以西结书》与洪水叙述 --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 《创世记》雅威典、祭司典与先知书中的洪水叙述 --- p.146 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.149 / Chapter 6.1 --- 本文的结论与贡献 --- p.149 / Chapter 6.2 --- 值得进一步研究的问题 --- p.151 / 附录 --- p.153 / 人名译名对照表 --- p.153 / 附录 --- p.154 / 神名地名对照表 --- p.154 / 主要参考书目 --- p.156

Dissertation Submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Geography at the University of the Witwatersrand FEBRUARY 08, 2016 / A flash flood is a flood which occurs within 6 hours from the start of a particular rainfall event. The ability to accurately evaluate and forecast flash floods could help in mitigating their harmful effects by helping communities plan their settlements outside of high risk areas and by providing information for the formulation and implementation of early warning systems. The overall aim of the study is to evaluate the use of RADAR data and hydrological models for flash flood evaluation and prediction. This is done by initialising both a lumped hydrological model (NAM) and a distributed hydrological model (MikeSHE) with both RADAR and raingauge derived precipitation estimates for the Jukskei river catchment located in Gauteng South Africa. The results of the model simulations are compared with each other and with actual streamflow data using various statistical techniques. The hydrometeorological characteristics of flash floods in the study catchment are also evaluated on a case by case basis. A fast response time and short duration are noted as the resounding characteristics of floods in the study catchment. All the model runs failed to correlate with streamflow (with any significant statistical certainty). The models also failed to significantly predict streamflow when using the pair sampled t-test. This highlights the difficulty in using rainfall estimates and hydrological models for discharge prediction. Although it is expected that the more advanced distributed model would fare better when predicting the variables associated with high flow events, it was only marginally better when simulating event timing. The lumped model did, however, fare better when correlating with stream flow, number of high flow events, peak flow, as well as total duration and volume / MT2016

Extreme value theory is used as a basis for deriving a distribution function for flood frequency analysis when runoff originates from nonhomogeneous sources. A modified least squares technique is used to estimate the parameters of the distribution function for eleven rivers. Goodness-of-fit statistics are computed and the distribution function is found to fit the data very well. The derived distribution function is recommended as a base method for flood frequency analysis for rivers exhibiting nonhomogeneous sources of runoff if further investigation also proves to be positive.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006. / Title from title screen (site viewed on Feb. 22, 2007). PDF text: vii, 119 p. : ill. UMI publication number: AAT 3217587. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in paper, microfilm and microfiche format.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-118). Also available online.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-118). Also available in print.

No description available.

Floods are a recurrent natural disaster in Guatemala. Heavy and prolonged rainfall often results in floods that affect people’s life and property. Several institutions and policy instruments at local, national or transnational level address flood management. The purpose of this study is to provide useful insights of the institutional aspects of integrated flood management at local, national and transboundary level in Guatemala. Papers I and II, explore institutions at local level, paper III at national level, while paper IV addresses flood management institutions at transboundary level. This research found that for the local and national level, there are several institutions concerned with flood management. In contrast, at transboundary level, and especially for international rivers, flood management institutions are largely absent. At local level, the Local Councils for Development (COCODEs, the acronym in Spanish) are responsible for flood prevention and preparation. While some municipalities are active in flood prevention, response and recovery activities, their limited economic and technical resources restrict their scope of action.  Local stakeholders such as COCODEs, farmers groups and other actors are largely neglected in the decision making process. The National Coordinator for Risk Reduction to Disasters (CONRED, Coordinadora Nacional para Reducción de Desastres), the Secretariat for Planning and Programming of the Presidency (SEGEPLAN, Secretaría de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia), the Guatemalan Ministry of Infrastructure and other national institutions are in charge of planning and implementing flood management strategies, leaving public involvement of local actors mainly to public consultation. At the Central American level, the Coordination Centre for Natural Disasters Prevention in Central America (CEPREDENAC, Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de Desastres Naturales en América Central), an institution part of the Central American Integration System (SICA by Spanish acronym), shall promote transboundary cooperation regarding disaster management, including flood management. However, transboundary flood management faces several challenges: territorial disputes and sovereignty issues over international rivers are significant obstacles to the implementation of integrated flood management programs.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1962. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 82). Also available via the Internet.