Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-82). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Chemistry. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/29). Includes bibliographical references.

Scratch recovery is a desirable property of many polymer systems. The reason why some materials have demonstrated excellent scratch recovery while others do not has been a mystery. Explaining the scratch resistance based upon the hardness of a material or its crosslink density is incorrect. In this thesis, novel polymers were tested in an attempt to discover materials that show excellent scratch recovery - one of the most important parameters in determining the wear of a material. Several hypotheses were developed in an attempt to give an accurate picture of how the chemical structure of a polymer affects its scratch recovery. The results show that high scratch recovery is a complex phenomenon not solely dependent upon the presence of electronegative atoms such as fluorine.

The effect of processing on the properties of three transfer moulding grades of perfluoroalkoxy was investigated. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest exposure to high shear rates and residence time at processing temperature detrimentally affect the polymer, however there is a lack of information published in this area. This work set out to provide a better understanding of the material behaviour under various processing conditions. A bespoke capillary rheometer was used to determine flow characteristics at various temperatures between 5-400s-1. The materials were found to be shear thinning, with the virgin grades exhibiting Newtonian behaviour at low shear rates. The viscosity of the carbon black filled PFA was found to have a higher viscosity than the virgin materials, despite it having a higher Melt Flow Rate. Spectroscopy was found to be unsuitable for investigation of polymer containing carbon black due to laser heating. However changes due to residence time at processing temperature in the virgin material could be detected using statistical analysis of Near Infrared spectra. Whether the mechanical properties of the virgin material changed following exposure to high shear rates or residence time varied on manufacturer, with Dyneon 6502TZ appearing to be more process stable than Chemours 350TJ. This information can be used to optimise the transfer moulding process, and assist in meeting the requirements of the Chemical Processing Industry for larger and more complex lined piping components. / Innovate UK and CRP Ltd

The consequences of corrosion are extremely costly and troublesome. In manufacturing companies, for instance, corrosion is considered a chronic problem that causes sudden disruptions in many segments of operation including processing, production, transportation, and containment of commodity products. Protection against corrosion is, therefore, important, as it helps achieve service life extension for metals and reduction in corrosion-related costs. Risk reduction for catastrophic structural failures and accident prevention can also be realized. Broader application of protective coatings and corrosion inhibiting agents remains one of the best technical practices in minimizing the effects of corrosion. This study introduces different classes of polymers and organic compounds and their potential use as new groups of corrosion preventing materials. Firstly, the use of semiluorinated perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aromatic ether polymers as coatings for corrosion prevention was examined. PFCB polymers share several important characteristics with commercial fluoropolymers including chemical resistance, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and low surface energy, but with enhanced processability. Secondly, the use of very small amounts of azole-based aromatic compounds was shown to effectively inhibit corrosion in acidic medium. Compared to other inhibitor agents, these compounds have the advantage of being less complex, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and synthesized in a one-step approach. Thirdly, the use of a tetradiglycidyl-ether-based epoxy-amine resin as corrosion resistant coating was investigated both in its intact and artificially-damaged forms. This epoxy resin, which can be infused with preform materials, has been used in the development of carbon fiber composites for aircraft applications. Finally, the capability of a superhydrophobic perfluorinated polymer nanocomposite coating to resist corrosion was evaluated. The coating also displayed superoleophilicity, which led to its additional use in separating oil-water mixtures. Standard electrochemical methods such as open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization were used to evaluate the corrosion protection performance. Several other analytical techniques were also employed to characterize the quality and structure of the protective materials and supplement the results acquired from electrochemical analyses.

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No description available.

Piezotech, une start-up rachetée en 2010 par le leader français de la chimie, Arkema, développe et commercialise des copolymères fluorés électroactifs (EAPs). Ces copolymères présentent un grand intérêt pour des applications dans l’électronique imprimée, les capteurs, les actionneurs, les muscles artificiels, et le stockage de l’énergie. Les copolymères à base de fluorure de vinylidène (VDF) et de trifluoroéthylène (TrFE) possèdent les meilleures propriétés piézoélectriques et ferroélectriques (FE) parmi les polymères existants. L’introduction d’un termonomère, tel que le 1,1-chlorotrifluoroéthylène (CFE) ou le chlorotrifluoroéthylène (CTFE), modifie la conformation de la chaine polymère et change le comportement du matériau en relaxeur ferroélectrique (RFE). Le travail de thèse s’inscrit dans la recherche de nouveaux EAPs fluorés et la compréhension des relations structure-propriétés de ces matériaux. Après l’étude de la cinétique de copolymérisation avec le VDF et le TrFE de différents termonomères porteurs de groupements CF3, les terpolymérisations ont été examinées. Dans une première partie, le trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropène (1234ze), un termonomer qui n’homopolymérise pas, a été étudié. Des terpolymères de composition homogène ont été synthétisés. Ensuite, le 3,3,3-trifluoropropène (TFP) et le 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropène (1234yf) ont été terpolymérisés avec le VDF et le TrFE. Bien que les terpolymérisations batch amènent à une forte dérive de composition, un procédé de polymérisation en suspension en semi-continu a permis d’obtenir une meilleure homogénéité. Les propriétés thermiques et électroactives de tous les terpolymères ont été caractérisées. Dans une dernière partie, l’introduction d'une faible quantité d’un monomère fonctionnel (2-(trifluorométhyl) acide acrylique, MAF), dans les chaines du copolymère poly(VDF-co-TrFE), a permis une amélioration des propriétés d’adhésion sur le verre et le métal sans altérer les propriétés électroactives. L’étude des terpolymérisations avec le VDF, le TrFE et un termonomère porteur d’un groupement CF3 a contribué l’amélioration de la compréhension des relations structure-propriété dans les EAPs fluorés. En particulier, il a été montré que la réduction de la taille des cristaux n’est pas une condition suffisante pour obtenir un caractère RFE. / Piezotech, a start-up acquired in 2010 by the French leader in Chemistry, Arkema, develops and commercializes fluorinated electroactive copolymers (EAPs). These copolymers arouse a significant interest in printed electronics, printed memories, sensors, actuators, artificial muscles, and energy storage devices. Vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and trifluoroethylene (TrFE) -based copolymers are the polymers exhibiting the highest piezoelectric and ferroelectric (FE) properties. The introduction of a third slightly bulkier termonomer such as 1,1-chlorofluoroethylene (CFE) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) was shown to modify the polymer chain conformation and change their electroactive behaviors into those of relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) materials. This PhD work aimed to discover new fluorinated EAPs and to better understand their structure-properties relationships. After the study of the kinetics of copolymerization of various CF3-bearing termonomers with VDF and TrFE; the terpolymerizations were investigated. First trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234ze), a non-homopolymerizable termonomer, was studied. Terpolymers with homogeneous compositions were synthesized. Then, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (TFP) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) were terpolymerized with VDF and TrFE. Although batch terpolymerizations resulted in terpolymers with strong compositional drift, the semi-continuous suspension process afforded better homogeneity. The thermal and electroactive properties of all the terpolymers were characterized. Finally, the introduction into poly(VDF-co-TrFE) copolymer chains of small amounts of a functional monomer (2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid, MAF) allowed an increase of the adhesion properties onto glass and metal substrates without altering the electroactive properties. The study of the terpolymerizations of VDF, TrFE and a CF3-bearing termonomer contributed to a better understanding of the structure-properties relationships in fluorinated EAPs. Notably, the reduction of the crystal size was shown to be insufficient to afford RFE properties.

Fluoropolymers are a versatile and attractive group of compounds having an interesting mix of properties that make them highly useful for various applications. Because of strong bonding between the carbon and fluorine atom, they exhibit unique physical and chemical properties such as high thermal stability, increased chemical resistance, low refractive index, enhanced inertness towards many solvents and hydro-compounds. These characteristics have led them to be widely used in aerospace, aeronautics, optics, microelectronics, paints and coatings, and engineering structures and as biomaterials. Amphiphilic copolymers possess unique solution and solid-state properties due to their well-defined molecular architecture. These properties arise as the result of covalently combining two thermodynamically different polymer blocks that phase separate on the nanoscale. Amphiphilic copolymers based on a fluoro-monomer will combine the favourable physiochemical properties of the desired fluorine segment in combination with complementary hydrophilic segments. Such fluorinated amphiphilic copolymers are potentially useful for drug delivery vehicles and membrane applications. This project is aimed at making fluorinated amphiphilic block copolymers of hydrophobic 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 –pentafluorostyrene (PFS) and hydrophilic methacrylic acid (MAA). A controlled radical polymerization mechanism, nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) using NHS-BlocBuilder as the initiator was employed. The advantage of using NMP is that it facilitates the synthesis of copolymers with well-controlled narrow molecular weight distribution. However, methacrylate homopolymerization by NMP is challenging due to the high dissociation equilibrium constant therefore, the use of PFS as a controlling comonomer was explored. We established that to obtain a controlled copolymerization, a minimum of 70 mol% PFS was required, which is significantly greater than other copolymerization systems such as using as little as 4.5-8 mol% styrene to control the copolymerization of MAA. We surmise that this lack of control is due to the unfavourable reactivity ratios (Appendix I) which favour the addition of MAA rather than PFS (rPFS = 0.012, rMAA = 8.12). However, these unique reactivity ratios suggest that a semi-batch approach can be utilized to synthesize almost pure block copolymers in one pot. Therefore, poly(PFS)–b-(PFS-ran-MAA) block copolymers were synthesized and characterized by a semi batch addition of MAA. While successful, the concentration of irreversibly terminated chains was evident and greater care in reducing these unwanted reactions needs to be addressed.

This dissertation details research aimed at designing a small batch distillation column to purify tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene from a mixture containing tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and octafluorocyclobutane. As no vapour-liquid equilibrium data are available for these chemicals in this mixture, new vapour-liquid equilibrium data were experimentally generated and modelled for use in the design of the batch distillation column. The data were fitted to the Peng-Robinson equation of state, utilizing the Mathias-Copeman alpha function. The model was used with the Wong- Sandler mixing rules alongside the NRTL alpha function. The model was fitted with mean relative deviations lower than 1.2 %, indicating an acceptably accurate description of the VLE data gathered by the model. The experimental data and the model also passed the thermodynamic consistency test for all the systems and isotherms. The design simulations were completed by means of the Aspen Batch Distillation, a module of the Aspen Technologies package. The results show that the optimum design for recovering high-purity products requires six equilibrium stages in the column. The batch column should consist of a still pot, also functioning as a reboiler, a packed column section and a total condenser. The total condenser and the reboiler both count as equilibrium stages. Using this design, a TFE product purity of 99.999 % is predicted with a recovery of 96 %. An HFP product purity of 99 % is predicted at a recovery of 68 %. The recovery of the HFP product can be increased, but entails a significant loss of product purity. The minimum column diameter required to achieve the flow rates suggested in the simulation is 29 mm. The column diameter was selectedas 1¼ ″ (or 31.75 mm) on the basis of the standard pipe diameters available in the industry. Pall ring packing is suggested for use in the column, with an estimated maximum HETP of 0.5 m. As there are five equilibrium stages in the column itself, the column has to be at least 2.5 m high. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted