This thesis constructs special graphs with given circular chromatic numbers or circular flow numbers. Suppose $G=(V,E)$ is a graph and $rgeq 2$ is a real number. An $r$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a mapping $f:V ightarrow [0,r)$ such that for any adjacent vertices $x,y$ of $G$, $1leq |f(x)-f(y)|leq r-1$. The circular chromatic number $chi_c(G)$ is the least $r$ for which there exists an $r$-coloring of $G$. The circular chromatic number was introduced by Vince in 1988 in cite{vince}, where the parameter is called the {em star chromatic number} and denoted by $chi^*(G)$. Vince proved that for any rational number $k/dgeq 2$ there is a graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=k/d$. In this thesis, we are interested in the existence of special graphs with given circular chromatic numbers. A graph $H$ is called a minor of a graph $G$ if $H$ can be obtained from $G$ by deleting some vertices and edges, and contracting some edges. A graph $G$ is called $H$-minor free if $H$ is not a minor of G. The well-known Hadwiger's conjecture asserts that for any positive integer $n$, any $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ is $(n-1)$-colorable. If this conjecture is true, then for any $K_n$-minor free graph $G$, we have $chi_c(G)leq n-1$. On the other hand, for any graph $G$ with at least one edge we have $chi_c(G)geq 2$. A natural question is this: Is it true that for any rational number $2leq rleq n-1$, there exist a $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$? For $n=4$, the answer is ``no". It was proved by Hell and Zhu in cite{hz98} that if $G$ is a $K_4$-minor free graph then either $chi_c(G)=3$ or $chi_c(G)leq 8/3$. So none of the rational numbers in the interval $(8/3,3)$ is the circular chromatic number of a $K_4$-minor free graph. For $ngeq 5$, Zhu cite{survey} proved that for any rational number $rin[2,n-2]$, there exists a $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. The question whether there exists a $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$ for each rational number $rin(n-2,n-1)$ remained open. In this thesis, we answer this question in the affirmative. For each integer $ngeq 5$, for each rational number $rin[n-2,n-1]$, we construct a $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. This implies that for each $ngeq 5$, for each rational number $rin[2,n-1]$, there exists a $K_n$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. In case $n=5$, the $K_5$-minor free graphs constructed in this thesis are actually planar graphs. So our result implies that for each rational number $rin[2,4]$, there exists a planar graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. This result was first proved by Moser cite{moser} and Zhu cite{3-4}. To be precise, Moser cite{moser} proved that for each rational number $rin[2,3]$, there exist a planar graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$, and Zhu cite{3-4} proved that for each rational number $rin[3,4]$, there exists a planar graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. Moser's and Zhu's proofs are quite complicated. Our construction is conceptually simpler. Moreover, for $ngeq 5$, $K_n$-minor free graphs, including the planar graphs are constructed with a unified method. For $K_4$-minor free graphs, although Hell and Zhu cite{hz98} proved that there is no $K_4$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)in (8/3,3)$. The question whether there exists a $K_4$-minor free graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$ for each rational number $rin[2,8/3]$ remained open. This thesis solves this problem: For each rational number $rin[2,8/3]$, we shall construct a $K_4$-minor free $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$. This thesis also studies the relation between the circular chromatic number and the girth of $K_4$-minor free graphs. For each integer $n$, the supremum of the circular chromatic number of $K_4$-minor free graphs of odd girth (the length of shortest odd cycle) at least $n$ is determined. It is also proved that the same bound is sharp for $K_4$-minor free graphs of girth $n$. By a classical result of ErdH{o}s, for any positive integers $l$ and $n$, there exists a graph $G$ of girth at least $l$ and of chromatic number $n$. Using probabilistic method, Zhu cite{unique} proved that for each integer $l$ and each rational number $rgeq 2$, there is a graph $G$ of girth at least $l$ such that $chi_c(G)=r$. Construction of such graphs for $rgeq 3$ was given by Nev{s}etv{r}il and Zhu cite{nz}. The question of how to construct large girth graph $G$ with $chi_c(G)=r$ for given $rin(2,3)$ remained open. In this thesis, we present a unified method that constructs, for any $rgeq 2$, a graph $G$ of girth at least $l$ with circular chromatic number $chi_c(G) =r$. Graphs $G$ with $chi_c(G)=chi(G)$ have been studied extensively in the literature. Many families of graphs $G$ are known to satisfy $chi_c(G)=chi(G)$. However it remained as an open question as how to construct arbitrarily large $chi$-critical graphs $G$ of bounded maximum degree with $chi_c(G)=chi(G)$. This thesis presents a construction of such graphs. The circular flow number $Phi_c(G)$ is the dual concept of $chi_c(G)$. Let $G$ be a graph. Replace each edge $e=xy$ by a pair of opposite arcs $a=overrightarrow{xy}$ and $a^{-1}=overrightarrow{yx}$. We obtain a symmetric directed graph. Denote by $A(G)$ the set of all arcs of $G$. A chain is a mapping $f:A(G) ightarrow I!!R$ such that for each arc $a$, $f(a^{-1})=-f(a)$. A flow is a chain such that for each subset $X$ of $V(G)$, $sum_{ain[X,ar{X}]}f(a)=0$, where $[X,ar{X}]$ is the set of all arcs from $X$ to $V-X$. An $r$-flow is a flow such that for any arc $ain A(G)$ , $1leq |f(a)| leq r-1$. The circular flow number of $G$ is $Phi_c(G)=mbox{ inf}{r: G mbox{ admits a } rmbox{-flow}}$. It was conjectured by Tutte that every graph $G$ has $Phi_c(G)leq 5$. By taking the geometrical dual of planar graphs, Moser's and Zhu's results concerning circular chromatic numbers of planar graphs imply that for each rational number $rin[2,4]$, there is a graph $G$ with $Phi_c(G)=r$. The question remained open whether for each $rin(4,5)$, there exists a graph $G$ with $Phi_c(G)=r$. In this thesis, for each rational number $rin [4,5]$, we construct a graph $G$ with $Phi_c(G)=r$.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T13:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL BESERRA COSTA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 3178699 bytes, checksum: cdb4fe8ec72383894c5c447ebe2853ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL BESERRA COSTA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 3178699 bytes, checksum: cdb4fe8ec72383894c5c447ebe2853ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Capes / A deformação permanente é definida como o acúmulo de pequenas quantidades de deformação não recuperáveis resultante da aplicação das cargas dos veículos. A deformação permanente na camada de revestimento asfáltico pode ser oriunda por três mecanismos: deformação permanente por densificação, por uso e por fluência da mistura. Dado que as temperaturas de serviço da camada de revestimento estão em torno de 40 a 60 °C, a mistura asfáltica nesse intervalo de temperatura se comporta como um material sólido. Sendo assim, é razoável supor que os mecanismos de falha aplicáveis aos materiais sólidos sejam válidos para as misturas de asfálticas. Sendo o critério Mohr-Coulomb amplamente utilizado para descrever as características de cisalhamento de materiais sólidos, poderá ser utilizado para obtenção do ângulo de atrito interno da mistura, bem como o seu intercepto coesivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a determinação de ângulos de atrito internos de diferentes misturas asfálticas e sua influência no comportamento mecânico, em especifico, na resistência à deformação permanente destas misturas. Como forma de atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolvido um programa experimental visando à avaliação das propriedades mecânicas relacionadas ao ângulo de atrito interno das misturas asfálticas com CAP 50/70 e E – 55/75. Foi possível executar análises em laboratório a partir da determinação de parâmetros de ruptura por cisalhamento, com o auxílio da teoria de Mohr-Coulomb, tendo como inferência o desempenho de misturas estudadas em campo. Verificou-se que, a cada acréscimo de 5% de partículas graúdas em uma faixa granulométrica, as misturas estudadas apresentaram, em geral, um ganho de 1° (Grau) no ângulo de atrito interno para cada faixa estudada. Entretanto, deve ser observado o limite de 30 a 35% de partículas graúdas para cada mistura. Pode-se concluir que: os parâmetros de ruptura por cisalhamento, ângulo de atrito interno e intercepto coesivo são fatores determinantes no desempenho a deformação permanente de misturas asfálticas. Para os ligantes utilizados os resultados indicaram que o acréscimo do ângulo de atrito interno resulta numa maior resistência a deformação permanente. / Permanent deformation is defined as the accumulation of small amounts of non-recoverable deformation resulting from the application of vehicle loads. The permanent deformation in the surface layer of asphalt pavements can come from three mechanisms: permanent deformation by densification, by use and by creep of the mixture. Since the service temperatures of the pavement surface layer are around 40 and 60 ºC, the asphalt mixture, in this temperature range, behaves as a solid material. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that failure mechanisms applicable to solid materials are valid for asphalt mixtures. As the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is widely used to describe the shear characteristics of solid materials, it can be used to obtain the internal friction angle of the asphalt mixture as well as to estimate its cohesive intercept. This work had as objective to determine the internal angles of friction of different asphalt mixtures and their influence on the mechanical behavior, in particular, on the resistance to permanent deformation of these mixtures. In order to achieve the objective of this research, an experimental program was developed to evaluate the mechanical properties related to the internal angle of friction of asphalt mixtures with the 50/70 asphalt binder and the E 55/75 asphalt binder. It was possible to perform laboratory analyses from the determination of shear rupture parameters, supported by the Mohr-Coulomb's theory, inferred by the performance of mixtures studied in the field. It was verified that, at each increment of 5% of coarse particles in a particle size range, the studied mixtures presented, in general, a gain of 1° (degree) in the internal angle of friction for each size range studied. However, the limit of 30 to 35% of coarse particles should be observed for each mixture. It can be concluded that: the parameters of shear rupture, internal angle of friction and cohesive intercept are determining factors in the permanent deformation performance of asphalt mixtures. For the asphalt binders used, the results indicated that the increment of the internal angle of friction results in a greater resistance to permanent deformation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The degradation of the pavement has grown considerably due to the modification of traffic characteristics. It was increased the volume of traffic, the transported load and the tire inflation pressure, which added to the lack of load inspection on the load transport causes the asphalt coating the early appearance of defects. In order to seek progress on knowledge of the behavior of asphalt mixtures this study aimed to analyze the influence of the dosing method, of the granulometry and binders in the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures and determinate which of these three variables most influence on the mechanical behavior of the material. It was used two dosing method, Superpave and Marshall, four granulometries, two of them determined by Bailey method (range B and range C) and two by trial (range B and range C- simple framework on the ranges) and two type of asphalt binders: CAP 50-70 and the CAP 60-85, totalizing sixteen asphalt mixtures. The mixtures were evaluated in indirect tensile strength, stiffness in the resilient modulus testing and complex modulus, which used the 2SDP1D modeling to the composition of the master curves, and the permanent deformation by Flow Number test. The obtained results indicated that the factor that alter the stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation of the mixtures was the type of asphalt binder, wherein the modified binder increased the stiffness and damage resistance of the mixtures. The Bailey method of granulometric selection has also improved the behavior of the mixtures on a smaller scale of influence than the type of asphalt binder, followed by the dosing method Superpave that reduced the design binder content of the mixtures. / A degradação sobre o pavimento cresceu consideravelmente em virtude da modificação das características do tráfego. Aumentou-se o volume de tráfego, as cargas transportadas, a pressão de inflação dos pneus, que somados a falta de fiscalização sobre o transporte de carga ocasionam no revestimento asfáltico o surgimento precoce de defeitos. No sentido de buscar uma evolução sobre o conhecimento do comportamento das misturas asfálticas, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a influência do método de dosagem, da granulometria e do ligante no comportamento mecânico de misturas asfálticas e determinar quais dessas três variáveis mais influenciam no comportamento mecânico do material. Utilizaram-se dois métodos de dosagem, Superpave e Marshall, quatro granulometrias, duas determinadas pelo método Bailey (Faixa B e Faixa C) e duas por tentativa (Faixa B e Faixa C- simples enquadramento nas faixas) e dois tipos de ligantes asfálticos: CAP 50-70 e o CAP 60-85, totalizando dezesseis misturas asfálticas. As misturas foram avaliadas na resistência à tração indireta, na rigidez pelo ensaio de módulo de resiliência e módulo complexo, que utilizou a modelagem 2S2P1D para composição das curvas mestras, e a deformação permanente pelo ensaio de Flow Number. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o fator que mais alterou a rigidez e a resistência à deformação permanente das misturas foi o tipo de ligante asfáltico, no qual o ligante modificado aumentou a rigidez e a resistência ao dano das misturas. O método Bailey de seleção granulométrica também melhorou o comportamento das misturas em uma menor escala de influência que o tipo de ligante, seguido pelo método de dosagem Superpave que reduziu o teor de ligante de projeto das misturas.

A utilização de materiais reciclados na pavimentação é uma técnica que possibilita tanto benefícios econômicos quanto ambientais, contribui para a restauração das estruturas e proporciona a manutenção de condições ideais do nível de qualidade dos pavimentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comportamento quanto à deformação permanente de quatro misturas a frio estabilizadas com emulsão asfáltica e asfalto espumado, analisando os resultados obtidos em três procedimentos de ensaio de Flow Number adaptados para misturas recicladas a frio. Os procedimentos foram baseados na norma ABNT NBR 16505 (2016), no estudo de misturas recicladas feito por Kim e Lee (2012) e em resultados de simulações de estruturas de pavimento de trechos experimentais, por meio do software 3D-Move. Nos diferentes procedimentos, variou-se a tensão vertical e a temperatura de ensaio, além da verificação da influência do processo de cura no desempenho dos materiais. Os resultados do ensaio de Flow Number demonstraram, de forma geral, a melhora no desempenho das quatro misturas recicladas a frio com maior tempo de cura, não ocorrendo deformação permanente ao longo do ensaio. Este foi um fator preponderante para o desempenho das misturas asfálticas recicladas a frio, nas condições apresentadas, conferindo melhor desempenho para as amostras curadas. A granulometria das misturas estabilizadas com asfalto espumado e cimento Portland, utilizado como fíler, também conferiram maior resistência à deformação permanente das misturas. A granulometria das amostras com maior quantidade de material asfáltico reciclado pode influenciar seu comportamento quanto à deformação permanente, a depender da estrutura das partículas de material asfáltico reciclado, assim como a forma de dispersão do ligante, uma vez que a mistura estabilizada com emulsão apresentou maior dependência da temperatura e tensão vertical aplicada em comparação às misturas que foram estabilizadas com asfalto espumado. O ensaio de Flow Number mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a investigação da deformação permanente de misturas recicladas a frio. / The use of recycled materials in the pavement rehabilitation is a technique that allows both economic and environmental benefits, contributes to the restoration of the structural capacity, and maintains the ideal conditions of the quality level of the pavement. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior with respect to permanent deformation of four asphalt mixtures stabilized with asphalt emulsion and foamed asphalt, analyzing the results obtained in three Flow Number test procedures adapted for cold recycled mixtures. The procedures were based on ABNT NBR 16505 (2016), the study of recycled mixtures made by Kim and Lee (2012), and results of simulations of pavement structures of experimental sections, using 3D-Move software. In the different procedures, the vertical stress and the test temperature were varied, besides the verification of the influence of the curing process on the performance of the materials. The results of the Flow Number test showed, in general, the improvement in the performance of the four cold recycled mixtures with longer curing time, with no permanent deformation occurring during the test. It was a preponderant factor for the performance of the asphalt mixtures, giving better performance for the cured samples. The gradation of the mixtures stabilized with foamed asphalt and Portland cement, used as filler, also gave greater resistance to the permanent deformation. The gradation of the samples with the highest amount of recycled asphalt material can influence their behavior regarding permanent deformation, depending on the structure of the particles, as well as the dispersion form of the binder into the mixture, that influences the performance of the cold recycled mixtures. Since the stabilized emulsion mixture showed greater dependence on the temperature and the vertical tension applied compared to other mixtures that were stabilized with foamed asphalt. The Flow Number test proved to be a useful tool for investigating the permanent deformation of cold recycled mixtures.

A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

Evidence based performance of novel ventilation systems in existing low energy buildings is invaluable as it provides data on the system operation in a real dynamic environment. This thesis presents the outcomes from research involving a number of experimental field studies of a single sided ventilation system installed in a single cell office space as part of a building retrofit pilot project in Cork, Ireland. The solution consists of a purpose provided, multi configuration opening, comprising a narrow slotted architectural louvre component split across a low level manual opening section and a high level automated opening section. A review of published research found that little experimental data exists on the performance of such systems and air flow rate correlations developed for plain openings are currently used by designers to make predictions about their performance. Three experimental campaigns were designed and carried out. First, in order to quantify performance of the system, long term and short term monitoring of the internal thermal and air flow environment at the experimental building was completed. Second, ventilation rate measurements in existing and retrofit spaces were completed using a tracer gas concentration decay technique. Thirdly, air flow through the single sided slot louvre opening was investigated. In addition, the annual cooling potential of the multi-configuration system was investigated computationally. Results show there was a significant difference between both thermal environments with the retrofit space consistently displaying lower air temperatures over the cooling season and throughout all Air Change Rate measurement periods. Lower levels of vertical thermal stratification and diurnal temperature variation were also observed. On average, across a wide range of boundary conditions, lower ventilation rates were observed for the slotted louvre system with a narrower spread of values when compared with the existing building. The dominant driving force was either buoyancy or wind depending on the opening configuration adopted in the slotted louvre system. The slot louvre was found to be wind dominant for lower opening heights when compared with a plain opening of the same dimensions. Existing single sided correlations were found to perform better when predicting airflow rates through a plain opening when compared with the slot louvre system and a new dimensionless exchange rate parameter is proposed for predicting wind driven airflow through the slot louvre. Simulations indicate that 80% of annual occupied hours required an enhanced ventilative cooling airflow rate to achieve internal thermal comfort. Using a combination of configurations the system was able to provide the required cooling airflow rate for 93% of the occupied hours.

A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

abstract: Asphalt concrete is the most recycled material in the United States and its reclamation allows the positive reuse of the constituent aggregates and asphalt binder, contributing to the long-term sustainability of the transportation infrastructure; decreasing costs, and the total energy and greenhouse emissions embodied into new materials and infrastructure. Although the national trends in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements (RAP) usage are encouraging, the environmental conditions in Phoenix, Arizona are extreme and needs further consideration. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the viability of using RAP in future pavement maintenance and rehabilitation projects for the City. Agencies in the State of Arizona have been slow adopting the use of RAP as a regular practice. While the potential benefits are great, there is some concern on the impact to long-term pavement performance. RAP millings were sampled from the city’s stockpiles; processed RAP and virgin materials were provided by a local plant. Two asphalt binders were used: PG 70-10 and PG 64-16. RAP variability was evaluated by aggregate gradations; extracted and recovered binder was tested for properties and grading. A mixture design procedure based on the City’s specifications was defined to establish trial blends. RAP incorporation was based on national and local practices. Four different RAP contents were studied 10%, 15%, 25%, and 25% content with a softer binder, in addition to a control mix (0% RAP). Performance tests included: dynamic modulus to evaluate stiffness; Flow Number, to assess susceptibility for permanent deformation (rutting); and Tensile Strength Ratio as a measure of susceptibility to moisture damage. Binder testing showed very stiff recovered asphalts and variable contents with a reasonable variability on aggregate gradations. Performance test results showed slightly higher modulus as RAP content increases, showing a slight improvement related to rutting as well. For moisture damage potential, all mixtures performed well showing improvement for RAP mixtures in most cases. Statistical analysis showed that 0%, 10%, 15% and 25% with softer binder do not present significant statistical difference among mixtures, indicating that moderate RAP contents are feasible to use within the City paving operations and will not affect greatly nor negatively the pavement performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T00:24:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DE ARIMATÉIA ALMEIDA E SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 6946608 bytes, checksum: 04efbba58513fb4cbcc2225d2ade0888 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T00:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DE ARIMATÉIA ALMEIDA E SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 6946608 bytes, checksum: 04efbba58513fb4cbcc2225d2ade0888 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Capes / A adição do resíduo de Politereftalato de Etileno (PET) em Cimentos Asfálticos de Petróleo (CAP), triturados em partículas cujo diâmetro está entre 0,6 e 0,074 mm, pode ser uma alternativa técnica viável para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e reológicas das misturas asfálticas. Esta adição tem como finalidade proporcionar uma menor susceptibilidade das misturas asfálticas a fadiga e, conseqüentemente aumentar a vida útil de revestimentos asfálticos em regiões com clima tropical e a temperaturas elevadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a incorporação de um aditivo no Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo. A adição de PET foi realizada em proporções de 4%, 5% e 6% relativas ao peso do teor de CAP ótimo e mensuradas as propriedades volumétricas e mecânicas. Além disso foram realizados análises físicas e reológicas do CAP puro e modificado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa pode -se inferir que o PET micronizado pós consumo corresponde a um polímero melhorador das propriedades reológicas do CAP 50/70, em termos de rigidez, proporcionado a mistura asfáltica um incremento no comportamento mecânico a luz dos ensaios de Resistência à Tração por Compressão Diametral, Módulo de Resiliência, Resistência por Umidade Induzida, Flow Number e Ruptura por Fadiga. É possível aceitar que “o resíduo do PET micronizado, no teor de 5% pode ser utilizado como agente modificador do CAP e, que o mesmo e capaz de promover ganhos nas Propriedades Mecânicas de Revestimentos Asfálticos. / The addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste in binder, crushed into particles whose diameter is between 0.074 and 0.6 mm, may be a viable alternative technique to improve the mechanical and rheological properties of asphalt mixtures . This addition is intended to provide a lower susceptibility of fatigue in asphalt mixtures and consequently improve the durability of asphalt mixtures in regions with tropical climate and high temperatures. This work has the objective the incorporation of an additive in binder. It was add in proportions of 4% 5% and 6% relative to the weight of the optimum binder content and it was measured volumetric and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. Also performed were physical and rheological analysis of pure and modified binder. According to the results obtained in this study can be inferred that the micronized PET improve the performance of binder 50/70. The addition of PET provided an increase in the mechanical behavior in the Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus, Moisture susceptibility, Flow Number and Fatigue life. It is possible to accept that the use of 5% micronized PET waste may be used as modifying agent of binder, and that it improve mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures.