Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet international (MARS) dont le but est d'améliorer l'efficacité du transport aérien par contrôle d'écoulement. Dans ce contexte, les travaux expérimentaux présentés ici sont focalisés sur l'utilisation d'un actionneur plasma à Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) pour contrôler l'écoulement turbulent en aval d'une marche descendante (BFS) à Reh = 30000. Deux types de décharges sont étudiés : une ac-DBD qui produit une force électrohydrodynamqiue et une ns-DBD qui produit une onde de pression. Plusieurs positions de l'actionneur sont étudiés, de façon à optimiser les effets de la décharge sur l'écoulement. A l'aide d'un système PIV stéréoscopique, une étude étendue est destinée à l'évaluation des paramètres électriques du signal. Parmi tous les résultats obtenus, la zone de recirculation est réduite de 20%. De plus, d'autres quantités moyennes telles que les composantes de Reynolds, l'énergie cinétique et l'épaisseur de la couche cisaillée ont été aussi analysées. La dernière partie de la thèse comprend une analyse dynamique des modifications produites par l'actionneur. Pour cela, les structures dominantes sont examinées par leur signature fréquentielle et par une décomposition orthogonal aux valeurs propres (POD). Tous les résultats conduisent à la définition d'un cas d'action optimal pour lequel il est obtenu une réduction maximal de la longueur de rattachement. Le lâcher tourbillonnaire est renforcé par un mécanisme de type "lock-on". / This thesis is part of an international project (MARS) to improve air transport efficiency by active flow control strategy. In this context, the presented experimental works are focused on a surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) as a solution to control the turbulent flow separation downstream a backward-facing step (BFS) at Reh = 30000. Two different plasma discharges are investigated: an ac-DBD resulting in a electrohydrodynamic force and a ns- DBD producing a pressure wave. Thanks to the versatility of plasma discharges and in order to optimize its effects on the flow, different locations of the DBD actuator have been investigated. Furthermore, an extended parametric study regarding the input variables of the discharge has been carried out by stereoscopic PIV. Among the obtained results, the mean reattachment length has been reduced up to 20%. In addition, other averaged quantities such as Reynolds stress components, the kinetic energy and the vorticity thickness of the separated shear layer have been analyzed to provide more extended information about the effects of the DBD actuator. The last part includes a dynamical analysis of the modifications produced by an optimal actuation. For that aim, the dominant structures are investigated by their signature in the frequency domain and by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). All the results lead to the definition of an optimal actuation for which the mean reattachment position is reduced and the vortex shedding street can be reinforced by a lock-on control mechanism.

Le contrôle d’écoulement permet d’éliminer le phénomène de décollement de couches limites, très néfaste pour les performances des machines interagissant avec un fluide (avions, voitures, turbomachines ...). Ces travaux s’intéressent plus particulièrement au contrôle actif d’écoulement au moyen de jets continus. Une maquette permettant de manipuler l’équilibre de la couche limite a été conçue et installée dans la soufflerie du Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille. La première partie du travail a consisté en la caractérisation de l’écoulement autour du modèle à l’aide de visualisations par fils de laine et par enduit gras, de mesures de répartition de pression, de mesures par anémométrie à fils chauds et par PIV. Ceci a permis de définir la configuration du modèle la plus appropriée pour les études de contrôle mais aussi de connaître précisément les caractéristiques de l’écoulement sélectionné. La configuration retenue correspond à un écoulement en gradient de pression adverse suivi d’une séparation sur le volet, un peu comme sur l’extrados d’une aile d’avion. L’utilisation de sondes de frottement associées à des visualisations aux fils de laine ont permis d’étudier et d’optimiser des actionneurs passifs, puis des actionneurs à jets continus. Certaines des configurations actives optimales ont ensuite été caractérisées plus en détail par une mesure par PIV englobant toute la zone de séparation. Il apparaît que les jets continus ne suppriment pas complètement les mécanismes de la séparation mais réduisent leur intensité et les concentrent plus ou moins près de la paroi / Flow control allows to suppress boundary layers separation, which largely deteriorates the performances of machineries which interact with fluid (aircraft, cars, turbomachineries, etc.). This study concentrates more particularly on active flow control with continuous jets. A ramp model which allows to manipulate the boundary layer equilibrium was realized and set in Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille wind tunnel. The first part of the work was to characterize the flow over the model with wool-tufts and oil-film visualisations, pressure distribution, hot-wire anemometry and PIV measurements. The aim was to define a ramp configuration for the flow control study and to know precisely the characteristics of the retained flow. The selected configuration corresponds to an adverse pressure gradient flow followed by a separation on the flap, which mimics the flow on the suction side of a wing. With friction probes coupled with wool-tufts visualisations, passive actuators and active continuous jets were studied and optimised. Finally, some of the optimum active configurations found were characterized in more details with PIV measurements over the entire separated region. It appears that continuous jets do not suppress the separation mechanisms, but only reduce their intensity and squeeze them more or less against the wall

Motivée par les contraintes économiques et les exigences environnementales, l'industrie du transport tente de réduire ses dépenses énergétiques. Elle concentre notamment ses efforts sur la traînée de frottement. Bien que d'origine visqueuse, celle-ci est fortement amplifiée par les mouvements turbulents. La capacité à manipuler les fluctuations turbulentes, complexes et chaotiques, offre alors des perspectives de gain énergétique substantiel, mais nécessite une bonne compréhension des phénomènes physiques. Parmi les stratégies de contrôle les plus prometteuses, l'utilisation de revêtements rainurés, nommés riblets, est étudiée dans ce mémoire. Bien que leur capacité de réduction de frottement soit connue depuis plusieurs décennies, les mécanismes par lesquels ils interagissent avec la turbulence restent à préciser. À ces fins, une méthode pour leur simulation numérique est mise au point. En redéfinissant la position de l'origine virtuelle, c'est-à-dire de la paroi plane équivalente, une forte similitude est établie entre les écoulements contrôlé et canonique. D'un point de vue applicatif, cela permet notamment de quantifier les performances de réduction de traînée atteignables à haut nombre de Reynolds. Enfin, le potentiel a priori prometteur des riblets tridimensionnels est exploré. En s'appuyant sur les rares résultats précurseurs de la littérature, il s'agit de proposer une géométrie industriellement réalisable optimale en termes de réduction de traînée. Pour chacune des géométries novatrices testées, les simulations révèlent avec finesse que les éventuels bénéfices sur le frottement sont systématiquement surpassés par l'influence délétère des efforts de pression. / Economical constrains and environmental requirements lead the transportation industry to progress towards energy expenditure reduction. Efforts are especially focused on the skin-friction drag. Friction drag, while due to viscosity, is greatly amplified by turbulent motions. The ability to manipulate the complex and chaotic near-wall turbulent fluctuations thus offers prospects for substantial energy saving, but also requires a solid understanding of the physical phenomena.Among the most promising control strategies, the present manuscript focuses on riblet-covered surfaces. Even though their drag-reducing capability has been observed from decades, the mechanisms by which they interact with the near-wall turbulent motions still need to be clarified. Towards these ends, a numerical method for ensuring their proper simulation is developed. The virtual origin—interpreted as the equivalent flat wall location—is redefined, which highlights a strong similarity between the controlled and the canonical flows. As a practical interest, this similarity enables an improved evaluation of the drag reduction capabilities achievable at high Reynolds numbers.Additionally, the promising potential for three-dimensional riblets is examined. Based on the scattered precursory results of the literature, we intend to come up with a design which demonstrates optimal drag reduction capabilities under the constraint of industrial feasibility. For each of the prospected innovative designs, the numerical simulations accurately reveal that the potential profit on skin-friction is consistently exceeded by the harmful influence of pressure stresses.

Due to higher requirements of computational power and safety, or functional safety ofequipments intended for the use in the industrial domain, embedded systems containing areal-time operating system are still the active area of research. This thesis addresses thehardware-assisted control module that is based on the runtime model-based verificationof a target application. This subsystem is intended to increase the diagnostic coverage,particularly, the detection of the execution errors. After the specification of the architecture,the formal model is defined and implemented into hardware using FPGA technology.This thesis also discuss some other aspects and embodies new approaches in the area ofembedded flow control, e.g. the integration of the design patterns. Using the simulation,the created module was tested using the created scenarios, which follow the real programexecution record. The results suggest that the error detection time is lower than usingstandard techniques, such a watchdog.

V této diplomové práci byla provedena série numerických výpočtů proudění kolem křídla s aktivním řízením proudu. Výpočty jsou provedeny pro různé úhly náběhu křídla s profilem NACA 0015. Křídlo s zařízením pro aktivní řízení proudu bylo testováno v podmínkách s Machovým číslem M=0,21 a Re= 2500000. Bylo zkoušeno více možných konfigurací s cílem nalézt nejúčinější variantu, která bude zároveň stále energeticky efektivní. Vybraný přístup k aplikaci aktivního řízení na křídle se od ostatních liší. Použito je velkých ploch pro vyfukování vzduchu o nízké rychlosti a zároveň v souvislosti s tím je studována energetická účinnost. Snížení odporu a zvýšení vztlaku je dosaženo změnou řídících veličin. Při určitých specifických podmínkách je zařízení schopno při velmi vysoké energetické účinnosti dosáhnout pro všechny úhly náběhu výrazného snížení odporu, zvýšení vztlaku křídla, nebo obojího zároveň. Maximální pokles odporu křídla na malých úhlech náběhu přesahuje 40% z celkového odporu křídla a stále s dodržením energetické účinnosti.

This thesis is motivated by the application of active flow control on the cabin of trucks, thereby providing a new means of drag reduction. Particularly, the work presented strives to identify how plasma actuators can be used to reduce the drag caused by the detachment of the flow around the A-pillars. This is achieved by conducting numerical simulations, and is part of a larger project that also includes experimental. The effect of plasma actuators is modeled through a body force, which adds very little computational cost and is suitable for implementation in most CFD solvers. The spatial distribution of this force is described by coefficients which have been optimized against experimental data, and the model was shown to be able to accurately reproduce the wall jet created by a single plasma actuator in a no-flow condition. A half cylinder geometry - a simplified geometry for the A-pillar of a truck - was used in a preliminary Large Eddy Simulation (LES) study that showed that the actuator alone, operated continuously, was not sufficient to achieve a significant reduction of the drag. Nevertheless, a significant drag reduction was obtained by simply increasing the strength of the body force to a higher value, showing that this type of actuation remains relevant for the reduction of drag. In the course of finding ways to improve the efficiency of the actuator, dynamic mode decomposition was investigated as a post-processing tool to extract structures in the flow. Such structures are identified by their spatial location and frequency, and might help to understand how the actuator should be used to maximize drag reduction. Thus a parallel code for dynamic mode decomposition was developed in order to facilitate the treatment of the large amounts of data obtained by LES. This code and LES itself were thereafter evaluated in the case of a pulsating channel flow. By using the dynamic mode decomposition it was possible to accurately extract oscillating profiles at the forcing frequency, although harmonics with lower amplitude compared to the turbulence intensity could not be obtained. / Denna avhandling behandlar tillämpningen av aktiv strömningskontroll för lastbilshytter, vilket är en ny metod för minskning av luftmotståndet. Mer i detalj är det övergripande målet att visa på hur plasmaaktuatorer kan användas för att minska luftmotståndet orsakat av avlösningen runt A-stolparna. In denna avhandling studeras detta genom numeriska simuleringar. Arbetet är en del av ett projekt där även experimentella försök görs. Effekten av plasmaaktuatorer modelleras genom en masskraft, vilket inte ger nämnvärd ökning av beräkningstiden och är lämplig för implementering i de flesta CFD-lösare. Den rumsliga fördelningen av kraften bestäms av koefficienter vilka i detta arbete beräknades utifrån experimentella data. Modellen har visat sig kunna återskapa en stråle nära väggen med god noggrannhet av en enskild plasmaaktuator för en halvcylinder utan strömning. Samma geometri - en halvcylinder som här används som förenklad geometri av A-stolpen på en lastbil - användes i en preliminär LES studie som visade att enbart aktuatorn vid kontinuerlig drift inte var tillräckligt för att uppnå en signifikant minskning av luftmotståndet. En signifikant minskning av luftmotståndet erhölls genom att helt enkelt öka styrkan på kraften, vilket visats att denna typ av strömningskontroll är relevant för minskning av luftmotståndet. I syfte att förbättra effektiviteten hos aktuatorn, studerades dynamic mode decomposition, som ett verktyg för efterbehandling för att få fram flödesstrukturer. Dessa strukturer identifieras genom deras rumsupplösning och frekvens och kan hjälpa till att förstå hur aktuatorerna bör användas för att minska luftmotståndet. En parallelliserad kod för dynamic mode decomposition utvecklades för att underlätta efterbehandlingen av de stora datamängder som fås från LES-beräkningarna. Slutligen, utvärderades denna kod och LES-beräkningar på ett strömningsfall med pulserande kanalflöde. Metoden, dynamic mode decomposition, visade sig kunna extrahera de oscillerande flödesprofilerna med hög noggrannhet för den påtvingade frekvensen. Övertoner med lägre amplitud jämfört med turbulensintensiteten kunde dock inte erhållas. / <p>QC 20150312</p>

There is a wide variety of tails, fins, scales, riblets and surface coatings, which are used by motile animals in nature. Since organisms currently living on earth have gone through millions of years of evolution, one can expect that their design is optimal for their tasks, including locomotion. However, the exterior of living animals has range of different functions, from camouflage to heat insulation; therefore it is a very challenging task to isolate mechanisms, which are beneficial to reduce the motion resistance of the body. There are two general categories of mechanisms existing in locomotion and flow control. The first is active flow control, when an organism is actively moving some parts or the whole body (exerts energy) in order to modify the surrounding flow field (for example, flapping bird wings). The second is passive flow control, in which an organism has an appendage or a coating, which is not actively controlled (no energy is spent), but is interacting with surrounding flow in a beneficial way. Our aim is to find novel mechanisms for passive flow control. We start by looking at a simple model of an appendage (splitter plate) behind a bluff body (circular cylinder). If a recirculation region forms behind the body, already in this simple system there is a symmetry breaking effect for sufficiently short plates, which passively generates turn and drift of the body. We have found that this effect is caused by the pressure forces in the recirculation region, which pushes the plate away from the vertical in a manner similar to how a straight inverted pendulum falls under the influence of gravity. In order to investigate this symmetry breaking, we developed an extension of the immersed boundary projection method, in which the rigid body dynamics and fluid dynamics are coupled implicitly. The method is capable of solving for particle motion in a fluid for very small density ratios. We also explain our findings by a simple yet quantitative reduced-order model and soap-film experiments. To extend our work, we investigate flow around bodies, which are coated by a porous and elastic material. We have analysed various theoretical approaches to modeling a coating in a continuous manner. We aim to solve the governing equations numerically. We have selected multi-scale expansion approach, of which we present some initial results. / Många djur använder sig av fjäll, päls, hår eller fjädrar för att öka sin förmåga att förflytta sig i luft eller vatten. Evolutionen har främjat ojämna, sträva eller gropiga ytor, vilka har en tendens att minska det totala motståndet som uppstår när en kropp rör sig i vatten eller luft, jämfört med en helt slät och jämn yta.Det finns två kategorier av metoder för manipulering av strömning (så kallad flödeskontroll). Den första är en aktiv metod, där organismer aktivt rör hela eller delar av kroppen (förbrukar energi) för att manipulera omgivande strömningsfält. Den andra metoden är passiv, där organismer har utväxter eller ytbeläggningar som de inte är aktivt har kontroll över (ingen energi förbrukas), men som samverkar med omgivande strömningsfält på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Vårt mål är att hitta nya mekanismer för passiv flödeskontroll.Vi börjar med att studera en enkel modell för hur en utväxt samverkar med en strömmande fluid genom att fästa en platta på en cirkulär cylinder. Om en vak (så-kallad återcirkulationsregion) bildas bakom kroppen, bryts symmetrin i strömningsfältet då plattan är tillräckligt kort. Som en konsekvens av detta roterar kroppen och driver i sidled. Vi visar att detta fenomen orsakas av tryckkrafter i återcirkulationsregionen, som förskjuter plattan från dess vertikala läge. Vi argumenterar att denna mekanism är samma mekanism som får en inverterad pendel att falla under inverkan av gravitation. För att analysera symmetribrytningen, utvecklade vi en numerisk metod (immersed boundary projection method), som implicit kopplar stelkropps- och strömningsdynamik. Med hjälp av denna metod kan vi simulera partiklar i fluider med väldigt låga densitetsskillnader. Våra resultat förklaras även med hjälp av en enkel modell av låg ordning och med hjälp av såphinneexperiment.Som nästa steg i vårt arbete, ämnar vi att studera strömningen kring kroppar som är belagda av tät, porös och elastisk beläggning. Vi har analyserat möjliga tillvägagångssätt för att modellera beläggningar med kontinuumteori. Vi har valt en metod baserad på en flerskalig expansionsmetod, från vilken vi presenterar våra preliminära resultat. / <p>QC 20150119</p>

<p>NR 20140805</p>

Many flow cases in fluid dynamics face undesirable flow separation due torising static pressure on wall boundaries. This occurs e.g. due to geometry as ina highly curved turbine inlet duct or e.g. on flow control surfaces such as wingtrailing edge flaps within a certain angle of attack range. Here, flow controldevices are often used in order to enhance the flow and delay or even totallyeliminate flow separation. Flow control can e.g. be achieved by using passiveor active vortex generators (VG) that enable momentum mixing in such flows.This thesis focusses on passive VGs, represented by VG vanes that are mountedupright on the surface in wall-bounded flows. They typically have an angle ofincidence to the mean flow and, by that, generate vortex structures that in turnallow for the desired momentum mixing in order to prevent flow separation.A statistical VG model approach, developed by KTH Stockholm and FOI,the Swedish Defence Research Agency, has been evaluated computationally.Such a statistical VG model approach removes the need to build fully resolvedthree-dimensional geometries of VGs in a computational fluid dynamics mesh.Usually, the generation of these fully resolved geometries is rather costly interms of preprocessing and computations. By applying this VG model, thecosts reduce to computations without VG effects included. Nevertheless, theVG model needs to be set up in order to define the modelled VG geometry inan easy and fast preprocessing step. The presented model has shown sensitivityfor parameter variations such as the modelled VG geometry and the VG modellocation in wall-bounded zero pressure gradient and adverse pressure gradientflows on a flat plate, in a diffuser, and on an airfoil with its high-lift systemextracted. It could be proven that the VG model qualitatively describes correcttrends and tendencies for these different applications.

No description available.