Building Information Models (BIM) are becoming a standard in the construction indus- try for storing information about buildings and assets. Automatically creating BIMs has attracted a lot of attention, as it has great potential to improve efficient resource man- agement. A detailed description of the building can decrease the cost of management, heating and cooling, and restoration. For pre-existing structures design documents are typically outdated or unavailable, making BIMs challenging to acquire. The field of indoor floor plan creation has grown in recent years due to advancements in LIDAR technology. However, LIDARs create millions of points per scan, making it computationally expensive to process all of them. In order to properly create a floor it is imperative to acquire a sufficient number of scans to visualize the whole building, while simultaneously minimizing the number of scans for computational reasons. We propose a method for selecting a subset of the scans, as well as a method for clustering points into lines to be used for floor plan extraction. Our method works by clustering nearby points, creating a convex hull around them, and selecting scans based on the most area covered by the union of the hulls. The point clustering splits the pointcloud into potential lines by projecting each point along its surface normal, clustering points from the same line together. Those improvements allow for the efficient generation of floor plans for large buildings. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This paper presents an algorithm with the purpose of automatically dividing a simple floor plan into sections. Sections include names, size and location on the image, all of which will be automatically extracted by the algorithm as a step of converting a simple image into an interactive map. The labels for each section utilizes tesseract-OCR wrapper tesseractJS to extract text and label location. In regards to section borders pixel traversing is employed coupled with CIE76 for color comparison which results in the discovery of size and location of the section. Performance of the algorithm was measured on three different maps using metrics such as correctness, quality, completeness, jaccard index and name accuracy. The metrics showed the potential of such an algorithm in terms of automating the task of sectioning an image. With results ranging between lowest percentage of 48% and highest of 100% on three different maps looking at correctness, quality, completeness, average jaccard index and average name accuracy per map.

This diploma thesis is about measuring of family house, creating drawings and visualization of results. The family house is located in the Brno-Žabovřesky The house was surveyed by the classical geodetic method using a survey net built using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). The results of field measurements were processed in the Groma program, graphic outputs (footprints of individual floors, sections and 3D model) in the MicroStation application. The documentation can be used mainly for the planned reconstruction of the family house and other related purposes.

Purpose: It is necessary for disabled people to be treated equally, according to regulation 2001:526 § 1, therefore must everyone have the same terms and conditions. It is important to know people's different conditions and needs in order to create an accessible and useful environment. The Swedish standard contains both normal level and an increased level of accessibility. Studies have shown that normal levels of accessibility are not enough for a comfortable home for disabled persons. Ignorance and economic factors are the reason why there is lack of improvements in accessibility. The aim of the study is therefore to develop knowledge about accessibility that can be used to develop effective floor plans or improve existing floor plans. Method: The methods that is used in this study are poll survey, interviews, literature study and document analysis. Literature study and document analysis increased the writer's knowledge about this subject. Interviews and poll surveys increased the writer's information about the experiences and improvement of comfort in homes for people with disabilities. Findings: The majority of disabled individuals from the interview survey are satisfied with usefulness thanks to housing adjustment measures. Improvements in usability that are desired are, for example, threshold-free areas, installation of automatic doorway, height-adjustable kitchen cabinet and kitchen counter. The study showed that the majority of disabled individuals want increased accessibility in bathroom, kitchen and the hallway in order for the home to be comfortable and useful. An ideal home should have movable and open surfaces with a turning radius of at least 1.5 meters. The dwelling must have an open floor plan with a division into a private and social zone. Implications: The conclusions from this study are that one should strive for well thought-out planning solutions from the beginning in order to avoid large costs afterwards. In addition, big focus should be placed on the kitchen, the bathroom and the hallway, as these rooms are used most and are given high priority. For a usable housing for disabled individuals, these rooms should be built according to the height level of accessibility. A closet/storage room is also required for extra storage. In addition, big focus should be placed on the functions of housing, that is, how the different rooms are linked to each other. For instance, it is better to have an open floor plan because there are fewer partitions, which gives the feeling of an open space and larger housing. Limitations: To limit the study, only accessibility indoors is examined. Ground requirements and technical property requirements are not investigated in the study. The focus is on individuals with reduced ability to move, where mental disabilities are not discussed in this study. Improvements to Vätterhems’ floor plans are only made for the apartment with 3 REK. When sketching the ideal floor plans, the focus has only been on designing an apartment with 2 REK. / Syfte: Eftersom alla människor ska kunna leva med samma villkor och samma förutsättningar, enligt förordning 2001:526 § 1, krävs det att funktionshindrade behandlas på lika sätt. För att skapa en tillgänglig och användbar miljö är det viktigt att känna till människors olika förutsättningar och behov. Svensk standard innehåller både normal nivå och höjd nivå på tillgängligheten. Undersökningar har visat att normalnivå inte är tillräcklig för att en bostad ska vara bekväm för funktionshindrade individer. Orsaken till bristande förbättringar på tillgänglighet är okunskap och ekonomiska faktorer. Målet med studien handlar därför om att ta fram kunskap om tillgänglighet som kan användas för att ta fram effektiva planlösningar eller förbättra befintliga planlösningar. Metod: Enkät, intervjuer, litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys har använts som metod till denna studie. Litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys ökade skribenternas kunskap inom ämnet. Intervjuer och enkäter bidrog med ökad information om funktionshindrades upplevelser och önskemål i bostaden Resultat: Majoriteten av funktionshindrade individer från intervjuundersökningen är nöjda med användbarheten tack vare bostadsanpassningsåtgärder. Förbättringar av användbarheten som önskas är exempelvis tröskelfria områden, installation av automatisk dörröppning, höj- och sänkbart köksskåp och köksbänk. Studien visade att majoriteten av funktionshindrade individer vill ha utökad tillgänglighet i badrum, kök och hallen för att bostaden ska vara bekväm och användbar. En ideal bostad ska ha rörliga och öppna ytor med en vändningsradie på minst 1,5 meter. Bostaden ska ha en öppen planlösning med en uppdelning på privat och social zon. Konsekvenser: Slutsatserna som undersökningen har tagit fram är att man ska sträva efter välgenomtänkta planlösningar redan från början för att slippa stora kostnader i efterhand. Dessutom ska det läggas stor fokus på köket, badrummet och hallen eftersom dessa rum används mest och prioriteras högt. För en användbar bostad till funktionshindrade individer ska dessa rum byggas enligt hög tillgänglighetsnivå. Det krävs även en klädkammare/förråd för extra förvaring. Dessutom ska det läggas stor fokus på bostäders funktioner, det vill säga hur de olika rummen är kopplade till varandra. Det är exempelvis bättre med en öppen planlösning för det är färre mellanväggar vilket ger en känsla av en öppen yta och större bostad. Begränsningar: För att begränsa studien undersöks endast tillgängligheten inomhus. Tomtkrav och tekniska egenskapskrav utreds inte i studien. Fokuset ligger på individer med nedsatt rörelseförmåga där psykisk funktionsförmåga ej avhandlas i denna studie. Förbättringar på Vätterhems planlösningar utförs endast för bostaden med 3 ROK. Vid skissning av de ideala planlösningarna har fokuset endast varit att designa en bostad med 2 ROK.

Background: Procedural content generation (PCG) has become an important subject as the demand for content in modern games has increased. Paradox Arctic is a game development studio that aims to be at the forefront of technological solutions and is therefore interested in furthering their knowledge in PCG. To this end, Paradox Arctic has expressed their interest in a collaborative effort to further explore the subject of procedural floor plan generation. Objective: The main goal of this work is to test whether a solution based on growth, subdivision or a combination thereof, can be used to procedurally generate believable and varied floor plans for game environments, while also conforming to predefined constraints. Method: A solution capable of generating floor plans with the use of growth, subdivision and a combination of both has been implemented and a survey testing the believability and variation of the generated layouts has been conducted. Results & Conclusions: While the results of the subdivision and combined solutions show that more work is necessary before the generated content can be considered believable, the growth based solution presents promising results in terms of believability when generating smaller to medium sized layouts. This believability does however come at the cost of variation. / Bakgrund: Procedural content generation (PCG) har blivit ett alltmer viktigt ämne allteftersom kravet på mängden innehåll i moderna spel har ökat. Paradox Arctic är en spelutvecklingsstudio vars målsättning är att ligga i teknologins framkant och de är därför intresserade av att vidareutveckla sin kompetens inom PCG. Av denna anledning har de uttryckt intresse för ett samarbete inom området “procedurell generering av planlösningar”. Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka huruvida lösningar baserade på att växa ytor, fördela ytor i mindre delar eller en kombination av dessa, kan användas för att skapa trovärdiga och varierade planlösningar för spelmiljöer, utan att bryta förutbestämda krav. Metod: En lösning som procedurellt genererar planlösningar genom att växa och/eller fördela dem har implementerats och en undersökning, med syftet att utvärdera trovärdigheten och variationen i de genererade planlösningarna, har utförts. Resultat & Slutsatser: Lösningen som baseras på fördelning av ytor och den kombinerade lösningen, visades av resultaten kräva ytterliggare arbete för att anses generera trovärdiga resultat. Lösningen som baseras på att växa ytor däremot, visade positiva trovärdighetsresultat när små och medelstora planlösningar genererades. Detta goda resultat uppstod dock på bekostnaden av variation mellan de genererade planlösningarna.

No decorrer do século XX, a arquitetura moderna transformou as relações entre o edifício e a cidade, permitindo aos arquitetos repensar a Planta Térrea das edificações como um espaço fundamental de conciliação entre ambos. Esta é a cota do projeto onde ajustes à estrutura formal do objeto arquitetônico são inevitáveis, e onde se faz implícita a coordenação do programa funcional dos pavimentos superiores com os fluxos e condicionantes do ambiente urbano. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicitar as estratégias formais relevantes encontradas no aparato teórico e prático do arquiteto Mario Roberto Álvarez, utilizadas na construção formal dos pavimentos térreos de seus edifícios em altura. Como procedimento metodológico foi adotado o estudo de caso de obras selecionadas do arquiteto, visando reconhecer e classificar as operações formais envolvidas na concepção dos projetos. Pretende-se, através da sistematização do conhecimento acumulado, reunir material teórico e gráfico que contribua para o reconhecimento das operações formais envolvidas no projeto da planta térrea de edifícios em altura. / During the twentieth century, modern architecture has transformed the relationship between the building and the city, allowing architects to rethink the Ground Floor plan as a key area of reconciliation between them. This is the level of the project where adjustments to the formal structure of the architectural object are inevitable, and where it is implied the coordination of the functional program of the upper floors with the flows and constraints of the urban environment. This research aims to identify and clarify the relevant formal strategies found in the theoretical and practical apparatus of the architect Mario Roberto Alvarez, used in the formal construction of the ground floors of his high-rise buildings. It was adopted the case study of selected works of the architect as methodological procedure, aiming to recognize and classify formal operations involved in the design of these projects. It is intended, through the systematization of accumulated knowledge, gather theoretical and graphic material that contributes to the recognition of formal operations involved in design of the Ground Floor plan of high-rise buildings.

Room layout generation is the problem of generating a drawing or a digital model of an existing room from a set of measurements such as laser data or images. The generation of floor plans can find application in the building industry to assess the quality and the correctness of an ongoing construction w.r.t. the initial model, or to quickly sketch the renovation of an apartment. Real estate industry can rely on automatic generation of floor plans to ease the process of checking the livable surface and to propose virtual visits to prospective customers. As for the general public, the room layout can be integrated into mixed reality games to provide a better immersiveness experience, or used in other related augmented reality applications such room redecoration. The goal of this industrial thesis (CIFRE) is to investigate and take advantage of the state-of-the art mobile devices in order to automate the process of generating room layouts. Nowadays, modern mobile devices usually come a wide range of sensors, such as inertial motion unit (IMU), RGB cameras and, more recently, depth cameras. Moreover, tactile touchscreens offer a natural and simple way to interact with the user, thus favoring the development of interactive applications, in which the user can be part of the processing loop. This work aims at exploiting the richness of such devices to address the room layout generation problem. The thesis has three major contributions. We first show how the classic problem of detecting vanishing points in an image can benefit from an a-priori given by the IMU sensor. We propose a simple and effective algorithm for detecting vanishing points relying on the gravity vector estimated by the IMU. A new public dataset containing images and the relevant IMU data is introduced to help assessing vanishing point algorithms and foster further studies in the field. As a second contribution, we explored the state of-the-art of real-time localization and map optimization algorithms for RGB-D sensors. Real-time localization is a fundamental task to enable augmented reality applications, and thus it is a critical component when designing interactive applications. We propose an evaluation of existing algorithms for the common desktop set-up in order to be employed on a mobile device. For each considered method, we assess the accuracy of the localization as well as the computational performances when ported on a mobile device. Finally, we present a proof of concept of application able to generate the room layout relying on a Project Tango tablet equipped with an RGB-D sensor. In particular, we propose an algorithm that incrementally processes and fuses the 3D data provided by the sensor in order to obtain the layout of the room. We show how our algorithm can rely on the user interactions in order to correct the generated 3D model during the acquisition process.

No description available.

No decorrer do século XX, a arquitetura moderna transformou as relações entre o edifício e a cidade, permitindo aos arquitetos repensar a Planta Térrea das edificações como um espaço fundamental de conciliação entre ambos. Esta é a cota do projeto onde ajustes à estrutura formal do objeto arquitetônico são inevitáveis, e onde se faz implícita a coordenação do programa funcional dos pavimentos superiores com os fluxos e condicionantes do ambiente urbano. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicitar as estratégias formais relevantes encontradas no aparato teórico e prático do arquiteto Mario Roberto Álvarez, utilizadas na construção formal dos pavimentos térreos de seus edifícios em altura. Como procedimento metodológico foi adotado o estudo de caso de obras selecionadas do arquiteto, visando reconhecer e classificar as operações formais envolvidas na concepção dos projetos. Pretende-se, através da sistematização do conhecimento acumulado, reunir material teórico e gráfico que contribua para o reconhecimento das operações formais envolvidas no projeto da planta térrea de edifícios em altura. / During the twentieth century, modern architecture has transformed the relationship between the building and the city, allowing architects to rethink the Ground Floor plan as a key area of reconciliation between them. This is the level of the project where adjustments to the formal structure of the architectural object are inevitable, and where it is implied the coordination of the functional program of the upper floors with the flows and constraints of the urban environment. This research aims to identify and clarify the relevant formal strategies found in the theoretical and practical apparatus of the architect Mario Roberto Alvarez, used in the formal construction of the ground floors of his high-rise buildings. It was adopted the case study of selected works of the architect as methodological procedure, aiming to recognize and classify formal operations involved in the design of these projects. It is intended, through the systematization of accumulated knowledge, gather theoretical and graphic material that contributes to the recognition of formal operations involved in design of the Ground Floor plan of high-rise buildings.

The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between experience in open-space and/or traditionally constructed elementary schools and teachers' attitudes toward open education. Statistical analysis of the data used to test the hypotheses resulted in the following findings. 1. Teachers who were currently teaching in traditionally constructed schools had significantly more positive attitudes toward open education than did teachers currently teaching in open-space schools. 2. Teachers who had taught only in traditionally constructed schools had significantly more positive attitudes toward open education than did teachers who had taught only in open-space schools. 3. Teachers who had taught in both open-space and traditionally-constructed schools had significantly more positive attitudes toward open education than did teachers who had taught only in open-space schools. 4. Teachers who had taught only in traditionally constructed schools had significantly more positive attitudes toward open education than did teachers who had taught in both open-space and traditionally-constructed schools. 5. Teachers who had taught ten years or more had significantly more positive attitudes toward open education than did teachers who had taught less than ten years.