O trabalho envolve o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise de alimentos visando a determinação de ácidos fenólicos em frutas, ácido fólico em farinhas enriquecidas e corantes Sudan em produtos de pimenta utilizando eletroforese capilar nos modos de detecção UV e MS. A separação de dez ácidos fenólicos (ácidos clorogênico, siríngico, p-cumárico, benzóico, p-hidroxibenzóico, ferúlico, vanílico, cafeico, gálico e protocatecuico) foi obtida por eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE). Um eletrólito composto de 50 mmol L-1 de tetraborato e 7,5% metanol (v/v) permitiu a separação em linha de base dos dez ácidos fenólicos em menos de 15 minutos. A fim de promover o \"clean-up\", pré-concentração e liberação dos ácidos fenólicos esterificados, um procedimento de extração líquido-líquido seguido pela hidrólise alcalina foi realizado. O método foi validado obtendo-se limites de detecção de 1,63-3,80 &#181g mL-1 e limites de quantificação de 4,95-11,39 &#181g mL-1. O método otimizado foi aplicado para análise de frutas como a abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), amora silvestre (Morus nigra L.) e tomate de árvore (Cyphomandra betacea), identificando os ácidos fenólicos na fração livre e hidrolisada. Este trabalho também otimizou o processo de extração e caracterizou a composição de ácidos fenólicos na forma livre e hidrolisada presentes no açaí Juçara (Euterpe precatória Mart.), açaí do Pará (Euterpe oleracea) e em produtos comercias de açaí como polpa congelada e \"açaí na tigela\". Para a determinação do ácido fólico, estudos de pré-concentração online foram realizados. A focalização do ácido fólico foi obtida por CZE e MEKC, devido a fenômenos de isotacoforese transiente. Um método de extração simples baseado na dissolução da farinha em solução de Na2HPO4 seguida de ultrassom e adição de HCl concentrado foi adotado. Entretanto, a detecção do ácido fólico no extrato foi obtida por MEKC com injeção de grande volume de amostra em condições eletroforéticas de 40 mmol L-1 TBS e 30 mmol L-1 SDS, 15 kV a 310 nm. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação atingidos foram de 0,047 e 0,14 µg mL-1, sendo adequados para quantificação do ácido fólico em farinhas de trigo. Um método para determinação de corantes Sudan (I, II, III e IV) em alimentos foi desenvolvido por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) com preenchimento parcial do capilar. A separação dos quatro corantes foi obtida utilizando-se um preenchimento de 25% do capilar (volume total) com eletrólito composto por 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3, 25 mmol L-1 SDS e 32,5% ACN (v/v). O restante do capilar foi preenchido com um tampão composto de 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3 e 32,5% (v/v) de ACN. Após otimização do método por CE-UV o método foi aplicado para o acoplamento ao CE-MS. Para detecção dos compostos no MS os parâmetros de ionização foram otimizados. A separação em linha de base dos quatro compostos foi obtida em menos de 10 min com limites de detecção de 0,57 a 0,75 µg mL-1 para detecção no UV-Vis e 0,05 a 0,2 µg mL-1 para detecção no MS. O método foi eficaz para a determinação destes corantes adicionados a amostras de molho de tomate e pimenta e chilli em pó / The present work involves the development of methods for food analysis in order to determinate phenolic acids in fruits, folic acid in enriched flour and Sudan dye in chilli products by capillary electrophoresis with UV/Vis and MS detection. The separation of ten phenolic acids (benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acid) was obtained by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). An electrolyte composed by 50 mmol L-1 of tetraborate and 7,5% methanol (v/v) allowed the baseline resolution of all phenolic acids under investigation in less than 15 min. In order to promote sample clean up, to preconcentrate the phenolic fraction and to release esterified phenolic acids from the fruit matrix, elaborate liquid-liquid extraction procedures followed by alkaline hydrolysis were performed. The proposed method was validated with limits of detection of 1.63-3.80 µg mL-1 and limits of quantification of 4.95-11.39 µg mL-1. The optimized method was applied to evaluation of phenolic contents of abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), wild mulberry (Morus nigra L.) and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). This work also optimized the extraction process and characterized the free and hydrolysed forms of phenolic acids in Juçara açaí (Euterpe precatória Mart.), Pará´s açaí (Euterpe oleracea) and commercial products such as frozen pulp and açaí desserts. For the determination of folic acid, on-line preconcentration studies were performed. The focalization of folic acid was obtained by CZE and MEKC by transient isotacophoresis. A simple method of extraction based on dissolution of flour in a Na2HPO4 solution followed by ultrasonication and the addition of concentrated HCl was adopted. However, the detection of folic acid in flour extract was obtained by MEKC with the large volume sample injection with eletrophoretic conditions of 40 mmol L-1 TBS and 30 mmol L-1 SDS, 15 kV and 310 nm. The limits of detection and quantification reached were 0.047 and 0.14 µg mL-1, which are suitable limits to quantify folic acid in enriched wheat flours. A method of Sudan dyes (I, II, III and IV) was developed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with partial filling technique. Filling 25 % of the capillary with a MEKC solution containing 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3, 25 mmol L-1 SDS and 32.5 % ACN (v/v), a baseline separation of the four azo-dyes was obtained. The rest of capillary was filled with 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3 and 32.5 % ACN (v/v). After the optimization by CE-UV the method was applied to CE-MS coupling. To detect the compounds in MS the ionization parameters were optimized. The baseline separation of four compounds was obtained in less than 10 min with limit of detection within 0.57 to 0.75 µg mL-1 to UV-Vis detection and 0.05 to 0.2 µg mL-1 to MS detection. The method was efficient in the determination of these dyes spiked in tomato chilli sauces and chilli powder.

Embora os efeitos teratogênicos do etanol sejam bem conhecidos, ele ainda é um agente exógeno muito usado por mulheres em idade reprodutiva e sabe-se que ele interfere com o transporte, absorção e metabolismo do ácido fólico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos da administração de etanol, da deficiência do ácido fólico na dieta e da associação desses dois fatores durante a gestação de camundongos Swiss. O estudo foi feito com dois experimentos, no primeiro examinou-se a influência do etanol diluído em salina a 25% (v/v) em doses baixa (0,4g/Kg de peso corporal) e alta (4,0g/Kg de peso corporal) em animais alimentados com ração comercial e no segundo a influência do etanol nas mesmas doses em animais alimentados com dieta deficiente em folato. Em ambos os experimentos os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos com 6 animais cada: C= controle; Eb= etanol baixa dose; Ea= etanol alta dose (Experimento 1) e DF= controle da deficiência de folato; DFEb= deficiência de folato + etanol baixa dose; DFEa= deficiência de folato + etanol alta dose (Experimento 2). Os animais dos Grupos C e DF receberam apenas salina. Etanol e salina foram administrados por via intraperitoneal, em três dias consecutivos da gestação: 7°, 8° e 9°. A eutanásia foi realizada em câmara de CO2 no 18º dia gestacional e os cornos uterinos foram retirados por cesárea para observação e contagem dos fetos vivos, mortes fetais tardias e reabsorções. Anomalias congênitas foram encontradas apenas no Grupo Ea, representadas por defeito de fechamento do tubo neural isolado (6,45%), agenesia de membros e cauda (6,45%), defeito de fechamento do tubo neural associado a defeito da face média (2,15%) e gastrosquise (1,08%). Foi observada entre os grupos variação no número de fetos vivos (C= 98,97%; Eb= 97,98%; Ea= 87,74%; DF= 90,91%; DFEb = 72,22%; DFEa= 61,39%), de reabsorções (C= 1,03%; Eb= 2,02%; Ea= 1,89%; DF= 8,08%; DFEb= 14,44%; DFEa= 18,81%) e de mortes fetais tardais (C= 0; Eb= 0; Ea= 10,38%; DF= 1,01%; DFEb= 13,33%; DFEa= 19,80%). Houve variação no comprimento vértice-sacral fetal (machos/fêmeas: C= 2,6/2,5cm; Eb= 2,5/2,5cm; Ea= 2,4/2,3cm; DF=2,4/2,3cm; DFEb= 2,0/2,0cm; DFEa= 1,9/1,8cm), no peso corpóreo fetal (machos/fêmeas: C= 1,50/1,40g; Eb= 1,49/1,40g; Ea= 1,31/1,19g; DF= 1,28/1,17g; DFEb= 0,81/0,82g; DFEa= 0,83/0,73g), no diâmetro placentário (machos/fêmeas: C=0,8/0,8cm; Eb= 0,8/0,7cm; Ea= 0,8/0,7cm; DF= 0,8/0,8cm; DFEb= 0,8/0,8cm; DFEa= 0,7/0,7cm) e no peso placentário (machos/fêmeas: C= 0,14/0,12g; Eb= 0,14/0,11g; Ea= 0,12/0,10g; DF= 0,13/0,11g; DFEb= 0,09/0,09g; DFEa= 0,09/0,09g). Os resultados indicam que alta dose de etanol durante o consumo de ração comercial é mais deletério que baixa dose, pois além de provocar anomalias congênitas, causou restrição do crescimento intra-uterino e placentário e produziu mortes fetais tardias. A deficiência de ácido fólico, por si só, também é deletéria, interferiu com o desenvolvimento fetal e placentário e produziu reabsorções. A associação da deficiência de folato e etanol agravou ainda mais esse desenvolvimento e produziu um maior número de reabsorções e mortes fetais tardias. Além disso, na deficiência de folato, baixa dose de etanol foi tão deletéria quanto alta dose, indicando que a nutrição materna tem um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento fetal. Dessa forma, a ação sinérgica de dois fatores isolados, etanol e deficiência de ácido fólico, permite reforçar a noção do risco humano em condições semelhantes, já que mulheres jovens tendem a apresentar mais deficiência de ácido fólico e estão mais expostas a comportamentos que levam ao consumo de etanol. / In spite of the well known teratogenic effect of ethanol, it is still the most consumed exogenous abuse substance by women of reproductive age. Ethanol also impairs the absorption, transport and metabolism of folic acid. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol, dietary deficiency of folic acid and the association of both on the outcome of Swiss mouse pregnancy. We aimed to analyze the result of low (0.4g/Kg) and high (4g/Kg) of ethanol dose diluted in saline 25% (v/v) given to animals fed a commercial diet (Experiment I) or its effect on mice fed a folate-free diet (Experiment II). The pregnant mice were divided in 6 groups of 6 animals each: (Experiment I) C=Control; low dose ethanol (Eb); high dose ethanol (Ea); (Experiment II) DF= Control of Folate deficiency; DFEb= Folate deficiency plus low dose ethanol, and DFa= Folate deficiency plus high dose ethanol. On the 7th, 8th and 9th gestational day (GD) either saline (Groups C and DF) or ethanol (other groups) were administered by intraperitoneal injection and the sacrifice was on the 18th GD on a CO2 chamber after which the uterine horns were harvested by cesarean section for examination and counting of live fetuses, late fetal death and resorptions. Congenital anomalies were found only in Group Ea, represented by isolated Neural Tube Defect (NTD) (6.45%), limb and tail agenesis (6,45%), NTD plus middle face anomaly (2,15%) and gastroschisis (1,08%). The number of live fetuses (C= 98,97%; Eb= 97,98%; Ea= 87,74%; DF= 90,91%; DFEb = 72,22%; DFEa= 61,39%), resorptions (C= 1,03%; Eb= 2,02%; Ea= 1,89%; DF= 8,08%; DFEb= 14,44%; DFEa= 18,81%) and late fetal death (C= 0; Eb= 0; Ea= 10,38%; DF= 1,01%; DFEb= 13,33%; DFEa= 19,80%) differed among groups. It was also noted a gender related variation in crown-rump length (male/female: C= 2,6/2,5cm; Eb= 2,5/2,5cm; Ea= 2,4/2,3cm; DF=2,4/2,3cm; DFEb= 2,0/2,0cm; DFEa= 1,9/1,8cm), body weight (male/female:C= 1,50/1,40g; Eb= 1,49/1,40g; Ea= 1,31/1,19g; DF= 1,28/1,17g; DFEb= 0,81/0,82g; DFEa= 0,83/0,73g), placental diameter (male/female: C=0,8/0,8cm; Eb= 0,8/0,7cm; Ea= 0,8/0,7cm; DF= 0,8/0,8cm; DFEb= 0,8/0,8cm; DFEa= 0,7/0,7cm) and placental weight (male/female: C= 0,14/0,12g; Eb= 0,14/0,11g; Ea= 0,12/0,10g; DF= 0,13/0,11g; DFEb= 0,09/0,09g; DFEa= 0,09/0,09g). Our results indicate that high ethanol dose given to pregnant mice fed on a commercial diet is more deleterious than low dose because it induced congenital anomalies and intrauterine growth restriction, decreased placental weight and diameter and increased fetal death. Isolated folic acid deficiency is harmful to gestation, decreasing fetal and placental development and inducing resorptions. The association of ethanol and folic acid deficiency increased the developmental impairment and induced more resorption and late fetal death. In folate deficient mice, low dose of ethanol was as detrimental as high dose indicating that maternal nutritional status plays a major role in fetal development. In conclusion, the synergistic action of two factors, ethanol and folate deficiency, may help to understand the human risk in similar situation, as young women are prone to this vitamin deficiency and are more exposed to a behavior that stimulate alcohol intake.

A suplementação com ácido fólico (AF) apresenta efeitos quimiopreventivos, porém, pode aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento e acelerar a progressão do câncer se ocorrer em doses elevadas ou após a ocorrência de lesões pré-neoplásicas (LPN). O AF é essencial na síntese de novo de purinas e timidalato e consequentemente na síntese, replicação e reparo do DNA, proliferação celular e apoptose. Assim, a deficiência pode implicar em danos ao DNA e erros na sua replicação e reparo, processos importantes na carcinogênese, onde as células apresentam taxas de replicação e divisão aceleradas, e é possível que a suplementação module estes processos. Além disso, como AF ocupa uma posição de destaque no metabolismo dos grupamentos metila pode exercer efeitos sobre a hipometilação global do DNA e o aumento da expressão de proto-oncogenes como o c-myc, fenômenos característicos da hepatocarcinogênese. Assim, objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos do AF na promoção da hepatocarcinogênese em ratos Wistar, desenvolveu-se o modelo do \"Hepatócito Resistente\" e administrou-se por entubação gástrica diariamente, durante 5 semanas, o AF (0,16; 0,32; ou 0,64 mg / 100 g de peso / dia) ou água (0,25 mL / 100 g de peso / dia). Então, avaliou-se as LPN hepáticas presentes visíveis à macroscopia e microscopia (GST-P), a proliferação celular (BrdU) e a apoptose (microscopia de fluorescência) no tecido hepático ao redor das LPN e nas LPN persistentes e em remodelação, a intensidade de danos ao DNA (\"Cometa\" alcalino), e o padrão de metilação global (Dot Blot) e a expressão do c-myc (RT-PCR) especificamente em LPN microdissecadas. Apesar de não ter alterado a incidência e multiplicidade das LPN, o tratamento com AF 0,32 mg / 100 g promoveu um aumento na porcentagem de lesões &#8805; 1 mm e o com AF 0,64 mg / 100 g a diminuição na porcentagem dessa lesões com relação ao grupo água (p<0,05). De modo semelhante, observou-se na análise das LPN GST-P positivas que o AF 0,32 mg / 100 g promoveu aumento e o AF 0,64 mg / 100 g inibiu o processo carcinogênico, embora não se tenha observado diferenças significantes no número, área e porcentagem da área do corte ocupada pelas LPN. Apesar de não ter modulado significativamente o desenvolvimento das LPN, o AF nas doses de 0,32 e 0,64 mg / 100 g inibiu a proliferação celular nas LPN persistentes (p<0,05). A contagem dos corpúsculos apoptóticos permitiu constatar uma possível inibição da apoptose nas LPN persistentes e em remodelação com caráter dose-dependente (p>0,05). De acordo com a análise do comprimento dos cometas, houve um aumento dos danos ao DNA no modelo de hepatocarcinogênese e ausência de efeito do AF nesse processo (p>0,05). O padrão de metilação global do DNA e a expressão do c-myc nas LPN microdissecadas não foram significativamente alterados pelo tratamento com diferentes doses de AF, embora, em geral, se tenha observado uma tendência dos tratamentos com AF promoverem hipometilação e aumento da expressão de c-myc. Os resultados obtidos, em conjunto, auxiliaram na caracterização das ações paradoxais (inibitórias e promotoras) que o AF apresenta na etapa de promoção da carcinogênese, de forma que a dose e o estágio do desenvolvimento neoplásico em que se inicia a suplementação demonstraram ser críticos e, por isso, indicam necessidade de cautela acerca da fortificação com o AF, uma das maiores intervenções de saúde pública que expôs a população a elevadas concentrações de AF sintético. / Folic acid (FA) supplementation shows chemopreventive effects, however, it may increase the risk of development and accelerate cancer progression in case of high doses or after preneoplastic lesions (PNL) are established. FA is essential on de novo synthesis of purine and thymidalate and, consequently, on DNA synthesis, replication and repair, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, its deficiency may cause DNA damage and replication and repair mistakes, important processes on carcinogenesis, where cells present high replication rates and accelerated division, and is possible that supplementation modulates these processes. Besides, as FA has a central role on methyl group metabolism, it may have effects on hepatocarcinogenesis peculiar events such as DNA global hypomethylation and on the increased expression of proto-oncogenes like c-myc. Objecting the evaluation of FA effects during hepatocarcinogenesis promotion in Wistar rats, the \"Resistant Hepatocyte\" model was developed and water (0.25 mL / 100 g BW / day) or FA (0.16; 0.32; or 0.64 mg / 100 g BW / day) were supplemented daily by gavage for 5 weeks. Then, hepatic PNL detected by macroscopy and microscopy (GST-P), cell proliferation (BrdU) and apoptosis (fluorescence microscopy) on surrounding tissue, persistent and remodeling PNL, DNA damage (alcaline Comet assay), DNA global methylation pattern (Dot Blot) and c-myc expression (RT-PCR) specifically in microdissected PNL were evaluated. Even though FA treatment was not able to change incidence and multiplicity of PNL, the treatment with 0.32 mg / 100 g of FA increased the percentage of lesions &#8805; 1 mm whereas with 0.64 mg / 100 g of FA diminished the percentage of these lesions, compaired to the water group (p<0.05). Similarly, it could be observed in PNL positive GST-P analysis that FA 0.32 mg / 100 g enhanced and FA 0.64 mg / 100 g inhibited the carcinogenic process, although it was not possible to detect significant differences on number, size and area of liver section occupied by GST-P positive PNL. Despite the fact that PNL development was not significantly modulated by FA, FA 0.32 and 0.64 mg / 100 g dosages inhibited cell proliferation on persistent PNL (p<0.05). The apoptotic body count allowed to identify a possible dosage-dependent apoptosis inhibition on persistent and remodeling PNL (p>0.05). According to the analysis of comet length, the hepatocarcinogenesis model increased DNA damage but FA showed lack of effect on this process (p>0.05). DNA global methylation pattern and c-myc expression in microdissected PNL were not significantly altered by treatment with different dosages of FA, although a trend towards promotion of hypomethylation and increase on c-myc expression was observed. Altogether, the obtained results helped to characterize the paradoxical action (both inhibitory and promoting) that FA has on carcinogenesis promotion step, in such a way that the dosage and the stage of neoplastic development in which supplementation begins seems to be critical, highlighting the necessity of caution with FA fortification, one of the biggest public health interventions taken that exposes the population to high concentrations of synthetic FA.

Epidemiological evidence linking dietary folate deficiency and risk for colorectal cancer is conflicting. Studies using animal models indicate that timing, dose and presence of pre-malignant lesions will influence whether folate deficiency prevents or promotes tumor formation. In this thesis a new model of spontaneous tumor formation due to long-term dietary folate deficiency alone, in non-transgenic mice and without carcinogen induction, is developed. The mechanisms by which folate deficiency might influence cancer risk are also examined. / BALB/c mice, with or without a null allele in a key folate-metabolizing enzyme, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr ), develop intestinal tumors due to dietary folate deficiency alone. On folate-deficient (FD) diets, 12.5% of Mthfr+/+ mice and 28.1% of Mthfr+/- mice developed tumors; mice on control diet (CD) did not. C57B1/6 mice (a strain resistant to other methods of tumor induction) placed on the same diets for the same amount of time did not develop any tumors. To investigate possible mechanisms the levels of DNA damage (dUTP/dTTP ratio and p-H2AX staining) and DNA methylation (thin layer chromatography) were examined. FD BALB/c, but not C57B1/6 mice, had a trend towards increased dUTP/dTTP and DNA double-strand breaks and decreased global DNA methylation compared to CD mice. To determine why the FD diet affects the BALB/c and not the C57Bl/6 strain, the expression of genes involved in folate metabolism was examined. Several changes in gene expression were observed. In particular, BALB/c mice had increased Mthfr expression and MTHFR activity compared to C57Bl/6 mice. Increased MTHFR activity may deplete 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate supplies for the dTMP synthesis, increasing the dUMP levels and, possibly, DNA damage. The levels of several DNA repair genes were also examined. Two genes involved in base excision repair, Thymine DNA glycosylase (Tdg) and Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1), were increased in FD C57B1/6 compared to FD BALB/c mice suggesting increased DNA repair capacity. / These results support the evidence that dietary folate deficiency promotes intestinal tumor formation possibly through increased DNA damage, with subsequent defects in DNA repair.

Disruptions in folate metabolism are known to increase the risk for neural tube defects (NTD) and this is preventable by folic acid supplementation. However, the relationship between folate metabolism and cardiac development remains unclear. The interaction between other folate pathway nutrients, choline and riboflavin, and folate metabolism was studied in a murine model of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. Maternal choline deficiency, riboflavin deficiency and MTHFR deficiency adversely affected embryonic or heart development. The promoters of MTHFR were also examined for interactions with GATA-4, TBX5, MEF2A and NKX-2.5, known transcription factors of cardiac development. Upstream promoter activity was increased in the presence of GATA-4 and this interaction was further enhanced upon the addition of MEF2A. TBX5 appeared to decrease upstream promoter activity. GATA-4 modestly increased downstream promoter activity. These results highlight the importance of adequate nutrient intake during pregnancy and provide a link between folate metabolism and cardiac development.

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (ptHcy) or hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) independently predicts cardiovascular disease in predialysis chronic kidney disease (pCKD). Folate status is one of the known nutritional determinants of ptHcy. In the era of folic acid food fortification, this cross-sectional study aimed to describe in pCKD subjects (n=48): 1) Prevalence of hHcy. 2) Intake and status of nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism. 3) Determinants of ptHcy. The prevalence of hHcy was 93.8% (95% CI: 81.8 to 98.4). Median (25th, 75th percentile) total folate intake from food and supplements was 389 (282,640) µg DFE/d. No subject was folate deficient (red blood cell < 317 nmol/L). Red blood cell folate (r = - 0.406, p=0.004) and energy-protein undernutrition (r = 0.357, p=0.013) independently predicted ptHcy. To conclude, total folate intake among subjects with pCKD was sufficient to prevent folate deficiency but not able to prevent a high prevalence of hHcy.

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (ptHcy) or hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) independently predicts cardiovascular disease in predialysis chronic kidney disease (pCKD). Folate status is one of the known nutritional determinants of ptHcy. In the era of folic acid food fortification, this cross-sectional study aimed to describe in pCKD subjects (n=48): 1) Prevalence of hHcy. 2) Intake and status of nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism. 3) Determinants of ptHcy. The prevalence of hHcy was 93.8% (95% CI: 81.8 to 98.4). Median (25th, 75th percentile) total folate intake from food and supplements was 389 (282,640) µg DFE/d. No subject was folate deficient (red blood cell < 317 nmol/L). Red blood cell folate (r = - 0.406, p=0.004) and energy-protein undernutrition (r = 0.357, p=0.013) independently predicted ptHcy. To conclude, total folate intake among subjects with pCKD was sufficient to prevent folate deficiency but not able to prevent a high prevalence of hHcy.

Fortification of instant Asian noodles with folic acid has the potential to enhance dietary folate intakes. Recent studies show folate deficiency is prevalent in many countries. Furthermore, this vitamin is unstable upon exposure to light, air, heat and extreme conditions of acidity and alkalinity. Internationally, folate in foods has traditionally been analysed by a microbiological assay, however, due to the extensive time required for sample preparation and analysis, alternative procedures for analysis require consideration. The aims of the current study have been to investigate the stability of added folic acid in fortified instant fried noodles by analytical methods of capillary electrophoresis and reversed-phase HPLC. Additionally, procedures for the microencapsulation of folic acid by spray drying have been evaluated along with their significance in increasing the stability of the vitamin during processing and boiling of instant noodles. Optimisation of capillary electrophoretic conditions showed that the maximum response of folic acid relative to an internal standard was achieved using various concentrations of phosphate and borate. Analytical parameters including the effects of pH, voltage and temperature were studied along with enzymatic treatments for liberation of folic acid from the noodle matrix based. Higher recoveries were obtained using the enzymes however these exceeded 100% due to sample matrix interference. Standard addition or internal calibration were both effective in correcting for matrix interferences. Comparative investigations with reversed-phase HPLC confirmed the results obtained with the capillary electrophoresis. Using either a phosphate based buffer in conjunction with an ion-pairing agent at alkaline pH or an acidic mobile phase, the results attained were in good agreement as folic acid exhibited excellent stability under typical processing conditions. Various food approved hydrocolloids were evaluated for encapsulation of folic acid by spray drying. Incorporation of the microcapsules into formulations of instant fried noodles showed that after boiling the folic acid was chemically degraded to some extent and leaching also occurred. The microcapsules exhibited similar properties regardless of the binding agent used, with losses still occurring during the boiling stage. In order to enhance the structural integrity of the spray dried microcapsules, CaCl2 was used as a cross-linking agent for capsules prepared using alginate or pectin binding agents. Considerable increases in retention of core material were observed as the network exhibited a reduction in swelling and hydration, and subsequently a decrease in the release of folic acid. In summary, capillary electrophoresis and reversed-phase HPLC provided excellent separation and good quantitatation of added folic acid in instant Asian noodles. Excellent resolution was obtained between the sample matrix interference of instant noodles and the analysed vitamin. Folic acid displayed high stability throughout the processing of instant noodles whereas there was consistent evidence that unencapsulated folic acid was degraded during boiling. Microencapsulation of folic acid with combinations of alginate and pectin as the binding agents, proved to be effective in maintaining folic acid stability when calcium treatment was performed after spray drying. These findings provide an effective way to retain folic acid used in fortifying Asian instant noodles.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.