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This project is intended to demonstrate the current state of knowledge in the prediction of the tonal and broadband noise radiation from a Sevik rotor. The rotor measurements were made at the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel. Details of the rotor noise and flow measurements were presented by Wisda et al(2014) and Murray et al(2015) respectively. This study presents predictions based on an approach detailed by Glegg et al(2015) for the broadband noise generated by a rotor in an inhomogeneous flow, and compares them to measured noise radiated from the rotor at prescribed observer locations. Discrepancies between the measurements and predictions led to comprehensive study of the flow in the wind tunnel and the discovery of a vortex upstream of the rotor at low advance ratios. The study presents results of RANS simulations. The static pressure and velocity profile in the domain near the rotor's tip gap region were compared to measurements obtained from a pressure port array and a PIV visualization of the rotor in the wind tunnel. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In this study, numerical simulations of a low emission lab-scale non-premixed combustor are conducted and analyzed. The objectives are to provide new insight into the physical phenomena in the SPRF (Stagnation Point Reverse Flow) combustor built in the Georgia Tech Combustion Lab, and to compare three Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combustion models (Eddy Break-Up [EBU], Steady Flamelet [SF] and Linear Eddy Model [LEM]) for non-premixed combustion. The nominal operating condition of the SPRF combustor achieves very low NOx and CO emissions by combining turbulent mixing of exhaust gases with preheated reactants and chemical kinetics. The SPRF numerical simulation focuses on capturing the complex interaction between turbulent mixing and heat release. LES simulations have been carried out for a non-reactive case in order to analyze the turbulent mixing inside the combustor. The LES results have been compared to PIV experimental data and the code has been validated. The dominating features of the operational mode of the SPRF combustor (dilution of hot products into reactants, pre-heating and pre-mixing) have been analyzed, and results from the EBU-LES, SF-LES and LEM-LES simulations have been compared. Analysis shows that the LEM-LES simulation achieves the best agreement with the observed flame structure and is the only model that captures the stabilization processes observed in the experiments. EBU-LES and SF-LES do not predict the correct flow pattern because of the inaccurate modeling of sub-grid scale mixing and turbulence-combustion interaction. Limitations of these two models for this type of combustor are discussed.

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of bluff body stabilized premixed and partially premixed combustion close to the flammability limit is carried out in this thesis. The LES algorithm has no ad-hoc adjustable model parameters and is able to respond automatically to variations in the inflow conditions. Algorithm validation is achieved by comparison with reactive and non-reactive experimental data. In the reactive flow, two scalar closure models, Eddy Break-Up (EBULES) and Linear Eddy Mixing (LEMLES), are used and compared. Over important regions, the flame lies in the Broken Reaction Zone regime. Here, the EBU model assumptions fail. The flame thickness predicted by LEMLES is smaller and the flame is faster to respond to turbulent fluctuations, resulting in a more significant wrinkling of the flame surface. As a result, LEMLES captures better the subtle effects of the flame-turbulence interaction. Three premixed (equivalence ratio = 0.6, 0.65, and 0.75) cases are simulated. For the leaner case, the flame temperature is lower, the heat release is reduced and vorticity is stronger. As a result, the flame in this case is found to be unstable. In the rich case, the flame temperature is higher, and the spreading rate of the wake is increased due to the higher amount of heat release Partially premixed combustion is simulated for cases where the transverse profile of the inflow equivalence ratio is variable. The simulations show that for mixtures leaner in the core the vortical pattern tends towards anti-symmetry and the heat release decreases, resulting also in instability of the flame. For mixtures richer in the core, the flame displays sinusoidal flapping resulting in larger wake spreading. More accurate predictions of flame stability will require the use of detailed chemistry, raising the computational cost of the simulation. To address this issue, a novel algorithm for training Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for prediction of the chemical source terms has been implemented and tested. Compared to earlier methods, the main advantages of the ANN method are in CPU time and disk space and memory reduction.

Under certain circumstances pulse combustors have been shown to improve both heat transfer and drying rate when compared to steady flow impingement. Despite this potential, there have been few investigations into the use of pulse combustor driven impingement jets for industrial drying applications. The research presented here utilized experimental and numerical techniques to study the heat transfer characteristics of these types of oscillating jets when impinging on solid surfaces and the heat and mass transfer when drying porous media. The numerical methods were extensively validated using laboratory heat flux and drying data, as well as correlations from literature. As a result, the numerical techniques and methods that were developed and employed in this work were found to be well suited for the current application. It was found that the pulsating flows yielded elevated heat and mass transfer compared to similar steady flow jets. However, the numerical simulations were used to analyze not just the heat flux or drying, but also the details of the fluid flow in the impingement zone that resulted in said heat and mass transport. It was found that the key mechanisms of the enhanced transfer were the vortices produced by the oscillating flow. The characteristics of these vortices such as the size, strength, location, duration, and temperature, determined the extent of the improvement. The effects of five parameters were studied: the velocity amplitude ratio, oscillation frequency, the time-averaged bulk fluid velocity at the tailpipe exit, the hydraulic diameter of the tailpipe, and the impingement surface velocity. Analysis of the resulting fluid flow revealed three distinct flow types as characterized by the vortices in the impingement zone, each with unique heat transfer characteristics. These flow types were: a single strong vortex that dissipated before the start of the next oscillation cycle, a single persistent vortex that remained relatively strong at the end of the cycle, and a strong primary vortex coupled with a short-lived, weaker secondary vortex. It was found that the range over which each flow type was observed could be classified into distinct flow regimes. The secondary vortex and persistent vortex regimes were found to enhance heat transfer. Subsequently, transition criteria dividing these regimes were formed based on dimensionless parameters. The critical dimensionless parameters appeared to be the Strouhal number, a modified Strouhal number, the Reynolds number, the velocity amplitude ratio, and the H/Dh ratio. Further study would be required to determine if these parameters offer similar significance for other configurations.

Vortex breakdown is an important phenomenon observed in swirling flows involving the development of a stagnation point on the axis of the vortex followed by a region of recirculation when the swirl increases beyond a particular level. It has been studied extensively over past 50 years and various theories have been proposed to explain its various aspects. However, a single model explaining all the aspects together is yet to emerge. Numerical simulations of breakdown have been performed using a variety of grid-based as well as vortex methods. Vortex methods are a Lagrangian alternative to grid-based methods wherein the motion of the vorticity is determined by the local fluid velocity convection, with models for viscous effects when considered. The fluid velocity is obtained from the vorticity field. Only the rotational regions of the flow need to be considered leading to significant economy of computational effort for simulations of vorticity dominated flows, such as vortex breakdown. The inviscid vortex filament method has been used to simulate several aspects of the vortex breakdown phenomenon. The vortex filament method however, cannot easily simulate viscous effects. To simulate the viscous effects the viscous vortex particle method needs to be used. This work was intended to be a first step towards this end by initially evaluating the effectiveness of the inviscid version of the vortex particle method in simulating the breakdown phenomenon. The inviscid vortex particle method was found to satisfactorily simulate most qualitative aspects involved in the formation of vortex breakdown such as the retardation of axial velocity along centerline, radial swelling of the vortex core, formation of stagnation points, creation of azimuthal vorticity gradient from axial vorticity gradient and the turning of vortex lines along with the formation of a bubble-like structure with recirculating flow within. The effect of a wall placed adjacent to the vortex core was simulated by using image vortices. The wall was not found to influence the location of breakdown. However, the initiation of the spiral mode was found to occur earlier when a wall was present. For a quantitative assessment, a simulation of the experimental results of Faler and Leibovich (1978) was attempted. The simulation managed to predict the location of the breakdown and the extent of the bubble. The shape and height of the bubble obtained however were not in accord with the experimental observations. A single vortical cell was obtained in the interior of the bubble.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:45:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MonteVerde_William_M.pdf: 4763246 bytes, checksum: d71320f12abcec340b449d80b2466a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A utilização de bombas centrífugas submersas (BCS) operando com a mistura gás-líquido é comum na indústria de petróleo. Para elevadas vazões de líquido e baixas frações de gás o desempenho da bomba é similar ao escoamento monofásico. No entanto, uma degradação severa no desempenho é observada para elevadas frações de gás. A presença de gás livre no escoamento causa instabilidades na curva de ganho de pressão versus vazão. A curva passa a exibir um ponto de máximo, conhecido como ponto de 'surging', sendo que para vazões abaixo desse ponto, ocorre uma acentuada queda no ganho de pressão e, portanto, na capacidade de bombeamento. O aumento da vazão de gás pode causar o bloqueio da área disponível ao escoamento no rotor da bomba, fazendo com que a vazão seja nula, fenômeno conhecido como 'gas locking'. Portanto, o conhecimento das condições operacionais onde ocorre o surging é de fundamental importância para a operação adequada da bomba. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter as curvas de desempenho (elevação, potência e rendimento) de BCS operando com misturas gás-líquido. Com esse propósito as curvas característica de um protótipo de BCS foram determinadas utilizando a mistura água-ar, com frações volumétricas de gás entre 0 e 10% em diferentes rotações, pressões de sucção e vazões de líquido. O protótipo de BCS foi desenvolvido a partir de uma bomba convencional permitindo a visualização do escoamento no interior da bomba. Um manuseador de gás também foi testado buscando determinar suas características operacionais. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma bancada de testes, onde foram medidas os parâmetros do escoamento (vazões de ar e água, pressão e temperatura na entrada e saída da bomba) e parâmetros mecânicos (torque de velocidade de rotação). Uma severa degradação no desempenho, e consequentemente no rendimento da bomba foram observados devido à presença de gás no escoamento. Os fenômenos de surging e gas locking também foram observados durante os testes. A velocidade de rotação e a pressão de sucção influenciaram a fração volumétrica onde o surging ocorre. O aumento da velocidade de rotação e da pressão de sucção desloca a fração volumétrica critica de gás para valores mais elevados, aumentando a faixa operacional da bomba / Abstract: The use of electrical submersible pumps (ESP) under gas-liquid flow is very common in the oil industry. At constant liquid flow rate a dramatic degradation on pump head is observed as gas flow rate increases. Natural instabilities of two-phase flow may cause the centrifugal pump to surge at rather low gas void fraction (GVF), as evidenced by a critical point in the pressure gain x flow rate curve, a phenomenon referenced as 'surging point'. Further increase in GVF may cause the gas to fill most of the pump impeller, making the liquid flow rate to decrease down to zero, a phenomenon known as 'gas locking'. Therefore, knowledge of the conditions for which the pump starts to surge is of utmost importance and can only be understood through experimental investigation. The goal of this work is to present the experimental ESP performance curves (head, brake horsepower and efficiency) when operating with gas-liquid mixtures. For that purpose the characteristic curves were determined for one prototype of ESP, operating with water and two-phase air-water mixtures with GVF ranging from 0 to 10 % at different rotational speed, intake pressure and liquid flow rate. The ESP prototype is designed to make possible the flow visualization inside the pump. The performance of a gas handler was also tested in order to determine their operational characteristics. Tests were carried out on an ESP testing bench, where flow parameters (air and water flow rates, pressure and temperature at the inlet and outlet of the pump) and mechanical parameters (shaft torque and speed) were measured. A significant decrease in pump head, and consequently in pump efficiency, was observed as the air fraction was increased. Phenomena like surging and gas locking were observed during these tests. The rotational speed and intake pressure affect the critical GVF at the surging conditions. Increasing the rotational speed and intake pressure moves de critical GVF to higher values extending the operational range the ESP / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo

No / We have probed the coupling between flow and concentration fluctuations in polymer blends using small-angle neutron scattering. We utilized a recirculating cell with a slot die, enabling us to measure the behavior at the entrance, within and at the exit of a contraction-expansion flow. While, as expected, anisotropy was observed in all nonquiescent experiments, the correlation lengths associated with the concentration fluctuations are found to be "stretched" more in the direction perpendicular to the flow at all positions along the centerline of the flow, except at the slot die exit. To gain insight into the observations, we present calculations of the scattering based on a multiscale approach, which bridges the gap between macroscopic Newtonian fluid dynamics and the convection of nanoscale concentration fluctuations. However, we find that this model contains insufficient physics to correctly describe our observations. Consequently, we argue that the deformation of the correlation length is primarily due to the coupling between weakly non-Newtonian stresses and thermodynamics

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biazussi_JorgeLuiz_D.pdf: 11756361 bytes, checksum: e163630c268ec8b0c1e2a20bc1bdebc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A bomba centrífuga submersa (BCS) é uma bomba de múltiplos estágios que tem recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos, devido à sua importância para a elevação artificial de petróleo em altas vazões. Como uma parte do sistema de Elevação Artificial, a BCS é geralmente instalada no interior do poço, a fim de aumentar a vazão ou até mesmo viabilizar a produção. A presença de gás livre no fluido na entrada da bomba provoca uma diminuição do ganho de pressão fornecido pela BCS e pode conduzir a instabilidades na curva de ganho de pressão versus vazão. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e avaliar o desempenho de um modelo de deslizamento para representar o ganho de pressão em uma ampla faixa de vazão de líquido de uma BCS. Para este propósito foram realizados testes experimentais em laboratório para três BCS diferentes que operam com misturas ar - água. Especificamente, o ganho de pressão e a potência de eixo foram medidos em diferentes vazões de líquido, de gás, de pressões de entrada e rotação. Os resultados dos testes de água monofásicos foram interpretados por ajuste dos dados com um modelo de correlação genérico para o ganho de pressão e potência, tentando descrever todos os fenômenos físicos envolvidos no escoamento nos canais rotativos. Os resultados dos testes bifásicos foram discutidos em termos dos efeitos da fração de vazio, da pressão de admissão, da velocidade de rotação e da geometria da bomba. Um modelo de deslizamento para escoamento em bolhas foi proposto para representar o ganho de pressão e também foi utilizado para expressar a potência de eixo. Os dois parâmetros envolvidos no modelo, ou seja, C0 e kb?, foram ajustados aos dados e mostrou a capacidade desta abordagem em capturar as principais tendências das curvas experimentais. O parâmetro de distribuição C0 foi, em todos os casos, significativamente menor do que um, confirmando os resultados de outros autores, em escoamento bifásico descendente em tubos. Além disso, este resultado indica que os perfis de velocidade e de distribuição de fase são distorcidos pelo campo centrífugo e de Coriolis. O parâmetro kb? foi significativo apenas para a bomba radial de menor vazão, o que confirma a ideia de que para altas vazões de líquido, as bolhas de gás são dispersadas através do líquido e o deslizamento torna-se insignificante / Abstract: The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is a multiple stage pump which has been receiving a lot of attention in recent years in due to its importance for the Artificial Lift of petroleum at high flow rates. As a part of the AL system, the ESP is often installed inside the well in order to either viabilize the production or increase its flow rate. The presence of free gas within the fluid entering the pump causes a decrease in the head provided by the ESP and may lead to instabilities in the head-capacity curve. The aim of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of a drift flux model to represent the head in the entire liquid flow rate range of an ESP. For this purpose, experimental performance tests to determine the characteristic curves were performed in laboratory for three different ESPs operating with water and water-air mixtures. Specifically, the head and brakehorsepower were measured at different flow liquid and gas flow rates, inlet pressures and rotation speeds. The results from the single-phase water tests were interpreted by fitting generic correlation models for the head and power to the data, trying to describe all basic phenomena involved in the rotating channel flow. The results from the two-phase runs were discussed in terms of the effects of the mixture composition, intake pressure, rotation speed and pump geometry. A drift flux model for bubbly flow was proposed to represent the head and also used to express the power. The two parameters involved in the model, namely C0 and kb? , were fitted to the data and showed good capability of this approach to capture the main trends of the experimental curves. The distribution parameter C0 was in all cases significantly lower than one, confirming the findings by other authors in two-phase downward pipe flow. Also, this result indicates that the velocity and phase distribution profiles are distorted by both the centripetal and Coriolis fields. The drift parameter kb? was significant for the smallest capacity radial pump only, confirming the idea that at sufficiently high liquid flow rates, the gas bubbles are dispersed through the liquid and drift becomes negligible / Doutorado / Explotação / Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

These thesis review some recent results on the construction of very high order multidimensional upwind schemes for the solution of steady and unsteady conservation laws on unstructured triangular grids.<p>We also consider the extension to the approximation of solutions to conservation laws containing second order dissipative terms. To build this high order schemes we use a subtriangulation of the triangular Pk elements where we apply the distribution used for a P1 element.<p>This manuscript is divided in two parts. The first part is dedicated to the design of the high order schemes for scalar equations and focus more on the theoretical design of the schemes. The second part deals with the extension to system of equations, in particular we will compare the performances of 2nd, 3rd and 4th order schemes.<p><p>The first part is subdivided in four chapters:<p>The aim of the second chapter is to present the multidimensional upwind residual distributive schemes and to explain what was the status of their development at the beginning of this work.<p>The third chapter is dedicated to the first contribution: the design of 3rd and 4th order quasi non-oscillatory schemes.<p>The fourth chapter is composed of two parts: we start by understanding the non-uniformity of the accuracy of the 2nd order schemes for advection-diffusion problem. To solve this issue we use a Finite Element hybridisation.<p>This deep study of the 2nd order scheme is used as a basis to design a 3rd order scheme for advection-diffusion.<p>Finally, in the fifth chapter we extend the high order quasi non-oscillatory schemes to unsteady problems.<p>In the second part, we extend the schemes of the first part to systems of equations as follows:<p>The sixth chapter deals with the extension to steady systems of hyperbolic equations. In particular, we discuss how to solve some issues such as boundary conditions and the discretisation of curved geometries.<p>Then, we look at the performance of 2nd and 3rd order schemes on viscous flow.<p>Finally, we test the space-time schemes on several test cases. In particular, we will test the monotonicity of the space-time non-oscillatory schemes and we apply residual distributive schemes to acoustic problems. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished